Which of the following is not a form of intelligence According to Gardner?
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Many of us are familiar with three broad categories in which people learn: visual learning, auditory learning, and kinesthetic learning. Beyond these three categories, many theories of and approaches toward human learning potential have been established. Among them is the theory of multiple intelligences developed by Howard Gardner, Ph.D., John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Research Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. Gardner’s early work in psychology and later in human cognition and human potential led to his development of the initial six intelligences. Today there are nine intelligences, and the possibility of others may eventually expand the list. Show
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Summarized
(“Tapping into Multiple Intelligences,” 2004) The concept of multiple intelligences is a theory proposed by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner. When you hear the word intelligence, the concept of IQ testing may immediately come to mind. Intelligence is often defined as our intellectual potential; something we are born with, something that can be measured, and a capacity that is difficult to change. In recent years, however, other views of intelligence have emerged, including Gardner's suggestion that multiple different types of intelligence may exist.  What Kind of Intelligence Do You Have? Theory of Multiple IntelligencesThis theory suggests that traditional psychometric views of intelligence are too limited. Gardner first outlined his theory in his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, where he suggested that all people have different kinds of "intelligences." Gardner proposed that there are eight intelligences, and has suggested the possible addition of a ninth known as "existentialist intelligence." In order to capture the full range of abilities and talents that people possess, Gardner theorizes that people do not have just an intellectual capacity, but have many kinds of intelligence, including musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and linguistic intelligences. While a person might be particularly strong in a specific area, such as musical intelligence, he or she most likely possesses a range of abilities. For example, an individual might be strong in verbal, musical, and naturalistic intelligence. CriticismGardner’s theory has come under criticism from both psychologists and educators. These critics argue that Gardner’s definition of intelligence is too broad and that his eight different "intelligences" simply represent talents, personality traits, and abilities. Gardner’s theory also suffers from a lack of supporting empirical research. Despite this, the theory of multiple intelligences enjoys considerable popularity with educators. Many teachers utilize multiple intelligences in their teaching philosophies and work to integrate Gardner’s theory into the classroom. Gardner has cautioned that multiple intelligences should not be conflated with learning styles. (It is also important to stress that evidence has found that matching instruction to a learner's perceived style has no benefits in terms of learning outcomes or educational attainment.) There is a lack of evidence to demonstrate that learning according to your "intelligence" produces better educational outcomes. However, you may find that learning more about multiple intelligences can give you a better understanding of your strengths and preferences. 1 Visual-Spatial IntelligencePeople who are strong in visual-spatial intelligence are good at visualizing things. These individuals are often good with directions as well as maps, charts, videos, and pictures. StrengthsVisual and spatial judgment CharacteristicsPeople with visual-spatial intelligence:
Potential Career ChoicesIf you're strong in visual-spatial intelligence, good career choices for you are:
2 Linguistic-Verbal IntelligencePeople who are strong in linguistic-verbal intelligence are able to use words well, both when writing and speaking. These individuals are typically very good at writing stories, memorizing information, and reading. StrengthsWords, language, and writing CharacteristicsPeople with linguistic-verbal intelligence:
Potential Career ChoicesIf you're strong in linguistic-verbal intelligence, good career choices for you are:
3 Logical-Mathematical IntelligencePeople who are strong in logical-mathematical intelligence are good at reasoning, recognizing patterns, and logically analyzing problems. These individuals tend to think conceptually about numbers, relationships, and patterns. StrengthsAnalyzing problems and mathematical operations CharacteristicsPeople with logical-mathematical intelligence:
Potential Career ChoicesIf you're strong in logical-mathematical intelligence, good career choices for you are:
4 Bodily-Kinesthetic IntelligenceThose who have high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are said to be good at body movement, performing actions, and physical control. People who are strong in this area tend to have excellent hand-eye coordination and dexterity. StrengthsPhysical movement, motor control CharacteristicsPeople with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence:
Potential Career ChoicesIf you're strong in bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, good career choices for you are:
5 Musical IntelligencePeople who have strong musical intelligence are good at thinking in patterns, rhythms, and sounds. They have a strong appreciation for music and are often good at musical composition and performance. StrengthsRhythm and music CharacteristicsPeople with musical intelligence:
Potential Career ChoicesIf you're strong in musical intelligence, good career choices for you are:
6 Interpersonal IntelligenceThose who have strong interpersonal intelligence are good at understanding and interacting with other people. These individuals are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires, and intentions of those around them. StrengthsUnderstanding and relating to other people CharacteristicsPeople with interpersonal intelligence:
Potential Career ChoicesIf you're strong in interpersonal intelligence, good career choices for you are:
7 Intrapersonal IntelligenceIndividuals who are strong in intrapersonal intelligence are good at being aware of their own emotional states, feelings, and motivations. They tend to enjoy self-reflection and analysis, including daydreaming, exploring relationships with others, and assessing their personal strengths. StrengthsIntrospection and self-reflection CharacteristicsPeople with intrapersonal intelligence:
Potential Career ChoicesIf you're strong in intrapersonal intelligence, good career choices for you are:
8 Naturalistic IntelligenceNaturalistic is the most recent addition to Gardner’s theory and has been met with more resistance than his original seven intelligences. According to Gardner, individuals who are high in this type of intelligence are more in tune with nature and are often interested in nurturing, exploring the environment, and learning about other species. These individuals are said to be highly aware of even subtle changes to their environments. StrengthsFinding patterns and relationships to nature CharacteristicsPeople with naturalistic intelligence:
Potential Career ChoicesIf you're strong in naturalistic intelligence, good career choices for you are:
Theories of Intelligence in Psychology 9 Existential IntelligenceExistential intelligence is the ninth type of intelligence suggested as an addition to Gardner's original theory. He described existential intelligence as an ability to delve into deeper questions about life and existence. People with this type of intelligence contemplate the "big" questions about topics such as the meaning of life and how actions can serve larger goals. StrengthsAn ability to see the big picture CharacteristicsPeople with existential intelligence:
Potential Career ChoicesIf you have a strong sense of existential intelligence, you might enjoy a career as a:
A Word From VerywellThe theory of multiple intelligences is important because it allows us to think about different types of mental strengths and abilities. Learning more about which types of intelligence you lean towards may help you learn to recognize your own preferences. However, it shouldn't be used as a tool to label and should not be confused with learning styles. Instead of trying to match what you learn to your perceived type of intelligence, focus on learning new things via various modalities and formats to strengthen encoding and reinforce learning. Frequently Asked Questions
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