What are three 3 examples of cultural bias?
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Minority Identity Development Majority Identity Development Bi- or Multiracial Identity Development Stage 1: Unexamined Identity. Stage 1: Unexamined Identity Stage 1: Personal Identity Stage 2: Conformity Stage 2: Acceptance. Stage 2: Group Categorization Stage 3: Resistance and Separation. Stage 3: Resistance Stage 3: Enmeshment/Denial Stage 4: Integration Stage 4: Redefinition Stage 4: Appreciation Stage 5: Integration Stage 5: Integration. Culture is a central aspect of society that affects the daily lives of nearly every human being in the world. It is evident in our daily habits, our customs and beliefs, the knowledge we pass on, our art and passions, and in our language and forms of expression. Each generation passes on different values and concepts of a culture, which is open to culture bias and sub-culture bias as well as change. So, what is culture? Culture is a set of ideas, customs, traditions, and behaviours upheld by a group or society that determine everyday behaviours and practices. A subculture is a group within a larger culture with a set of customs, beliefs, behaviours, etc., that distinguish it from the larger culture in which it lives. An example of a culture is a society in England, and subcultures within that larger culture are people from different ethnic backgrounds, such as:
What is cultural and sub-cultural bias?Cultural and subcultural bias are essential factors to consider when conducting and interpreting research. The following section defines the two types of bias. Cultural biasWhat is cultural bias? Cultural bias is when someone applies their cultural assumptions to other cultures to understand a phenomenon. They interpret the world through the lens of their own culture and ignore the differences. Those who deviate from the ‘norm’ are considered strange or abnormal. Another term for this is ethnocentrism. Ainsworth’s Strange Situation is a good example of ethnocentrism, an imposed etic. An example of cultural bias in research is when researchers generalise their findings to the entire population even though the sample consists of white British children. For example, research on white British children concluded that all children become more aggressive after acting out violent experiences. These findings are culturally biased because they assume that all children behave the same way and do not consider the role culture plays in behaviour. A significant problem with much older psychological research is that white, middle-class adult males, mainly from the US, dominated the studies. It would not have been a problemin itself if the study generalised their findings only to white, middle-class American adult males. However, many of these studies claim that their results apply to everyone. Sub-cultural biasIs there subcultural bias? Subcultural bias is similar to cultural bias but focuses more on biases in groups within a culture. An example would be researchers investigating discrimination in areas of poverty. The research may exhibit subcultural bias if it does not consider discrimination against ethnic minority people living in those areas. Ethnocentric emic and etic approachesWhen we look at research on different or similar cultures, we must consider whether it is an etic or emic approach. In an etic approach, we study human cultures based on universally valid concepts or constructs applicable across cultures. Thus, researchers elaborate and apply a theory to all cultures, assuming that behaviours are common to all people. In an emic approach, we study human culture by interpreting the behaviours and practices that occur in a particular culture and evaluating those behaviours through the lens of that culture, with differences among cultures. Let us look at this through an attempt to study British culture. If a researcher from Germany were to attempt to explore the behaviours and practices of British culture and then compare and apply them to their own cultural rules, it would be an etic approach. If they studied British culture by interpreting British behaviour and culture in their cultural context, that would be an emic approach. Berry (1969) explained that there are problems with adopting an imposed etic approach in psychology, as it is often suggested that concepts are universally applicable or labelled as such. Usually, a study is conducted in a specific culture and technically uses only emic constructs within that particular culture. What are the cultural bias characteristics?We can identify several factors in the research to understand if the study results in cultural/subcultural bias. Ethnocentrism vs cultural relativityIs there a difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativity? Ethnocentrism is when someone generalises their cultural values to other cultures based on assumptions and stereotypes or imposes cultural values on others. In research, results are then generalised to other countries even though the sample tested is from a different country. Cultural differences are not considered, and what is found in one country may not be the same in another. An example of a cultural difference that can affect research is differences in diagnosing mental illnesses. When research shows evidence of cultural relativity, it is a sign of good research. Cultural relativism is research that is examined based on understanding the participant’s culture (beliefs, values, and behaviours influenced by the cultures in which participants live). It is the view that we must understand cultural behaviours and principles through the lens of that culture rather than another one.Researchers should consider the cultural context. Research findings demonstrating cultural relativity are highly reliable and generalisable to the intended audience. Individualistic vs collectivist societyWhen conducting research, it is essential to consider the differences between societies. There are individualistic and collectivistic societies, and these societies have distinct differences in their cultural practices. In psychological research, it is clear that our environmental factors, including our culture, influence human behaviour. If researchers do not consider cultural differences in their study, they may misinterpret, misunderstand or base the research on assumptions, prejudices, and stereotypes. These are signs of poor research and ethics. Individualistic societies are more common in Western society. People who live in this type of society tend to place more importance on their personal goals and achievements. They value their independence and freedom of choice, and this is encouraged in their culture. Typically, individualistic societies strive for self-actualisation and tend to be more competitive to achieve their personal goals. In collectivist cultures, on the other hand, people place more emphasis on the needs of the group and their community as a whole. They tend to be more reserved and traditional than individualistic societies. They are more interdependent, value conformity to prescribed roles, and work together. Eastern countries tend to form collectivist societies. Different psycho-cultural factors tend to influence the two different types of cultures. This is the case when psychological and cultural factors influence personality. Examples of psycho-cultural factors include conflict, cultural traits, and religion. Cultural bias can become a problem when people do not consider that there are clear cultural differences between themselves and others, such as between whites and ethnic minorities or people living in the Western and Eastern worlds. Cultural bias is a consequence of cultural variation. This term refers to the idea that social practices, rules, beliefs, and behaviours differ across cultures in the world. Therefore, if the same study is repeated in a Western and an Eastern country, it is unlikely that the same results will be found. What is inappropriate behaviour in one country may not be in another. In some countries, it is impolite to speak freely to elders, or it is mandatory to address them with an honorific title (in the East), while in other countries, this is not as strictly enforced (in the West).
What are the issues of cultural bias in research?Problems arise when research is culturally biased. These usually lead to problems with the reliability of the research. We can combat these by drawing a representative sample of the target population. Problems of cultural bias in research
How can research limit cultural bias?
Culture Bias and Sub-Culture Bias - Key takeaways
What are three examples of cultural bias?Some examples of cultural influences that may lead to bias include:. Linguistic interpretation.. Ethical concepts of right and wrong.. Understanding of facts or evidence-based proof.. Intentional or unintentional ethnic or racial bias.. Religious beliefs or understanding.. Sexual attraction and mating.. What is an example of cultural bias in counseling?Counselors tend to focus more on changes on the individual client without considering contribution of other individuals to the healing process. This assumption may lead to negative results in cultural groups such as Hispanic Americans and Asia Americans that value family and social harmony.
Which is an example of culture bias in assessment?Many things people expect children of certain ages to do could be based in culture rather than typical development. Another example could be that an examiner might interpret a child not displaying a specific skill, such as labeling colors, as indicative of a delay, when this actually has a cultural explanation.
What is an example of cultural bias as it relates to parenting?For example, in European-American cultures, parents stress the development of independence in their children. Chinese immigrant culture, on the other hand, values mutual obligation, including strong parental responsibilities and children's obedience.
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