The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

ABpersonalityan individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.free associationin psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.psychoanalysisFreud’s theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insightunconsciousaccording to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memoriesida reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.egothe largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.superegothe part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.psychosexual stagesthe childhood phases of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.Oedipus complexaccording to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.identificationthe process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.fixationaccording to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.defense mechanismsin psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.repressionin psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.regressionpsychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.reaction formationpsychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.projectionpsychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.rationalizationpsychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.displacementpsychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.sublimationpsychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.denialpsychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.collective unconsciousCarl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.projective testa personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.Thematic Apperception Testa projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.Rorschach inkblot testthe most widely used projective test, a set of 10 irregular figures, that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the abstract images.terror-management theorya theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending deathself-actualizationaccording to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.unconditional positive regarda caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.self-conceptall our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”traita characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.personality inventorya questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.empirically derived testa test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.social-cognitive perspectiveviews behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.reciprocal determinismthe interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.personal controlthe extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.external locus of controlthe perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.internal locus of controlthe perception that you control your own fate.positive psychologythe scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.selfin contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.spotlight effectoverestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blundersself-esteemone’s feelings of high or low self-worth.self-serving biasa readiness to perceive oneself favorably.individualismgiving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.collectivismgiving priority to goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

What is the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors?

What are the 3 ways individuals and environments interact?

Is the process by which according to Freud children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos?

What is the center of personality?