What name is given to the type of hormonal interaction in which one hormone Cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present?
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Lead Editors The Endocrine System[edit | edit source]The endocrine system works via chemical messengers (hormones) that are secreted directly into the circulatory system to regulate target organ function. The feedback loop works to control the release of these hormones and maintain homeostasis i.e the state of steady conditions vital for life.[1] The diagram on the right shows the glands of the endocrine system ( Pineal gland, Thalamus, Pituitary gland,Thyroid, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Uterus,Ovaries, Testes). Glands of the Endocrine System[edit | edit source]Each gland of the endocrine system releases specific hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones travel through circulatory system to other cells and help to coordinate body processes. They include:
Endocrine Disorders[edit | edit source]A malfunction in the endocrine systems (either the glands, hormones, receptors or organs impacted by hormones) can cause an endocrine disorder. The various dysfunctions can cause wide-ranging effects on the body. The disorders arise from the effects caused by too little or too much secretion of a hormone or problems with receiving the hormone.[3] A metabolic disorder occurs when an improper level of a hormone alters the body’s metabolism and impacts its function (for example, diabetes).[4][5] [6] Causes of Endocrine Disorders[edit | edit source]Endocrine disorders are typically grouped into two categories:
In a body that is functioning at optimum capacity the endocrine's feedback system assists in controlling the balance of hormones in the bloodstream. The system can detect when a body has too much or too little of a certain hormone, the feedback system then sends signals to the appropriate gland(s) to regulate the discrepancy with a view of restoring homeostasis. If this equilibrium cannot be restored or maintained then a hormone imbalance may occur resulting and increase or decrease of hormone levels in the blood. The most common causes of increased or decreased levels of endocrine hormones are:
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]Endocrine disorders with U.S. prevalence estimates of at least 5% in adults included diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, osteopenia, mild-moderate hypovitaminosis D, erectile dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and thyroiditis. Erectile dysfunction and osteopenia/osteoporosis had the highest incidence in males and females, respectively. The least prevalent conditions, affecting less than 1% of the U.S. population, were diabetes mellitus in children and pituitary adenoma. Conditions with the lowest incidence were adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and pituitary adenomas. Certain disorders, such as hyperparathyroidism and thyroid disorders, were more common in females. As expected, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was highest among ethnic minorities.[7] Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]Due to the complex and interconnected nature of the endocrine system, a wide range of conditions with distinct clinical presentations, can result in endocrine disorders. including:
Endocrine Disruptors[edit | edit source]Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine systems at certain doses. These disruptions can cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders. Any system in the body controlled by hormones can be derailed by hormone disruptors. Specifically, endocrine disruptors may be associated with the development of learning disabilities, severe attention deficit disorder, cognitive and brain development problems deformations of the body that includes breast cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid and other cancers; sexual development problems such as feminizing of males or masculinizing effects on females, etc.[9] There are some 800 chemicals suspected as being capable of interfering with hormone receptors, synthesis, conversion or cell signalling during critical periods of cell and organ development. Some of these occur naturally, but many are synthetic and used in agriculture (growth promoters, pesticides and wetting agents), plasticizers, as flame-retardants in textiles, clothing and furnishings, non-stick coatings, food additives, electronics and cosmetics, personal care products and perfumes.[10] Diagnostic Testing[edit | edit source]Due to the wide range of symptoms and conditions diagnosis can sometimes be difficult and where available, a referral to an endocrinologist may be made. In most cases blood and urine analysis will be carried out to determine hormone levels. If a nodule or a tumor is suspected imaging tests may be done to help locate and/or confirm any abnormalities. Due to the complex nature of hormones and their interactions a change in one hormone level can have a detrimental impact on another, which can affect diagnosis and treatment.[1][9] Management[edit | edit source]Although management interventions and scope can vary depending on the type of disorder, physiotherapy can be beneficial for people with these conditions. Common goals are the management of pain to optimise function and mobility, patient education on the effects of the endocrine disorder on the body and how to maintain strength and fitness, energy conservation techniques and development of manageable and progressive exercise plans.[10][11][12]. References[edit | edit source]
What is it called when two hormones exert opposite effects?Antagonistic hormones are a pair of hormones that have the opposite effects. For example, insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones because insulin functions to decrease blood glucose levels, whereas glucagon functions to increase blood glucose levels.
What are the different types of hormone interactions?The three most common types of interaction are as follows:. The permissive effect, in which the presence of one hormone enables another hormone to act. ... . The synergistic effect, in which two hormones with similar effects produce an amplified response. ... . The antagonistic effect, in which two hormones have opposing effects.. What is the name of the action type for hormones that act on the same cell that produces it?A paracrine mechanism is defined as chemical communication between neighboring cells within a tissue or organ (Box 1.3). Autocrine signals are those in which a chemical acts on the same cell whilst an intracrine signal is generated by a chemical acting within the same cell.
How can a hormone have effects on some cells but not on other cells?So why do hormones affect only their target cells in particular tissues? Because only those target cells have receptors for that particular hormone. Some hormones bind to receptors on the surface of target cells. Others enter the cells and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
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