Which Enlightenment thinker did Thomas Jefferson reference in the Declaration of Independence?
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The Review of Metaphysics Vol. 44, No. 3 (Mar., 1991) , pp. 549-573 (25 pages) Published By: Philosophy Education Society Inc. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20129058 Read and download Log in through your school or library Alternate access options For independent researchers Read Online Read 100 articles/month free Subscribe to JPASS Unlimited reading + 10 downloads Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. To access this article, please contact JSTOR User Support. We'll provide a PDF copy for your screen reader.With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. Get StartedAlready have an account? Log in Monthly Plan
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Journal Information The Review of Metaphysics is devoted to the promotion of technically competent, definitive contributions to philosophical knowledge. Not associated with any school or group, not the organ of any association or institution, it is interested in persistent, resolute inquiries into root questions, regardless of the writer's affiliations. Published for more than fifty years, the Review of Metaphysics has established itself as an essential resource for the profession both in the major research libraries of the world and in the private libraries of professors, scholars, and students of philosophy. Among the top English-language journals in circulation, and boasting one of the largest foreign circulations, the Review offers its reader an overview of contemporary philosophy and a standpoint from which to assess its developing currents. Publisher Information The Philosophy Education Society of America, a 501 (c)(3) charity organization, is the publisher of the Review of Metaphysics. The Society's raison d'etre is to promote definitive contributions to philosophical knowledge, and it does so primarily through the ongoing publication of the Review. The Society sponsors the Review's annual dissertation essay contest and provides the $500 prize. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. One of the most famous documents in US history is the Declaration of Independence. While it covered the bases (that is, telling England that the colonies were going to create their own country), it's gone down in history for its striking language and philosophical stances. Many important quotes also come from the Declaration of Independence! All of these famous quotes comes from the Declaration of Independence:
The ideas behind these quotes and the Declaration of Independence didn't come out of thin air. We'll take a look at the historical context and some of the Enlightenment philosophers who then inspired the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson is the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. As the relationship between the colonies and the crown deteriorated throughout 1775 and 1776, the Second Continental Congress decided that they needed to declare independence from England once and for all. Jefferson was tasked with writing the first draft of the Declaration. Throughout his studies, Jefferson fell under the influence of famous Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu, and their ideas around the social contract, natural rights, and separation of powers. Throughout the Declaration of Independence, the fingerprints of these theorists and others can be found in the wording used by Jefferson, and their overall influence on not just the Declaration of Independence but the creation of the United States more generally cannot be understated.
Enlightenment Philosophy in the Declaration of IndependenceThe Enlightenment is generally considered to be the 17th and 18th centuries, originating in Europe. In the American colonies (later the United States), it was mid-18th century to the early 19th century. "Enlightenment" sounds like a pretty lofty word to describe a whole 200-year period! To understand the Enlightenment and why it was so revolutionary, we need to understand how the world operated before then. In Europe, countries were ruled by the monarch - kings and queens. Most monarchs had little, if any, limitations on their power. The church was also very powerful, both as a social and religious leader but also in its ability to influence politics. As time went on, people began to critique the absolute power exercised by monarchs. They became dissatisfied with having no control over the rulers or government who were supposed to be taking care of them. A series of tyrannical rulers in England led activists to overthrow the monarchy and implement a stronger legislative branch to keep the monarch in check. The Glorious Revolution in 1688 in England was the first of its kind. Fed up with his abusive policies, excessive taxation, and attempts to usurp parliament's power, the people rose up to overthrow King James II. They put James's niece and her husband, William and Mary of Orange, on the throne instead.
John Locke and the Declaration of IndependenceJohn Locke is one of the most well-known Enlightenment thinkers and is credited with inspiring Thomas Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of Independence. His most famous work, Two Treatises of Government, was written during the Glorious Revolution in 1688. It didn't gain notoriety for several decades until it was translated to French, which is when Thomas Jefferson got a hold of it and learned about Locke's ideas. Locke may have found it ironic that his writing supporting the revolution in England would go on to inspire the American colonies to rebel against England almost a century later! In Two Treatises of Government, Locke criticized the absolute monarchy and the idea that monarchs had the divine right to rule. Social ContractLocke also touched on the idea of the Social Contract. Even though he didn't actually use the term "Social Contract," his ideas inspired Jean-Jacques Rousseau who later on coined the term. The idea of the social contract focuses on the implicit, unwritten contract between the rulers and the governed. Locke felt that the government only had the right to rule because of the consent of the governed. This directly contrasted with the idea of the "divine right" to rule, which said that God had given kings their authority to rule, whether their citizens wanted them or not. We see these ideas come through in the American Revolution. Activists who wanted to declare war against England argued that the king had violated their rights, which gave them the right and duty to rebel. The Declaration of Independence specifically talks about the consent of the governed, saying: "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed," The implicit contract meant that citizens would give up some of their power to the government, which would, in turn, provide them with benefits like infrastructure and security. Locke also felt that if the government violated its side of the contract, then citizens had the right and duty to rebel against the government. We see this idea come through in the Declaration of Independence: whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Montesquieu and the Declaration of IndependenceCharles Montesquieu was another influential writer during the Enlightenment. He is famous for popularizing the idea of the separation of powers, or branched government. Separation of PowersSeparation of powers, or branched government, refers to the idea that no one person or entity should have all of the power in government. Rather, it should be separated into different entities that can each exert checks and balances on the others. Montesquieu's idea, which then inspired the United States government structure, was to have three separate branches: the Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch, and the Judicial Branch. Natural Rights and the Declaration of IndependenceThe idea of natural rights emerged during the Enlightenment period. Individual rights weren't a part of the deal with absolute monarchy. While some documents like the Magna Carta provided some protections for nobles, common people didn't have protection from government abuse. During the Enlightenment, people began talking about "natural rights." Natural rights refer to those that everyone possesses and enjoys, no matter their social status, demographics, or location. Importantly, it also means that they apply regardless of whether someone is a noble or a peasant - whether they're rich or poor.
While several philosophers added to the understanding of natural rights, John Locke is regarded as being the most influential for the Declaration of Independence. In Two Treatises of Government, he wrote about natural rights as "life, liberty, and property." The Declaration of Independence also references these natural rights in the famous line saying: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Right to PropertyRather than quoting the "right to property" that Locke referenced, Jefferson instead focused on the right to pursue happiness. Today we might think of property like owning a house or a plot of land, but during the Enlightenment, the meaning of property was a lot more expansive. Throughout much of European history, the only people who could own property were nobles and aristocrats. Common people and peasants didn't have the right to own property, from the tools they used to the land they lived on. For example, a blacksmith wouldn't necessarily own the forge or the hammer he used, or a farmer wouldn't own the land he tilled. Instead of being able to own the means to make their own money, they often ended up giving a large portion of their earnings to the noble who owned the land. The idea of the "right to own property" was revolutionary because it meant that people had the right to make their own money and own their own tools to make a livelihood. Origins of the Declaration of Independence - Key takeaways
What Enlightenment thinkers are reflected in the Declaration of Independence?The Social Contract was written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and according to him it is between the government and the people, although the ideas are based on three enlightenment thinkers – Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Rousseau. The Social Contract has also been reflected in the Declaration of Independence.
How did John Locke influence Thomas Jefferson?Locke is notable for making the statement that all men have the right to pursue “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Property.” In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson alters this statement to state that all men have the rights to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” John Locke fused “individualism ...
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