Vaccine has been vaccinated with của nước nào năm 2024

COVID-19 disease is caused by an infection with the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, a type of coronavirus discovered in 2019. The virus spread rapidly and led to a global pandemic. Multiple strains and subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 have since emerged. The different strains and subvariants vary both in the severity of symptoms they cause and how transmissible they are.

COVID-19 disease has had vast impacts on society. In addition to the public health implications, the economic, social and mental health effects have been and continue to be significant.

Bạn cần tìm gì?

Infections can be asymptomatic or can result in a spectrum of symptoms, from mild respiratory symptoms to more serious disease affecting multiple organs and systems. Severe disease can lead to hospitalisation, mechanical ventilation, and can be fatal.

Common symptoms of acute COVID-19 infection can include fever, cough, myalgia (body aches), dyspnoea (difficulty breathing), gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., diarrhoea, nausea or vomiting), headache, sore throat, loss of smell or taste, and rhinorrhoea (runny nose).

Some individuals can experience ongoing symptoms for weeks or months after their initial diagnosis, known as long COVID or post-COVID conditions. Symptoms can include extreme fatigue, post-exertional malaise, dyspnoea , chest pain, heart palpitations, fever, arthralgia (joint pain), paresthesia (pins and needles), rash, hoarse voice, problems with memory and concentration (brain fog), sleep problems, changes with taste or smell, gastrointestinal symptoms, changes in menstrual cycles, weight loss and poor appetite, mood changes (depression, anxiety), and difficulty completing activities of daily living. In addition, long COVID can have a huge impact on an individual’s quality of life, mental health and ability to participate in work or schooling. Long COVID is more common in people who have experienced severe COVID-19 disease, those who had underlying medical conditions prior to infection (e.g. hypertension, chronic lung disease, diabetes, obesity) and those who are unvaccinated.

Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS), or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C), is a newly described condition that has been reported in children in the first 2-6 weeks after COVID-19 infection. It is an inflammatory condition, similar to bệnh Kawasakivà được đặc trưng bởi phát ban, sốt, sốc và đau bụng. Trẻ em bị PIMS-TS hầu như luôn phải nhập viện để điều trị.

Bệnh lây truyền qua đường nào

COVID-19 is transmitted through the inhalation of virus particles made airborne when an infected person coughs, sneezes, breathes, speaks or sings. Droplets containing virus particles can contaminate surfaces and can be spread when a person touches these surfaces and then touches their nose, mouth or eyes. Poorly ventilated settings can also contribute to the spread of COVID-19 because aerosol particles can remain suspended in the air for several hours longer than in well-ventilated settings (minutes to hours).

The incubation period for the disease is 1 ĐẾN 14 days, with most individuals displaying symptoms 5 ĐẾN 6 days after being exposed. Individuals are most infectious in the 2 days before their symptoms begin Và các early stages của their illness. People with asymptomatic disease can still infect others.

Dịch tễ học

Kể từ năm 2019, hơn 770 million infections đã được báo cáo trên toàn thế giới góp phần gây ra gần 7 triệu ca tử vong, với con số thực có thể cao hơn nhiều.

Individuals with immunocompromise, advancing age (particularly > 70 years), obesity, respiratory conditions, pregnancy, heart disease, diabetes, renal disease, liver disease, neurological conditions and disability are more likely to experience severe symptoms if infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Certain occupations, such as working in healthcare, increase likelihood of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and therefore infection.

Repeat infections can occur.

Phòng ngừa

Strategies to reduce risk of transmission of COVID-19 disease include standard precautions such as hand hygiene, wearing masks when remaining socially distant is not possible and ensuring indoor spaces have good ventilation.

Vaccination aims to reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and the need for hospitalisation. There are 3 vaccine brands available for use within Australia:

• Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine containing nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2
• Spikevax (Moderna) vaccine containing nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2
• Nuvaxovid (Novavax) vaccine containing SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, adjuvanted with Matrix-M.

Of these vaccine brands, there are alternatives based on which strain or subvariant of SARS-CoV-2 they target and different strength formulations for different age groups. Monovalent vaccines target a single strain, whereas bivalent vaccines target 2 strains.

The first COVID-19 vaccines targeted the ancestral strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Newer vaccines target the strains that are now circulating. While the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to mutate, new vaccines are likely to be on the horizon.

All COVID-19 vaccines provide protection against severe COVID-19 symptoms. However, vaccines targeting the current circulating strains are preferentially recommended (if available for use in that age group).

khóa học chính

Một đợt tiêm chủng cơ bản được khuyến nghị cho tất cả các cá nhân từ 5 tuổi. Immunocompetent individuals (those with a functioning immune system) should receive 2 doses, 8 weeks apart. Those with suy giảm miễn dịch nên tiêm 3 liều, mỗi liều cách nhau 8 tuần.

Children aged 6 months to ≤ 4 years with severe immunocompromise, certain disabilities and those who have complex and/or multiple health conditions which increase the risk of severe COVID-19 should also receive a primary course of COVID-19 vaccination. In this age group, a primary course consists of 3 doses with 8 weeks between each dose, regardless of immune function (refer to table below for age–appropriate vaccine).

liều tăng cường

Recommendations for booster doses vary depending on the age of the individual and their risk factors for severe disease. An interval of at least 6 months since a confirmed COVID-19 infection/previous booster or primary course is recommended before administering a booster dose. Booster doses không được khuyến khích for anyone less than 5 years of age.

For recommendations on COVID-19 booster doses, see ATAGI advice on boosters (last updated in September 2023).

Vaccines brands and type available for use by age group

hộp bóng mờ cho biết loại vắc-xin ưu tiên được sử dụng ở từng nhóm tuổi. các ô được tô bóng cho biết rằng vắc-xin không có sẵn để sử dụng cho nhóm tuổi này. shaded boxes indicate newly available vaccines (from December 2023).

Tác dụng phụ sau khi chích vắc-xin

Tác dụng phụ thường gặp

Most side effects following COVID-19 vaccination are mild and can include đau tại chỗ tiêm, fatigue, headache, lymphadenopathy and fever.

Tác dụng phụ hiếm gặp

Viêm cơ tim (viêm cơ tim) và viêm màng ngoài tim (viêm màng bao quanh tim) are rare conditions that have been reported following administration of COVID-19 vaccines. They are most commonly associated with viral infections (including COVID-19 disease) but can also be triggered by other factors such as medications and autoimmune conditions. In the setting of vaccination, the peak risk group for myocarditis is young adult males aged between 16 and 24 years following a second dose of vaccination. Pericarditis occurring after vaccination is more common in the 20 to 45 year old age group for both males and females.

Huyết khối với giảm tiểu cầu (TTS) là một tình trạng hiếm gặp đã được báo cáo xảy ra ở những người trước đó đã tiêm vắc-xin COVID-19 Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca). Since March 2023, Vaxzevria is no longer available for use in Australia.

Câu hỏi thường gặp

Nguồn tài liệu

• MVEC: Nền tảng vắc-xin
• MVEC: Thuốc ức chế miễn dịch và vắc-xin
• Báo cáo an toàn vắc-xin COVID-19 của Victoria
• Bộ Y tế và Chăm sóc Người cao tuổi của Chính phủ Úc: Vắc xin COVID-19 quốc tế được Úc công nhận
• Australian Immunisation Handbook: COVID-19
• CDC: COVID kéo dài hoặc tình trạng sau COVID

Các tác giả: Francesca Machingaifa (Điều phối viên Y tá Giáo dục MVEC) và Rachael McGuire (Điều phối viên Y tá Giáo dục MVEC)

Đượcxem xét bởi: Rachael McGuire (MVEC Education Nurse Coordinator) and Katie Butler (MVEC Education Nurse)

Ngày: December 2023

Tài liệu trong phần này được cập nhật khi có thông tin mới và có vắc-xin. Nhân viên của Trung Tâm Giáo Dục Vắc-xin Melbourne (MVEC) thường xuyên xem xét độ chính xác của các tài liệu.

Quý vị không nên coi thông tin trong trang web này là tư vấn y tế chuyên nghiệp, cụ thể cho sức khỏe cá nhân của quý vị hay của gia đình quý vị. Đối với các lo ngại về y tế, bao gồm các quyết định về chủng ngừa, thuốc men và các phương pháp điều trị khác, quý vị luôn phải tham khảo ý kiến của chuyên viên chăm sóc sức khỏe.