Who said intelligence can be classified into general and specific intelligence factors?
The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that there are three distinct types of intelligence: practical, distinct, and analytical. It was formulated by Robert J. Sternberg, a well-known psychologist whose research often focuses on human intelligence and creativity. Show The triarchic theory is comprised of three subtheories, each of which relates to a specific kind of intelligence: the contextual subtheory, which corresponds to practical intelligence, or the ability to successfully function in one’s environment; the experiential subtheory, which corresponds to creative intelligence, or the ability to deal with novel situations or issues; and the componential subtheory, which corresponds to analytical intelligence, or the ability to solve problems. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Key Takeaways
OriginsSternberg proposed his theory in 1985 as an alternative to the idea of the general intelligence factor. The general intelligence factor, also known as g, is what intelligence tests typically measure. It refers only to “academic intelligence.” Sternberg argued that practical intelligence—a person’s ability to react and adapt to the world around them—as well as creativity are equally important when measuring an individual's overall intelligence. He also argued that intelligence isn’t fixed, but rather comprises a set of abilities that can be developed. Sternberg's assertions led to the creation of his theory. SubtheoriesSternberg broke his theory down into the following three subtheories: Contextual subtheory: The contextual subtheory says that intelligence is intertwined with the individual’s environment. Thus, intelligence is based on the way one functions in their everyday circumstances, including one’s ability to a) adapt to one’s environment, b) select the best environment for oneself, or c) shape the environment to better fit one’s needs and desires. Experiential subtheory: The experiential subtheory proposes that there is a continuum of experience from novel to automation to which intelligence can be applied. It’s at the extremes of this continuum that intelligence is best demonstrated. At the novel end of the spectrum, an individual is confronted with an unfamiliar task or situation and must come up with a way to deal with it. At the automation end of the spectrum, one has become familiar with a given task or situation and can now handle it with minimal thought. Componential subtheory: The componential theory outlines the various mechanisms that result in intelligence. According to Sternberg, this subtheory is comprised of three kinds of mental processes or components:
Kinds of IntelligenceEach subtheory reflects a particular kind of intelligence or ability:
Sternberg observed that all three kinds of intelligence are necessary for successful intelligence, which refers to the ability to be successful in life based on one’s abilities, personal desires, and environment. CritiquesThere have been a number of critiques and challenges to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence over the years. For example, educational psychologist Linda Gottfredson says the theory lacks a solid empirical basis and observes that the data used to back up the theory is meager. In addition, some scholars argue that practical intelligence is redundant with the concept of job knowledge, a concept that is more robust and has been better researched. Finally, Sternberg’s own definitions and explanations of his terms and concepts have at times been imprecise. Sources
Who told about general and specific factor of intelligence?Charles Spearman proposed this theory in the year 1923. According to his theory, intelligence consists of two factors: 'g' and 's', where 'g' stands for generalized factor and 's' stands for the specific factor.
Who introduced the concept of general intelligence?Spearman's General Intelligence (g)
Charles Spearman, an English psychologist, established the two-factor theory of intelligence back in 1904 (Spearman, 1904). To arrive at this theory, Spearman used a technique known as factor analysis.
Who first discussed the g factor in intelligence?The existence of the g factor was originally proposed by the English psychologist Charles Spearman in the early years of the 20th century.
What is Guilford theory of intelligence?According to Guilford's Structure of Intellect (SI) theory (1955), an individual's performance on intelligence tests can be traced back to the underlying mental abilities or factors of intelligence.
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