Which of the following is not a leadership style defined in the 2022 PMBOK Guide

 The word “project” means something thrown forth or out; (Oxford English Dictionary); the word “management” is “the art of arranging physical and human resources towards purposeful ends” (Morris, Cited, in Wren 2005:12). Projects have been there since the dawn of humanity when the man first walked on earth varying from the informal, such as hunting and farming to the large formal construction projects such as the pyramids of Egypt and outstanding military campaigns. However, it was not before the early 1950s to have the term “Project Management” -in its contemporary meaning- used when the US defence aerospace sector.

• The PMI defined Project as “a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result” (PMBOK Guide- Fifth Edition).
• The UK association of Project Managers defines the project as a “discrete undertaking with defined objectives often including time, cost and quality (performance) Goals”. (Smith 2008:2).
• The British standard Institute (BS 6076) defines a project as a “unique set of coordinated activities , with definite starting and finishing points, undertaken by an individual or organization to meet specific objective with defined schedule, cost and performance parameters”.(Smith 2008:2).

From the definition of the project, comes the definition of project management. The following definitions implies a control over the planned process of change.

• According to PMI, “project management is defined as the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources through the life of the project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives or goals of scope , cost, time, quality, risk and participant satisfaction” (PMBOK Guide- Fifth Edition).
• According to the UK Association of Project Managers, “project management is the planning, organization, monitoring and control of all aspects of a project and motivation of all involved to achieve the project objective safely and within agreed time, cost and performance criteria”. (Smith 2008:2).
• The British Standard Institution defined the Project management as “the planning, monitoring and controlling of all aspects of project and motivation of all those involved to achieve the project objectives on time and to cost, quality and performance”. (Smith 2008:2).

The common concept is that project management it the management and control of the planned change directed to the unique creation of functioning system. However, on the other hand, General Management and operation management is about controlling change in a constructed system to produce repeated process.

The construction project management was defined by Anthony Walker as , “planning, coordination and control of the project from conception to completion (including commissioning) on behalf of a client requiring the identification of the clients objectives in terms of utility, function, quality, time and cost, and the establishment of relationships between resources, integrating, monitoring and controlling the contributors to the projects and their output, and evaluating the selecting alternatives in pursuit of the clients satisfaction with the project outcome” .(Walker:2007:5).

 Leadership definition

According to the PMBOK ® Guide, 4th Edition (2008), “Leadership is the ability to get things done through others. Focusing the efforts of a group of people toward a common goal and enabling them to work as a team”.

Leadership is” a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential”. (Warren Bennis).

However, there is no single way to complete the sentence, “Leadership is ….” The word itself has a different meanings based on culture, time, field of interests, application… etc.

The scholars have been attempting to define the leadership since the beginning of the 20th century and the definition has been changing with the development of leadership theories, models, styles, and philosophies.

Despite the attempts have been done for more than a century, a universal consensus has not been achieved on the definition of leadership. However, most of these definitions have reached to a consensus that leadership is about inspiring, influencing, guiding in direction, course, action, and creating vision.

“In project management, leadership is central to shaping the proposed way of achieving and delivering the desired change”. (Morris: 2013:199).

According to (Morris: 2013:199), “leadership is the activity of forming, shaping and giving voice to goals- establishing and selling a vision; and motivating and influencing others to follow the realisation of this vision- doing what needs to be done to fill out that vision and deliver it”.

 Leadership and Management

“Management is the art of getting others to do what one necessary do himself, by organising, controlling and directing resources”. (Morris: 2013:199). Therefore, management is a corner stone for project success to secure the existence of discipline, order and control.

Many authors and academics usually write or talk about Leadership Vs Management which may give a rise to separation or privilege for one over the other. However, many other theorists tend to consider the separation is wrong insomuch they used the term Managerial Leadership to couple the effective leadership with project management. According to (Morris: 2013:199), he believes that project management and program management cannot succeed without effective leadership. However,  I believe that since all project managers who managed successful projects were not leaders and it is not necessary that all project managers must be leaders to achieve the project goals. Sometimes it is enough to apply the right tools and techniques to get your project to success line. On the other hand, I believes that even those who have leadership attributes and leadership skills will not achieve project success without having the necessary and essential management skills. However, some projects strongly needs to have the combination of effective leadership and managements skills. (Müller and Turner: 2010)

 Leadership Theories

 Attention has been focused on the leadership at the early part of the twentieth century. Theorists spoke about varieties of leadership approaches to explain the complexity of leadership process. However, the leadership theories can be categorized under four major ore core groups.

Trait Theories or "Great Man” Theories:

Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent. It suggests that great leaders are born, not made. It came to the focus of the theorists interest throughout the 20th century, it was one of the first attempts to study leadership to determine what made people great leaders. The study focused on the innate qualities and characteristics of great military, social, and political leaders.

Skills approach:

This approach focus more on the skills and abilities that can be learned and developed either with practical experience or education. It emphasized that skills and knowledge are strongly needed to create an effective leader.

Behavioural and style theories:

Behavioural theories are focusing on studying what great leaders do and how they act or behave. Under this category, several leadership styles can be used solely or in combination with the other to achieve effective performance.

Situational Theories

Situational theories suggested that leaders decide the best course of action based on the current situational factors and variables. And when a decision is needed, the effective leader may need to apply more than a single style according to the situational variables.

 Contingency Theories:

Contingency theories are concerned about how situations influence the good leaders by focusing on the particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation.

 The Functional Theory

Functional Theory (Hackman & Walton, 1986; McGrath, 1962) is addressing the specific behaviours of leaders which contributes to the corporate and group effectiveness. This theory suggests that the leaders’ duty is to insure that whatever is necessary to the team needs is taken care of.

 Path-Goal Theory

Path- Goal Theory is concerned about how leaders motivate and help the subordinates to achieve goals. The theory was based on expectation theory of motivation, first appeared in 1970 by Evans, 1971 by House, 1974 by House and Dessler, and 1974 by House and Mitchell.

Leader- Member Exchange theory (LMX).

Leader-Member exchange theory defines leadership as an interactive process between leaders and followers. LMX theory focus on differences that might exist between leaders and each of the followers. The first for of this theory was called the VDL theory.

 Integrated psychological theory

The most recent and modern approach that came to the lights after James Scouller published his book, the three levels of Leadership (2011).

Due to the dynamic nature of the projects, several styles or theories may be applied according to the current stage, project variables, situation, subordinates’ maturity level, organizational culture, or policy …etc.

The leadership development process is a very important process that any leader must go through to acquire develop his skills or acquire new skills. The leader shall not only focus on weaknesses to improve but also focus on develop his strengths to become an effective leader. (Camper Bull: 2010)

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