Which of the following describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of the study?
What are the main types of qualitative approaches to research? Show While there are many different investigations that can be done, a study with a qualitative approach generally can be described with the characteristics of one of the following three types: Historical research describes past events, problems, issues and facts. Data are gathered from written or oral descriptions of past events, artifacts, etc. It describes “what was” in an attempt to recreate the past. It is different from a report in that it involves interpretation of events and its influence on the present. It answers the question: “What was the situation?” Examples of Historical Research:
Ethnographic research develops in-depth analytical descriptions of current systems, processes, and phenomena and/or understandings of the shared beliefs and practices of a particular group or culture. This type of design collects extensive narrative data (non-numerical data) based on many variables over an extended period of time in a natural setting within a specific context. The background, development, current conditions, and environmental interaction of one or more individuals, groups, communities, businesses or institutions is observed, recorded, and analyzed for patterns in relation to internal and external influences. It is a complete description of present phenomena. One specific form of ethnographic research is called a case study. It is a detailed examination of a single group, individual, situation, or site. A meta-analysis is another specific form. It is a statistical method which accumulates experimental and correlational results across independent studies. It is an analysis of analyses. Examples of Ethnographic Research:
Narrative research focuses on studying a single person and gathering data through the collection of stories that are used to construct a narrative about the individual’s experience and the meanings he/she attributes to them. Examples of Narrative Research:
1. Why do you need an operational definition when you already have a perfectly good conceptual definition?
2. Why can't you skip the conceptual definition and use only an operational definition to define your concept? i.e. why is it also necessary to have a conceptual definition?
3. What is the difference between conceptual and operational definitions?
4. A professor is studying learning and academic performance and uses GPA as a measure of how much her students have learned. Discuss why (or why not) this is an adequate operational definition of learning.
5. What role should essential qualities play in operational definitions?
6. What is the difference between a numeral and a number?
7. What is the difference between a number and an ordinal?
8. In what way is ratio scaling "stronger" than interval or ordinal scaling?
9. How do you tell which level of scaling is appropriate for a particular situation? (What aspects of the situation do you consider? Why do these aspects matter?)
10. Under what conditions would you have to use a lower level of scaling than the one that matches the phenomenon you want to measure? Give an example.
11. What can you do with interval or ratio scaling that you can't do with nominal or ordinal scaling?
12. Under what conditions does "0" not mean "none"? What are the consequences of this?
13. If you have a ratio-scaled variable and want to compare two values, what kind of comparisons can you make?
14. If you have an ordinal-scaled variable and want to compare two values, what kind of comparisons can you make?
15. If you have an interval-scaled variable and want to compare two values, what kind of comparisons can you make?
Q# Page # 2. 21 3. 21,23 4. 21,23 5. 21 6. 25-26 7. 25-26 8. 26-27 9. 26-27 10. ? 11. 26-27 12. 27 13. 26 14. 26 What is the variable that is being measured in research?The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment.
What do you call the variables of a study in terms of how they are measured manipulated or changed within a study?Variables are given a special name that only applies to experimental investigations. One is called the dependent variable and the other the independent variable. The independent variable is the variable the experimenter manipulates or changes, and is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable.
Which of the following is the variable that is measured?The variable which is measured in an experiment is the dependent variable.
What is the process by which we explain how a variable will be measured?Operationalization is the process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors. The process defines fuzzy concepts and allows them to be measured, empirically and quantitatively.
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