Taxonomy tracking là gì
MISP taxonomies and classification as machine tagsTable of Contents
IntroductionThe MISP threat sharing platform is a free and open source software helping information sharing of threat intelligence including cyber security indicators, financial fraud or counter-terrorism information. The MISP project includes multiple sub-projects to support the operational requirements of analysts and improve the overall quality of information shared. Show
Taxonomies that can be used in MISP (2.4) and other information sharing tool and expressed in Machine Tags (Triple Tags). A machine tag is composed of a namespace (MUST), a predicate (MUST) and an (OPTIONAL) value. Machine tags are often called triple tag due to their format. The following document is generated from the machine-readable JSON describing the MISP taxonomies. Funding and SupportThe MISP project is financially and resource supported by CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center Luxembourg . A CEF (Connecting Europe Facility) funding under CEF-TC-2016-3 - Cyber Security has been granted from 1st September 2017 until 31th August 2019 as Improving MISP as building blocks for next-generation information sharing. If you are interested to co-fund projects around MISP, feel free to get in touch with us. MISP taxonomiesCERT-XLM
CERT-XLM Security Incident Classification. abusive-contentAbusive Content. CERT-XLM:abusive-content="spam"spam Spam or unsolicited bulk e-mail, meaning that the recipient has not granted verifiable permission for the message to be sent and that the message is sent as part of a larger collection of messages, all having identical content. CERT-XLM:abusive-content="harmful-speech"Harmful Speech Discretization or discrimination of somebody (e.g. cyber stalking, racism and threats against one or more individuals) May be found on a forum, email, tweet etc CERT-XLM:abusive-content="violence"Child/Sexual/Violence/ Any Child pornography, glorification of violence, may be found on a website, forum, email, tweet etc malicious-codeSoftware that is intentionally included or inserted in a system for a harmful purpose. A user interaction is normally necessary to activate the code. CERT-XLM:malicious-code="virus"Virus Malicious code that replicate itself and infects the computer and files; CERT-XLM:malicious-code="worm"Worm Malware that self-replicates and spread itself to other computers in the network without any user interaction; CERT-XLM:malicious-code="ransomware"Ransomware Ransomware is a type of malicious software from cryptovirology that blocks access to the victims data or threatens to publish it until a ransom is paid. CERT-XLM:malicious-code="trojan-malware"Trojan/Malware This category regroups many common malware types (Banking, POS, Mining malware). CERT-XLM:malicious-code="spyware-rat"Spyware/Rat This category regroups malware types and tools that may have a bigger impact on the breached infrastructure and usually need further investigations (Common Spyware/Rat, State sponsored malwares, StealersHacking tool). CERT-XLM:malicious-code="dialer"Dialer Computer program used to identify the phone numbers that can successfully make a connection with a computer modem. Use this category to classify overpriced SMS sent by malicious mobile application. CERT-XLM:malicious-code="rootkit"Rootkit Malware, which alter the standard functionality of an operating system in order to do its malicious actions in a stealthy way. In practice, Rootkits hijacks systems functions in order to alter the returning values to hide themselves from simple analysis tools. information-gatheringThis group is for the reconnaissance; generally, it is the step before attacking. CERT-XLM:information-gathering="scanner"Scanning Attacks that send requests to a system to discover weak points. This also includes some kinds of testing processes to gather information about hosts, services and accounts. Examples: fingerd, DNS querying, ICMP, SMTP (EXPN, RCPT,). CERT-XLM:information-gathering="sniffing"Sniffing Observing and recording network traffic (wiretapping). CERT-XLM:information-gathering="social-engineering"Social Engineering Gathering information from a human being in a non-technical way (eg, lies, tricks, bribes, or threats). intrusion-attemptsThis group is for attack detected/tried but without success. CERT-XLM:intrusion-attempts="exploit-known-vuln"Exploiting known vulnerabilities An attempt to compromise a system or to disrupt any service by exploiting vulnerabilities with a standardised identifier such as CVE name (eg, buffer overflow, backdoors, cross side scripting, etc). CERT-XLM:intrusion-attempts="login-attempts"Login attempts Multiple login attempts (guessing / cracking of passwords, brute force). CERT-XLM:intrusion-attempts="new-attack-signature"New attack signature An attempt using an unknown exploit. intrusionThis group is for successful unauthorized access to a system. CERT-XLM:intrusion="privileged-account-compromise"Privileged Account Compromise A successful full compromise of a system or application (service). This can have been caused remotely by a known or new vulnerability, but also by an unauthorized local access. CERT-XLM:intrusion="unprivileged-account-compromise"Unprivileged Account Compromise A successful compromise of a system or application (service). This can have been caused remotely by a known or new vulnerability, but also by an unauthorized local access. The intruded did not achieve to escale his privileges locally. CERT-XLM:intrusion="botnet-member"Botnet member The compromised asset is also being part of a botnet. This is reserved mainly for public web servers. See malicious code in priority for workstations or internal servers compromise. For example, phpmailer, etc CERT-XLM:intrusion="domain-compromise"Domain Compromise The whole domain is compromised; this is commonly used for active directory and detected by a pass the ticket attack or a discovery of ad dumps files. CERT-XLM:intrusion="application-compromise"Application Compromise An application is compromised; the attacker possess an uncontrolled access to data, server, and assets used by this application (CMDB, DB, Backend services, etc.). availabilityBy this kind of an attack a system is bombarded with so many packets that the operations are delayed or the system crashes. CERT-XLM:availability="dos"DoS An attacker attempts to prevent legitimate users from accessing information or services. CERT-XLM:availability="ddos"DDoS Form of electronic attack involving multiple computers, which send repeated requests (HTTP requests, pings, TCP or UDP Flood) to a server to load it down and render the service inaccessible for a period of time. CERT-XLM:availability="sabotage"Sabotage Deliberate and malicious acts that result in the disruption of the normal processes and functions or the destruction or damage of equipment or information. CERT-XLM:availability="outage"Outage (no malice) Unavailability of the system but done with no malice. information-content-securityThis group is dealing with non-legitimate access or modification to data. CERT-XLM:information-content-security="Unauthorised-information-access"Unauthorised access to information Any access to unauthorized data. It may be access of data on improperly restricted server share or database exfiltered by using a SQLi. CERT-XLM:information-content-security="Unauthorised-information-modification"Unauthorised modification of information Unauthorized tampering of data on files, documents or database. fraudThis group is for unauthorized use of resources using resources for unauthorized purposes including profit-making ventures (eg, the use of e-mail to participate in illegal profit chain letters or pyramid schemes). CERT-XLM:fraud="copyright"Copyright Selling or installing copies of unlicensed commercial software or other copyright protected materials (Warez). CERT-XLM:fraud="masquerade"Masquerade Types of attacks in which one entity illegitimately assumes the identity of another in order to benefit from it. This attack may be used for president fraud requesting transactions. CERT-XLM:fraud="phishing"Phishing Masquerading as another entity in order to persuade the user to reveal a private credential. vulnerableVulnerable CERT-XLM:vulnerable="vulnerable-service"Open for abuse Open resolvers, world readable printers, vulnerability apparent from Nessus etc scans, virus, signatures not up to date, etc. This includes for example default SNMP community or default password on any application. conformityThis group is for catching breach about controls given by the company or externals entities. CERT-XLM:conformity="regulator"Regulator All lack about regulator rules (CSSF, GDPR, etc.). CERT-XLM:conformity="standard"Standard All lack about standards certification of the company (ISO27000, NIS, ISAE3402, etc.). CERT-XLM:conformity="security-policy"Security policy All lack about the internal security policy of the company. CERT-XLM:conformity="other-conformity"Other All lack that do not fit in one of previous categories should be put on this class. otherOther CERT-XLM:other="other"other All incidents that do not fit in one of the given categories should be put into this class. If the number of incidents in this category increases, it is an indicator that the classification scheme must be revised. testMeant for testing. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation
DFRLab Dichotomies of Disinformation. primary-targetThis should be filled out even when the target is not a nation. When a campaign targets a non-state political actor, the nation of origin of that non-state political actor is filled in this field, if that information is available. Distinguishable territories are nations. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AD"Andorra DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AE"United Arab Emirates DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AF"Afghanistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AG"Antigua and Barbuda DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AI"Anguilla DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AL"Albania DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AM"Armenia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AO"Angola DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AQ"Antarctica DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AR"Argentina DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AS"American Samoa DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AT"Austria DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AU"Australia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AW"Aruba DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AX"Aland Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="AZ"Azerbaijan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BA"Bosnia and Herzegovina DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BB"Barbados DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BD"Bangladesh DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BE"Belgium DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BF"Burkina Faso DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BG"Bulgaria DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BH"Bahrain DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BI"Burundi DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BJ"Benin DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BL"Saint-Barthelemy DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BM"Bermuda DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BN"Brunei Darussalam DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BO"Bolivia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BQ"Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BR"Brazil DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BS"Bahamas DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BT"Bhutan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BV"Bouvet Island DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BW"Botswana DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BY"Belarus DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="BZ"Belize DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CA"Canada DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CC"Cocos (Keeling) Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CD"Congo, Democratic Republic of the DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CF"Central African Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CG"Congo DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CH"Switzerland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CI"Cote dIvoire DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CK"Cook Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CL"Chile DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CM"Cameroon DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CN"China DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CO"Colombia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CR"Costa Rica DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CU"Cuba DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CV"Cape Verde DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CW"Curacao DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CX"Christmas Island DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CY"Cyprus DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="CZ"Czech Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="DE"Germany DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="DJ"Djibouti DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="DK"Denmark DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="DM"Dominica DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="DO"Dominican Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="DZ"Algeria DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="EC"Ecuador DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="EE"Estonia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="EG"Egypt DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="EH"Western Sahara DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ER"Eritrea DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ES"Spain DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ET"Ethiopia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="FI"Finland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="FJ"Fiji DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="FK"Faeroe Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="FM"Micronesia (Federated States of) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="FO"Falkland Islands (Malvinas) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="FR"France DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GA"Gabon DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GB"United Kingdom DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GD"Grenada DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GE"Georgia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GF"French Guiana DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GG"Guernsey DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GH"Ghana DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GI"Gibraltar DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GL"Greenland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GM"Gambia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GN"Guinea DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GP"Guadeloupe DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GQ"Equatorial Guinea DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GR"Greece DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GS"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GT"Guatemala DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GU"Guam DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GW"Guinea-Bissau DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="GY"Guyana DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="HK"Hong Kong DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="HM"Heard Island and McDonal Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="HN"Honduras DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="HR"Croatia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="HT"Haiti DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="HU"Hungary DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ID"Indonesia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="IE"Ireland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="IL"Israel DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="IM"Isle of Man DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="IN"India DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="IO"British Virgin Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="IQ"Iraq DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="IR"Iran (Islamic Republic of) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="IS"Iceland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="IT"Italy DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="JE"Jersey DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="JM"Jamaica DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="JO"Jordan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="JP"Japan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KE"Kenya DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KG"Kyrgyzstan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KH"Cambodia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KI"Kiribati DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KM"Comoros DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KN"Saint Kitts and Nevis DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KP"Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KR"Korea, Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KW"Kuwait DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KY"Cayman Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="KZ"Kazakhstan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LA"Lao Peoples Democratic Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LB"Lebanon DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LC"Saint Lucia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LI"Liechtenstein DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LK"Sri Lanka DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LR"Liberia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LS"Lesotho DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LT"Lithuania DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LU"Luxembourg DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LV"Latvia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="LY"Libya DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MA"Morocco DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MC"Monaco DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MD"Moldova, Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ME"Montenegro DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MF"Saint Martin (French part) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MG"Madagascar DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MH"Marshall Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MK"Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ML"Mali DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MM"Myanmar DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MN"Mongolia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MO"Macao DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MP"Northern Mariana Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MQ"Martinique DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MR"Mauritania DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MS"Montserrat DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MT"Malta DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MU"Mauritius DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MV"Maldives DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MW"Malawi DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MX"Mexico DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MY"Malaysia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="MZ"Mozambique DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NA"Namibia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NC"New Caledonia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NE"Niger DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NF"Norfolk Island DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NG"Nigeria DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NI"Nicaragua DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NL"Netherlands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NO"Norway DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NP"Nepal DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NR"Nauru DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NU"Niue DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="NZ"New Zealand DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="OM"Oman DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="Other"Other DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PA"Panama DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PE"Peru DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PF"French Polynesia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PG"Papua New Guinea DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PH"Philippines DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PK"Pakistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PL"Poland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PM"Saint Pierre and Miquelon DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PN"Pitcairn DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PR"Puerto Rico DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PS"Palestinian Territory, Occupied DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PT"Portugal DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PW"Palau DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="PY"Paraguay DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="QA"Qatar DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="RE"Reunion DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="RO"Romania DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="RS"Serbia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="RU"Russian Federation DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="RW"Rwanda DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SA"Saudi Arabia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SB"Solomon Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SC"Seychelles DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SD"Sudan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SE"Sweden DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SG"Singapore DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SH"Saint Helena DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SI"Slovenia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SJ"Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SK"Slovakia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SL"Sierra Leone DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SM"San Marino DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SN"Senegal DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SO"Somalia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SR"Suriname DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SS"South Sudan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ST"Sao Tome and Principe DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SV"El Salvador DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SX"Sint Maarten (Dutch part) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SY"Syrian Arab Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="SZ"Swaziland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TC"Turks and Caicos Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TD"Chad DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TF"French Southern Territories DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TG"Togo DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TH"Thailand DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TJ"Tajikistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TK"Tokelau DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TL"Timor-Leste DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TM"Turkmenistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TN"Tunisia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TO"Tonga DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TR"Turkey DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TT"Trinidad and Tobago DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TV"Tuvalu DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TW"Taiwan, Province of China DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="TZ"Tanzania, United Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="UA"Ukraine DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="UG"Uganda DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="UM"United States Minor Outlying Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="US"United States of America DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="UY"Uruguay DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="UZ"Uzbekistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="Unknown"Unknown DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="VA"Holy See DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="VC"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="VE"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="VG"British Virgin Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="VI"United States Virgin Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="VN"Viet Nam DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="VU"Vanuatu DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="WF"Wallis and Futuna Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="WS"Samoa DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="YE"Yemen DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="YT"Mayotte DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ZA"South Africa DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ZM"Zambia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-target="ZW"Zimbabwe platforms-advertisementAdvertisement through which a campaign targets an actor. platforms-emailEmail through which a campaign targets an actor. primary-disinformantThis should be filled out even when the attacker is not a national government. When a campaign is run by a non-state political actor, the nation of origin of that non-state political actor is filled in this field, if that information is available. Likewise, this should be filled out if the preponderance of attacker activity originates from within a single nation. Distinguishable territories are nations. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AD"Andorra DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AE"United Arab Emirates DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AF"Afghanistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AG"Antigua and Barbuda DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AI"Anguilla DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AL"Albania DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AM"Armenia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AO"Angola DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AQ"Antarctica DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AR"Argentina DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AS"American Samoa DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AT"Austria DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AU"Australia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AW"Aruba DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AX"Aland Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="AZ"Azerbaijan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BA"Bosnia and Herzegovina DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BB"Barbados DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BD"Bangladesh DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BE"Belgium DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BF"Burkina Faso DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BG"Bulgaria DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BH"Bahrain DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BI"Burundi DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BJ"Benin DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BL"Saint-Barthelemy DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BM"Bermuda DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BN"Brunei Darussalam DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BO"Bolivia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BQ"Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BR"Brazil DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BS"Bahamas DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BT"Bhutan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BV"Bouvet Island DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BW"Botswana DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BY"Belarus DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="BZ"Belize DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CA"Canada DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CC"Cocos (Keeling) Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CD"Congo, Democratic Republic of the DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CF"Central African Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CG"Congo DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CH"Switzerland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CI"Cote dIvoire DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CK"Cook Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CL"Chile DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CM"Cameroon DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CN"China DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CO"Colombia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CR"Costa Rica DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CU"Cuba DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CV"Cape Verde DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CW"Curacao DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CX"Christmas Island DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CY"Cyprus DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="CZ"Czech Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="DE"Germany DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="DJ"Djibouti DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="DK"Denmark DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="DM"Dominica DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="DO"Dominican Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="DZ"Algeria DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="EC"Ecuador DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="EE"Estonia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="EG"Egypt DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="EH"Western Sahara DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ER"Eritrea DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ES"Spain DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ET"Ethiopia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="FI"Finland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="FJ"Fiji DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="FK"Faeroe Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="FM"Micronesia (Federated States of) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="FO"Falkland Islands (Malvinas) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="FR"France DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GA"Gabon DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GB"United Kingdom DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GD"Grenada DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GE"Georgia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GF"French Guiana DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GG"Guernsey DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GH"Ghana DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GI"Gibraltar DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GL"Greenland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GM"Gambia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GN"Guinea DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GP"Guadeloupe DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GQ"Equatorial Guinea DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GR"Greece DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GS"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GT"Guatemala DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GU"Guam DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GW"Guinea-Bissau DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="GY"Guyana DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="HK"Hong Kong DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="HM"Heard Island and McDonal Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="HN"Honduras DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="HR"Croatia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="HT"Haiti DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="HU"Hungary DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ID"Indonesia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="IE"Ireland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="IL"Israel DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="IM"Isle of Man DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="IN"India DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="IO"British Virgin Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="IQ"Iraq DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="IR"Iran (Islamic Republic of) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="IS"Iceland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="IT"Italy DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="JE"Jersey DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="JM"Jamaica DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="JO"Jordan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="JP"Japan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KE"Kenya DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KG"Kyrgyzstan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KH"Cambodia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KI"Kiribati DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KM"Comoros DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KN"Saint Kitts and Nevis DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KP"Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KR"Korea, Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KW"Kuwait DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KY"Cayman Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="KZ"Kazakhstan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LA"Lao Peoples Democratic Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LB"Lebanon DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LC"Saint Lucia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LI"Liechtenstein DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LK"Sri Lanka DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LR"Liberia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LS"Lesotho DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LT"Lithuania DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LU"Luxembourg DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LV"Latvia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="LY"Libya DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MA"Morocco DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MC"Monaco DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MD"Moldova, Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ME"Montenegro DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MF"Saint Martin (French part) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MG"Madagascar DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MH"Marshall Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MK"Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ML"Mali DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MM"Myanmar DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MN"Mongolia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MO"Macao DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MP"Northern Mariana Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MQ"Martinique DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MR"Mauritania DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MS"Montserrat DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MT"Malta DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MU"Mauritius DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MV"Maldives DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MW"Malawi DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MX"Mexico DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MY"Malaysia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="MZ"Mozambique DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NA"Namibia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NC"New Caledonia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NE"Niger DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NF"Norfolk Island DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NG"Nigeria DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NI"Nicaragua DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NL"Netherlands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NO"Norway DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NP"Nepal DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NR"Nauru DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NU"Niue DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="NZ"New Zealand DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="OM"Oman DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="Other"Other DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PA"Panama DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PE"Peru DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PF"French Polynesia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PG"Papua New Guinea DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PH"Philippines DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PK"Pakistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PL"Poland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PM"Saint Pierre and Miquelon DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PN"Pitcairn DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PR"Puerto Rico DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PS"Palestinian Territory, Occupied DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PT"Portugal DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PW"Palau DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="PY"Paraguay DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="QA"Qatar DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="RE"Reunion DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="RO"Romania DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="RS"Serbia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="RU"Russian Federation DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="RW"Rwanda DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SA"Saudi Arabia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SB"Solomon Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SC"Seychelles DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SD"Sudan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SE"Sweden DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SG"Singapore DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SH"Saint Helena DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SI"Slovenia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SJ"Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SK"Slovakia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SL"Sierra Leone DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SM"San Marino DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SN"Senegal DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SO"Somalia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SR"Suriname DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SS"South Sudan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ST"Sao Tome and Principe DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SV"El Salvador DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SX"Sint Maarten (Dutch part) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SY"Syrian Arab Republic DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="SZ"Swaziland DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TC"Turks and Caicos Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TD"Chad DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TF"French Southern Territories DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TG"Togo DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TH"Thailand DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TJ"Tajikistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TK"Tokelau DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TL"Timor-Leste DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TM"Turkmenistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TN"Tunisia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TO"Tonga DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TR"Turkey DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TT"Trinidad and Tobago DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TV"Tuvalu DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TW"Taiwan, Province of China DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="TZ"Tanzania, United Republic of DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="UA"Ukraine DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="UG"Uganda DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="UM"United States Minor Outlying Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="US"United States of America DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="UY"Uruguay DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="UZ"Uzbekistan DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="Unknown"Unknown DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="VA"Holy See DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="VC"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="VE"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="VG"British Virgin Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="VI"United States Virgin Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="VN"Viet Nam DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="VU"Vanuatu DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="WF"Wallis and Futuna Islands DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="WS"Samoa DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="YE"Yemen DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="YT"Mayotte DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ZA"South Africa DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ZM"Zambia DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:primary-disinformant="ZW"Zimbabwe target-categoryWhen a campaign targets an actor, the category of that actor is filled in this field, if that information is available. Categories are not mutually exclusive. All relevant categories can be added. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="government-civilian"Government: Civilian The governing body and functions of a state, including national leaders, institutions, and non-military departments and agencies. Includes incumbent politicians running for re-election. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="government-military"Government: Military Military departments and agencies which enjoy the sanctioned use of force DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="political-party"Political Party Organized competitors for political power who can obtain or wield power directly. Includes politicians currently in office, as well as non-incumbent politicians running for office who are associated with a political party. Can also be an individual working for a party. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="non-state-political-actor"Non-State Political Actor Organized competitors for political power who can obtain or wield power, even if indirectly; not necessarily enfranchised. Non-state political actors are formally organized, coordinated, and cohesive. e.g. Greenpeace, the NRA, or the KKK. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="business"Business Includes groups that contract out to the government, individuals looking for financial gain, and mercenaries. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="influential-individuals"Influential Individuals Individuals who are influential but who do not belong to a ruling government coalition. Includes groups of individuals who are not formally organized but work together. e.g. journalists, former politicians, or organized 4channers. For individuals who operate their own charitable foundations (and thus could be placed in Non-State Political Actor), coding depends on whether or not the disinformation is foremost targeting the individual, their foundation, or both. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="electorate"Electorate The enfranchised population in a specific country or within a demarcated boundary. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="racial"Racial A specific minority/majority group. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="ethnic"Ethnic A specific minority/majority group. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="sexual-identity-group"Sexual Identity Group A specific minority/majority group. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-category="religious"Religious A specific minority/majority group. target-concurrent-eventsWhen a campaign targets an actor, events which take place during the campaign are said to be concurrent events. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-concurrent-events="inter-state-war"Inter-State War Threshold is 1,000 conflict deaths. Use COW data for 2007 and before. 2008 and after, supplement with research. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-concurrent-events="extra-state-war"Extra-State War Threshold is 1,000 conflict deaths. Use COW data for 2007 and before. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-concurrent-events="intra-state-war"Intra-State War Threshold is 1,000 conflict deaths. Use COW data for 2007 and before. 2008 and after, supplement with research. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-concurrent-events="non-state-war"Non-State War War in non-state territory or across state borders. Threshold is 1,000 conflict deaths. Use COW data for 2007 and before. 2008 and after, supplement with research. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-concurrent-events="federal-election"Federal Election Includes elections at province, municipality, administrative region, department, prefecture, and local levels. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:target-concurrent-events="state-election"State Election Includes elections at province, municipality, administrative region, department, prefecture, and local levels. platforms-open-webOpen web media platform through which a campaign targets an actor. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-open-web="state-media"State Media Includes state-adjacent media, operated by government proxies or otherwise beholden to the state. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-open-web="independent-media"Independent Media Media institutions that are not beholden to the government and can be reasonably assessed to score > 60 by the NewsGuard rating process. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-open-web="junk-news-websites"Junk News Websites A website that trafficks in deceptive headlines, fails to correct errors, avoids disclosure of funding sources, and avoids labeling advertisements. One that can be reasonably assessed to score < 60 by the NewsGuard rating process. platforms-social-mediaSocial media platform through which a campaign targets an actor. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-social-media="facebook"Social media accounts created by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-social-media="instagram"Social media accounts created by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-social-media="twitter"Social media accounts created by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-social-media="youtube"YouTube Social media accounts created by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-social-media="linkedin"Social media accounts created by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-social-media="reddit"Social media accounts created by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-social-media="vk"VK Social media accounts created by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-social-media="forum"Forum Social media accounts created by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-social-media="other"Other Social media accounts created by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. platforms-messagingMessaging platform through which a campaign targets an actor. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-messaging="whatsapp"Messaging platforms used by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-messaging="telegram"Telegram Messaging platforms used by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-messaging="signal"Signal Messaging platforms used by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-messaging="line"Line Messaging platforms used by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-messaging="wechat"Messaging platforms used by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-messaging="sms"SMS Messaging platforms used by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms-messaging="other"Other Messaging platforms used by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. platformsPlatforms through which a campaign targets an actor. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms="advertisement"Advertisement Advertisements purchased by disinformants to disseminate a message of disinformation. Includes ads on social media and the open web. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms="email"Email used by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:platforms="other"Other Other platforms used by the disinformants for deceptive purposes. content-languageThe language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="english"English The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="russian"Russian The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="french"French The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="chinese"Chinese The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="german"German The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="spanish"Spanish The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="hindi"Hindi The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="portuguese"Portuguese The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="bengali"Bengali The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="japanese"Japanese The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="turkish"Turkish The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="polish"Polish The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="ukrainian"Ukrainian The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="arabic"Arabic The language of the disinformation. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-language="iranian-persian"iranian-persian The language of the disinformation. content-topicThe subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="government"Government Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="military"Mility Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="political-party"Political Party Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="elections"Elections Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="non-state-political-actor"Non-State Political Actor Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="business"Business Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="influential-individuals"Influential Individuals Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="racial"Racial Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="ethnic"Ethnic Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="religious"Religious Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="sexual-identity-group"Sexual Identity Group Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="terrorism"Terrorism Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="immigration"Immigration Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="economic-issue"Economic Issue Subject evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:content-topic="other"Other Subject evident in the campaign. methods-tacticsThe tactics evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-tactics="brigading"Brigading Patriotic trolls or organic coordination in which disinformants seemingly operate under their real identities. A concentrated effort by one online group to manipulate another, e.g. through mass-commenting a certain message. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-tactics="sockpuppets"Sockpuppets Inauthentic social media accounts used for the purpose of deception which evidence a high likelihood of human operation. This includes catfishing and other highly tailored operations conducted under inauthentic personas. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-tactics="botnets"Botnets Inauthentic social media accounts used for the purpose of deception which evidence a high likelihood of automation. These accounts evidence no sustained human intervention beyond the effort necessary to program them initially. They often form large networks for the purpose of inauthentic amplification. This includes both fresh and repurposed accounts. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-tactics="search-engine-manipulation"Search Engine Manipulation Undermining search engine optimization techniques with the intention of creating an inorganic correlation of search queries and results. Often realized by way of cooperative efforts by online communities. e.g. Google Bombing. May also include typosquatting with the intention to mislead or redirect to another URL. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-tactics="ddos"Hacking: DDos Distributed denial-of-service. Malicious attempt to disrupt server traffic. In the context of political disinformation campaigns, this is intended to make it more difficult for the target to launch an effective counter-messaging effort. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-tactics="data-exfiltration"Hacking: Data Exfiltration The unauthorized movement of data. In the context of political disinformation campaigns, this is the acquisition of sensitive information through spearphishing or similar techniques that can be subsequently released by the disinformant to boost their messaging effort. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-tactics="deep-learning-processes"Deceptive Content Manipulation: Deep Learning Processes Any content that has been deceptively edited by use of Photoshop or similar software. This includes the deceptive co-option and re-use of extant media branding and style guides. This does not include the use of deep learning processes. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-tactics="other"Other Inauthentic social media accounts used for the purpose of deception which evidence a high likelihood of human operation. This includes catfishing and other highly tailored operations conducted under inauthentic personas. methods-narrative-techniquesThe narrative techniques evident in the campaign. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-narrative-techniques="constructive-activate"Constructive: Activate Bandwagon, pander, ignite. e.g., If you love Mr. Trump, RT this. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-narrative-techniques="constructive-astroturf"Constructive: Astroturf Artificial consensus-building, inflation, or amplification. Also called a Potemkin Village. e.g., The #1 trending hashtag cant be wrong. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-narrative-techniques="destructive-suppress"Destructive: Suppress Harass, intimidate, exhaust. Often targets influential individuals. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-narrative-techniques="destructive-discredit"Destructive: Discredit Libel, leak, tarnish. Often targets government, political parties, elections, or other institutions. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-narrative-techniques="oblique-troll"Oblique: Troll Confusion by way of discourse infiltration and targeted distraction. Conscious efforts by disinformants to derail political movements through tailored engagement. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:methods-narrative-techniques="oblique-flood"Oblique: Flood Confusion by way of hashtag invasion and mass noise generation. The hijacking of an online political movement through appropriation of an existing hashtag and addition of large quantity of unrelated material. disinformant-categoryWhen a disinformant targets an actor, the category of that disinformant is filled in this field, if that information is available. Categories are not mutually exclusive. All relevant categories can be added. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="government-direct-attribution"Government: Direct Attribution Public, definitive attribution to a national government by a social media platform or trusted government entity. These entities have access to signals intelligence and other publicly unavailable information. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="government-inferred-attribution"Government: Proxy/Inferred Attribution Informed attribution to a government or government-adjacent proxy in which definitive proof is absent. Such attribution is based on open-source data and inference. This includes attribution to political parties, non-state political actors, businesses, and influential individuals who are suspected to be working at the governments direction. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="political-party"Political Party Organized competitors for political power who can obtain or wield power directly. Includes politicians currently in office, as well as non-incumbent politicians running for office who are associated with a political party. Can also be an individual working for a party. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="non-state-political-actor"Non-State Political Actor Organized competitors for political power who can obtain or wield power, even if indirectly; not necessarily enfranchised. Non-state political actors are formally organized, coordinated, and cohesive. e.g. Greenpeace, the NRA, or the KKK. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="business"Business Includes groups that contract out to the government, individuals looking for financial gain, and mercenaries. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="influential-individuals"Influential Individuals Individuals who are influential but who do not belong to a ruling government coalition. Includes groups of individuals who are not formally organized but work together. e.g. journalists, former politicians, or organized 4channers. For individuals who operate their own charitable foundations (and thus could be placed in Non-State Political Actor), coding depends on whether or not the disinformation is foremost targeting the individual, their foundation, or both. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="electorate"Electorate The enfranchised population in a specific country or within a demarcated boundary. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="racial"Racial A specific minority/majority group. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="ethnic"Ethnic A specific minority/majority group. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="sexual-identity-group"Sexual Identity Group A specific minority/majority group. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-category="religious"Religious A specific minority/majority group. disinformant-concurrent-eventsWhen a disinformant targets an actor, the category of that disinformant is filled in this field, if that information is available. Categories are not mutually exclusive. All relevant categories can be added. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-concurrent-events="inter-state-war"Inter-State War Threshold is 1,000 conflict deaths. Use COW data for 2007 and before. 2008 and after, supplement with research. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-concurrent-events="extra-state-war"Extra-State War Threshold is 1,000 conflict deaths. Use COW data for 2007 and before. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-concurrent-events="intra-state-war"Intra-State War Threshold is 1,000 conflict deaths. Use COW data for 2007 and before. 2008 and after, supplement with research. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-concurrent-events="non-state-war"Non-State War War in non-state territory or across state borders. Threshold is 1,000 conflict deaths. Use COW data for 2007 and before. 2008 and after, supplement with research. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-concurrent-events="federal-election"Federal Election Includes elections at province, municipality, administrative region, department, prefecture, and local levels. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-concurrent-events="state-election"State Election Includes elections at province, municipality, administrative region, department, prefecture, and local levels. disinformant-intentThis is the intent of the primary disinformant and any other disinformants coded. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-intent="civil"Civil To include electoral interference, policy change. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-intent="social"Social To include marginalization of majority/minority groups and general social fissure. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-intent="economic"Economic To include suppression of economic activity, destruction of capital. DFRLab-dichotomies-of-disinformation:disinformant-intent="military"Military To include complement to offensive military campaign, or information paralysis of an adversarys military institutions. DML
The Detection Maturity Level (DML) model is a capability maturity model for referencing ones maturity in detecting cyber attacks. Its designed for organizations who perform intel-driven detection and response and who put an emphasis on having a mature detection program. 8If the actor is part of a larger organized operation they may be receiving their goals from a higher level source or handler. Depending on how organized and sophisticated the adversarys campaigns are, these goals may not even be shared with the operator(s) themselves. In cases of non-targeted threat actors, this may be much less organized or distributed. Goals are nearly impossible to detect (directly) but theyre almost always the toughest question C-level leaders ask about post-breach. "Who was it and why?" These kinds of questions can never truthfully be answered unless youre operating at Detection Maturity Level 8 against your adversary and can prove reliably that you know what their goals are. Short of that, its guessing at what the adversarys true intentions were based on behavioral observations made at lower DMLs (e.g. data stolen, directories listed, employees or programs targeted, etc). I anticipate less than a handful of organizations truly operate at this level, consistently, against the threat actors they face because its nearly impossible to detect based on goals alone. DML:8Goals If the actor is part of a larger organized operation they may be receiving their goals from a higher level source or handler. Depending on how organized and sophisticated the adversarys campaigns are, these goals may not even be shared with the operator(s) themselves. In cases of non-targeted threat actors, this may be much less organized or distributed. Goals are nearly impossible to detect (directly) but theyre almost always the toughest question C-level leaders ask about post-breach. "Who was it and why?" These kinds of questions can never truthfully be answered unless youre operating at Detection Maturity Level 8 against your adversary and can prove reliably that you know what their goals are. Short of that, its guessing at what the adversarys true intentions were based on behavioral observations made at lower DMLs (e.g. data stolen, directories listed, employees or programs targeted, etc). I anticipate less than a handful of organizations truly operate at this level, consistently, against the threat actors they face because its nearly impossible to detect based on goals alone. 7 If the adversary's high level goal is to "replicate Acme Company's Super Awesome Product Foo in 2 years or less" their supporting strategies might include:
1. Implant physical persons into the companies that produce this technology, in positions with physical access to the information necessary to fulfill this goal.
2. Compromise these organizations via cyber attack, and exfiltrate data from the systems containing the information necessary to fulfill this goal.
For less targeted attacks, the strategy may be completely different, with shorter durations or different objectives. The important distinguishing factor about Goals (DML-8) and Strategy (DML-7) is that they are largely subjective in nature. They are very non-technical, and are often reflective of the adversary's (or their handler's) true intentions (and strategies for fulfilling those intentions). They represent what the adversary wants. For these reasons, they are not easily detectable via conventional cyber means for most private organizations. It's very common for DML-8 or DML-7 to not even be on the day-to-day radar of most Detection or Response specialists, and if they are it's typically in the context of having received a strategic intelligence report from an intelligence source about the adversary. DML:7Strategy If the adversary's high level goal is to "replicate Acme Company's Super Awesome Product Foo in 2 years or less" their supporting strategies might include:
1. Implant physical persons into the companies that produce this technology, in positions with physical access to the information necessary to fulfill this goal.
2. Compromise these organizations via cyber attack, and exfiltrate data from the systems containing the information necessary to fulfill this goal.
For less targeted attacks, the strategy may be completely different, with shorter durations or different objectives. The important distinguishing factor about Goals (DML-8) and Strategy (DML-7) is that they are largely subjective in nature. They are very non-technical, and are often reflective of the adversary's (or their handler's) true intentions (and strategies for fulfilling those intentions). They represent what the adversary wants. For these reasons, they are not easily detectable via conventional cyber means for most private organizations. It's very common for DML-8 or DML-7 to not even be on the day-to-day radar of most Detection or Response specialists, and if they are it's typically in the context of having received a strategic intelligence report from an intelligence source about the adversary. 6To successfully operate at DML-6, one must be able to reliably detect a tactic being employed regardless of the Technique or Procedure used by the adversary, the Tools they chose to use, or the Artifacts and Atomic Indicators left behind as a result of employing the tactic. While this may sound impossible on the surface, it absolutely is possible. In nearly all cases, tactics are not detected directly by a single indicator or artifact serving as the smoking gun, or a single detection signature or analytic technique. Tactics become known only after observation of multiple activities in aggregate, with respect to time and circumstance. As a result, detection of tactics are usually done by skilled analysts, rather than technical correlation or analytics systems. DML:6Tactics To successfully operate at DML-6, one must be able to reliably detect a tactic being employed regardless of the Technique or Procedure used by the adversary, the Tools they chose to use, or the Artifacts and Atomic Indicators left behind as a result of employing the tactic. While this may sound impossible on the surface, it absolutely is possible. In nearly all cases, tactics are not detected directly by a single indicator or artifact serving as the smoking gun, or a single detection signature or analytic technique. Tactics become known only after observation of multiple activities in aggregate, with respect to time and circumstance. As a result, detection of tactics are usually done by skilled analysts, rather than technical correlation or analytics systems. 5From a maturity perspective, being able to detect an adversarys techniques is superior to being able to detect their procedures. The primary difference being techniques are specific to an individual. So when respecting this distinction, the ability to detect a specific actor operating within your environment by technique exclusively is an advantage. The best analogy to this is a rifled barrel, which leaves uniquely identifiable characteristics in the side of a bullet. Because of this, ballistics specialists can forensically match a spent round to the exact weapon from which it was fired with a high degree of certainty. Not just any weapon by calibur or model, but the exact weapon used to fire that specific round. Human beings are creatures of habit, and most adversaries arent aware of the fact that every time they attack theyre leaving evidence of their personal techniques behind for us to find. The same applies for the tool builders writing the tools these adversaries use. Its our obligation to find these distinctions and ensure were looking for them. Its personal behavior and habits that are the hardest for humans to change, so put the hurt on your adversaries by finding creative ways to detect their behaviors and habits in your environment. DML:5Techniques From a maturity perspective, being able to detect an adversarys techniques is superior to being able to detect their procedures. The primary difference being techniques are specific to an individual. So when respecting this distinction, the ability to detect a specific actor operating within your environment by technique exclusively is an advantage. The best analogy to this is a rifled barrel, which leaves uniquely identifiable characteristics in the side of a bullet. Because of this, ballistics specialists can forensically match a spent round to the exact weapon from which it was fired with a high degree of certainty. Not just any weapon by calibur or model, but the exact weapon used to fire that specific round. Human beings are creatures of habit, and most adversaries arent aware of the fact that every time they attack theyre leaving evidence of their personal techniques behind for us to find. The same applies for the tool builders writing the tools these adversaries use. Its our obligation to find these distinctions and ensure were looking for them. Its personal behavior and habits that are the hardest for humans to change, so put the hurt on your adversaries by finding creative ways to detect their behaviors and habits in your environment. 4Given todays detection technology, and readily available correlation and analytics techniques, its amazing that more organizations havent reached Detection Maturity Level 4 for most of their adversaries. Procedures are one of the most effective ways of detecting adversary activity and can really inflict the most pain against lesser experienced "B-teams". In its most simple form, detecting a procedure is as simple as detecting a sequence of two or more of the individual steps employed by the actor. The goal here is to isolate activities that the adversary appears to perform methodically, two or more times during an incident. DML:4Procedures Given todays detection technology, and readily available correlation and analytics techniques, its amazing that more organizations havent reached Detection Maturity Level 4 for most of their adversaries. Procedures are one of the most effective ways of detecting adversary activity and can really inflict the most pain against lesser experienced "B-teams". In its most simple form, detecting a procedure is as simple as detecting a sequence of two or more of the individual steps employed by the actor. The goal here is to isolate activities that the adversary appears to perform methodically, two or more times during an incident. 3Being able to detect at DML-3 means you can reliably detect the adversarys tools, regardless of minor functionality changes to the tool, or the Artifacts or Atomic Indicators it may leave behind. Detecting tools falls into two main areas. The first is detecting the transfer and presence of the tool. This includes being able to observe the tool being transferred over the network, being able to locate it sitting at rest on a file system, or being able to identify it loaded in memory. The second, and more important area of tool detection, is detecting the tool reliably by functionality. For example, lets take a given webshell that has 25 functions. If we want to claim DML-3 level detection for this webshell we have to exercise each of those 25 functions and understand what each of them do. What do they look like at the host, network, and event log level when they are exercised? We then aim to build detections for as many of those 25 functions across those data domains as we possibly can, reliably, balancing false positives and other constraints. The reason behind this is simple, we want to be able to detect this version of the tool and as many future variants of the tool as we can by function that it performs. If the adversary decides to change up 5 of the 25 functions for which we have detections, were still detecting the entire tool. In order for the adversary to use this tool completely undetected in our environment, theyll be forced to change every one of those functions; or at least the ones that we were able to reliably build detections against. DML:3Tools Being able to detect at DML-3 means you can reliably detect the adversarys tools, regardless of minor functionality changes to the tool, or the Artifacts or Atomic Indicators it may leave behind. Detecting tools falls into two main areas. The first is detecting the transfer and presence of the tool. This includes being able to observe the tool being transferred over the network, being able to locate it sitting at rest on a file system, or being able to identify it loaded in memory. The second, and more important area of tool detection, is detecting the tool reliably by functionality. For example, lets take a given webshell that has 25 functions. If we want to claim DML-3 level detection for this webshell we have to exercise each of those 25 functions and understand what each of them do. What do they look like at the host, network, and event log level when they are exercised? We then aim to build detections for as many of those 25 functions across those data domains as we possibly can, reliably, balancing false positives and other constraints. The reason behind this is simple, we want to be able to detect this version of the tool and as many future variants of the tool as we can by function that it performs. If the adversary decides to change up 5 of the 25 functions for which we have detections, were still detecting the entire tool. In order for the adversary to use this tool completely undetected in our environment, theyll be forced to change every one of those functions; or at least the ones that we were able to reliably build detections against. 2DML-2 is where most organizations spend too much of their resources; attempting to collect what they call "threat intelligence" in the form of Host & Network Artifacts. The reality is, these are merely just indicators that are observed either during or after the attack. Theyre like symptoms of the flu but not the flu itself. I often use the analogy "chasing the vapor trail" when I think of DML-2 because chasing after Host & Network Artifacts is much like chasing the vapor trail behind an aircraft. We know the enemy aircraft is up there in front of us somewhere, if we just keep chasing this vapor trial well eventually catch up to the aircraft and find our enemy right? Wrong. Having a mature detection and response program means your operating above DML-2 and youre actually locked onto the aircraft itself. You know how it operates, you know what its capabilities are, you know the Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of its pilot and you can almost predict what its next moves might be. This is precisely why good Cyber Intelligence Analysts will almost never attribute activity to a specific threat actor, group, or country based on just Host & Network Artifacts alone; they understand this DML concept and realize when theyre likely just staring at the vapor trail. They understand that in reality the vapor trail (indicators) could be from any number of aircraft (tools), with any number of pilots (actors) behind the stick. DML:2Host & Network Artifacts DML-2 is where most organizations spend too much of their resources; attempting to collect what they call "threat intelligence" in the form of Host & Network Artifacts. The reality is, these are merely just indicators that are observed either during or after the attack. Theyre like symptoms of the flu but not the flu itself. I often use the analogy "chasing the vapor trail" when I think of DML-2 because chasing after Host & Network Artifacts is much like chasing the vapor trail behind an aircraft. We know the enemy aircraft is up there in front of us somewhere, if we just keep chasing this vapor trial well eventually catch up to the aircraft and find our enemy right? Wrong. Having a mature detection and response program means your operating above DML-2 and youre actually locked onto the aircraft itself. You know how it operates, you know what its capabilities are, you know the Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of its pilot and you can almost predict what its next moves might be. This is precisely why good Cyber Intelligence Analysts will almost never attribute activity to a specific threat actor, group, or country based on just Host & Network Artifacts alone; they understand this DML concept and realize when theyre likely just staring at the vapor trail. They understand that in reality the vapor trail (indicators) could be from any number of aircraft (tools), with any number of pilots (actors) behind the stick. 1These are the atomic particles that make up Host & Network artifacts. If youre detecting at Detection Maturity Level 1, it means you are probably taking "feeds of intel" from various sharing organizations and vendors in the form of lists, like domains and IP addresses, and feeding them into your detection technologies. Let me be clear on my position here. There are a few, and I mean a very precious few, circumstances where this makes sense and can be done reliably. These are edge cases where specific atomic indicators have a high enough "shelf life" where it makes sense to go ahead and create detection capabilities from them. Examples of this include unique strings found inside a binary, or perhaps an adversary is foolish enough to sit on the same recon, delivery, C2, or exfiltration infrastructure allowing you to detect reliably on their domain names or IP addresses. These might be viable cases where detecting on atomic indicator alone makes sense. Unfortunately, for the remaining 99% of the time, attempting to detect on this kind of data is suboptimal, for a number of reasons. DML:1Atomic IOCs These are the atomic particles that make up Host & Network artifacts. If youre detecting at Detection Maturity Level 1, it means you are probably taking "feeds of intel" from various sharing organizations and vendors in the form of lists, like domains and IP addresses, and feeding them into your detection technologies. Let me be clear on my position here. There are a few, and I mean a very precious few, circumstances where this makes sense and can be done reliably. These are edge cases where specific atomic indicators have a high enough "shelf life" where it makes sense to go ahead and create detection capabilities from them. Examples of this include unique strings found inside a binary, or perhaps an adversary is foolish enough to sit on the same recon, delivery, C2, or exfiltration infrastructure allowing you to detect reliably on their domain names or IP addresses. These might be viable cases where detecting on atomic indicator alone makes sense. Unfortunately, for the remaining 99% of the time, attempting to detect on this kind of data is suboptimal, for a number of reasons. 0For organizations who either dont operate at DML-1 or higher, or they dont even know where they operate on this scale, we have Detection Maturity Level - 0. Instead of pointing out all the negative things associated with this level, Ill take the high road and lend a bit of positive encouragement. Congratulations, you are at ground zero. It can only get better from here. DML:0None or Unknown For organizations who either dont operate at DML-1 or higher, or they dont even know where they operate on this scale, we have Detection Maturity Level - 0. Instead of pointing out all the negative things associated with this level, Ill take the high road and lend a bit of positive encouragement. Congratulations, you are at ground zero. It can only get better from here. PAP
The Permissible Actions Protocol - or short: PAP - was designed to indicate how the received information can be used.
REDPAP:RED(PAP:RED) Non-detectable actions only. Recipients may not use PAP:RED information on the network. Only passive actions on logs, that are not detectable from the outside. AMBERPAP:AMBER(PAP:AMBER) Passive cross check. Recipients may use PAP:AMBER information for conducting online checks, like using services provided by third parties (e.g. VirusTotal), or set up a monitoring honeypot. GREENPAP:GREEN(PAP:GREEN) Active actions allowed. Recipients may use PAP:GREEN information to ping the target, block incoming/outgoing traffic from/to the target or specifically configure honeypots to interact with the target. WHITEPAP:WHITE(PAP:WHITE) No restrictions in using this information. access-method
The access method used to remotely access a system. brute-forceAccess was gained through systematic trial of credentials in bulk. access-method:brute-forceBrute force Access was gained through systematic trial of credentials in bulk. password-guessingAccess was gained through guessing passwords through trial and error. access-method:password-guessingPassword guessing Access was gained through guessing passwords through trial and error. remote-desktop-applicationAccess was gained through an application designed for remote access. access-method:remote-desktop-applicationRemote desktop application Access was gained through an application designed for remote access. stolen-credentialsAccess was gained with stolen credentials. access-method:stolen-credentialsStolen credentials Access was gained with stolen credentials. pass-the-hashAccess was gained through use of an existing known hash. access-method:pass-the-hashPass the hash Access was gained through use of an existing known hash. default-credentialsAccess was gained through use of the systems default credentials. access-method:default-credentialsDefault credentials Access was gained through use of the systems default credentials. shellAccess was gained through the use of a shell. access-method:shellShell Access was gained through the use of a shell. otherAccess was gained through another method. access-method:otherOther Access was gained through another method. accessnow
Access Now classification to classify an issue (such as security, human rights, youth rights). anti-corruption-transparencyThe organization campaigns, or takes other actions against corruption and transparency. accessnow:anti-corruption-transparencyAnti-Corruption and transparency The organization campaigns, or takes other actions against corruption and transparency. anti-war-violenceThe organization campaigns, or takes other actions against war accessnow:anti-war-violenceAnti-War / Anti-Violence The organization campaigns, or takes other actions against war cultureThe organization campaigns or acts to promote cultural events accessnow:cultureCulture The organization campaigns or acts to promote cultural events economic-changeIssues of economic policy, wealth distribution, etc. accessnow:economic-changeEconomic Change Issues of economic policy, wealth distribution, etc. educationThe organization is concerned with some form of education accessnow:educationEducation The organization is concerned with some form of education election-monitoringThe organization is an election monitor, or involved in election monitoring accessnow:election-monitoringElection Monitoring The organization is an election monitor, or involved in election monitoring environmentThe organization campaigns or acts to protect the environment accessnow:environmentEnvironment The organization campaigns or acts to protect the environment freedom-expressionThe organization is concerned with freedom of speech issues accessnow:freedom-expressionFreedom of Expression The organization is concerned with freedom of speech issues freedom-tool-developmentThe organization develops tools for use in defending or extending digital rights accessnow:freedom-tool-developmentFreedom Tool Development The organization develops tools for use in defending or extending digital rights fundingThe organization is a funder of organizations or projects working with at risk users accessnow:fundingFunding The organization is a funder of organizations or projects working with at risk users healthThe organization prevents epidemic illness or acts on curing them accessnow:healthHealth Issues The organization prevents epidemic illness or acts on curing them human-rightsrelating to the detection, recording, exposure, or challenging of abuses of human rights accessnow:human-rightsHuman Rights Issues relating to the detection, recording, exposure, or challenging of abuses of human rights internet-telecomIssues of digital rights in electronic communications accessnow:internet-telecomInternet and Telecoms Issues of digital rights in electronic communications lgbt-gender-sexualityIssues relating to the Lesbian, Gay, Bi, Transgender community accessnow:lgbt-gender-sexualityLGBT / Gender / Sexuality Issues relating to the Lesbian, Gay, Bi, Transgender community policyThe organization is a policy think-tank, or policy advocate accessnow:policyPolicy The organization is a policy think-tank, or policy advocate politicsThe organization takes a strong political view or is a political entity accessnow:politicsPolitics The organization takes a strong political view or is a political entity privacyIssues relating to the individuals reasonable right to privacy accessnow:privacyPrivacy Issues relating to the individuals reasonable right to privacy rapid-responseThe organization provides rapid response type capability for civil society accessnow:rapid-responseRapid Response The organization provides rapid response type capability for civil society refugeesIssues relating to displaced people accessnow:refugeesRefugees Issues relating to displaced people securityIssues relating to physical or information security accessnow:securitySecurity Issues relating to physical or information security womens-rightIssues pertaining to inequality between men and women, or issues of particular relevance to women accessnow:womens-rightWomens Rights Issues pertaining to inequality between men and women, or issues of particular relevance to women youth-rightsIssues of particular relevance to youth accessnow:youth-rightsYouth Rights Issues of particular relevance to youth action-taken
Action taken in the case of a security incident (CSIRT perspective). informed ISP/Hosting Service Provideraction-taken:informed ISP/Hosting Service ProviderInformed ISP/Hosting Service Provider informed Registraraction-taken:informed RegistrarInformed Registrar informed Registrantaction-taken:informed RegistrantInformed Registrant informed abuse-contact (domain)action-taken:informed abuse-contact (domain)Informed abuse-contact (domain) informed abuse-contact (IP)action-taken:informed abuse-contact (IP)Informed abuse-contact (IP) informed legal departmentaction-taken:informed legal departmentInformed legal department admiralty-scale
The Admiralty Scale or Ranking (also called the NATO System) is used to rank the reliability of a source and the credibility of an information. Reference based on FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52) HUMAN INTELLIGENCE COLLECTOR OPERATIONS and NATO documents. source-reliability
admiralty-scale:source-reliability="a"Completely reliable No doubt of authenticity, trustworthiness, or competency; has a history of complete reliability Associated numerical value="100" admiralty-scale:source-reliability="b"Usually reliable Minor doubt about authenticity, trustworthiness, or competency; has a history of valid information most of the time Associated numerical value="75" admiralty-scale:source-reliability="c"Fairly reliable Doubt of authenticity, trustworthiness, or competency but has provided valid information in the past Associated numerical value="50" admiralty-scale:source-reliability="d"Not usually reliable Significant doubt about authenticity, trustworthiness, or co mpetency but has provided valid information in the past Associated numerical value="25" admiralty-scale:source-reliability="e"Unreliable Lacking in authenticity, trustworthiness, and competency; history of invalid information admiralty-scale:source-reliability="f"Reliability cannot be judged No basis exists for evaluating the reliability of the source Associated numerical value="50" admiralty-scale:source-reliability="g"Deliberatly deceptive information-credibility
admiralty-scale:information-credibility="1"Confirmed by other sources Confirmed by other independent sources; logical in itself; Consistent with other information on the subject Associated numerical value="100" admiralty-scale:information-credibility="2"Probably true Not confirmed; logical in itself; consistent with other information on the subject Associated numerical value="75" admiralty-scale:information-credibility="3"Possibly true Not confirmed; reasonably logical in itself; agrees with some other information on the subject Associated numerical value="50" admiralty-scale:information-credibility="4"Doubtful Not confirmed; possible but not logical ; no other information on the subject Associated numerical value="25" admiralty-scale:information-credibility="5"Improbable Not confirmed; not logical in itself; contradicted by other information on the subject admiralty-scale:information-credibility="6"Truth cannot be judged No basis exists for evaluating the validity of the information Associated numerical value="50" adversary
An overview and description of the adversary infrastructure infrastructure-statusadversary:infrastructure-status="unknown"Infrastructure ownership and status is unknown adversary:infrastructure-status="compromised"Infrastructure compromised by or in the benefit of the adversary adversary:infrastructure-status="own-and-operated"Infrastructure own and operated by the adversary infrastructure-actionadversary:infrastructure-action="passive-only"Only passive requests shall be performed to avoid detection by the adversary adversary:infrastructure-action="take-down"Take down requests can be performed in order to deactivate the adversary infrastructure adversary:infrastructure-action="monitoring-active"Monitoring requests are ongoing on the adversary infrastructure adversary:infrastructure-action="pending-law-enforcement-request"Law enforcement requests are ongoing on the adversary infrastructure adversary:infrastructure-action="sinkholed"Infrastructure of the adversary is sinkholed and information is collected infrastructure-stateadversary:infrastructure-state="unknown"Infrastructure state is unknown or cannot be evaluated adversary:infrastructure-state="active"Infrastructure state is active and actively used by the adversary adversary:infrastructure-state="down"Infrastructure state is known to be down infrastructure-typeadversary:infrastructure-type="unknown"Infrastructure usage by the adversary is unknown adversary:infrastructure-type="proxy"Infrastructure used as proxy between the target and the adversary adversary:infrastructure-type="drop-zone"Infrastructure used by the adversary to store information related to his campaigns adversary:infrastructure-type="exploit-distribution-point"Infrastructure used to distribute exploit towards target(s) adversary:infrastructure-type="vpn"Infrastructure used by the adversary as Virtual Private Network to hide activities and reduce the traffic analysis surface adversary:infrastructure-type="panel"Panel used by the adversary to control or maintain his infrastructure adversary:infrastructure-type="tds"Traffic Distribution Systems including exploit delivery or/and web monetization channels adversary:infrastructure-type="c2"C2 infrastructure without known specific type. ais-marking
The AIS Marking Schema implementation is maintained by the National Cybersecurity and Communication Integration Center (NCCIC) of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) TLPMarking
ais-marking:TLPMarking="WHITE"WHITE ais-marking:TLPMarking="GREEN"GREEN ais-marking:TLPMarking="AMBER"AMBER AISConsent
ais-marking:AISConsent="EVERYONE"EVERYONE ais-marking:AISConsent="USG"USG ais-marking:AISConsent="NONE"NONE CISA_Proprietary
ais-marking:CISA_Proprietary="true"true ais-marking:CISA_Proprietary="false"false AISMarking
ais-marking:AISMarking="Is_Proprietary"Is_Proprietary ais-marking:AISMarking="Not_Proprietary"Not_Proprietary analyst-assessment
A series of assessment predicates describing the analyst capabilities to perform analysis. These assessment can be assigned by the analyst him/herself or by another party evaluating the analyst. experienceThe analyst experience expressed in years range in the field tagged. The year range is based on a standard 40-hour work week. analyst-assessment:experience="less-than-1-year"Less than 1 year Associated numerical value="20" analyst-assessment:experience="between-1-and-5-years"Between 1 and 5 years Associated numerical value="40" analyst-assessment:experience="between-5-and-10-years"Between 5 and 10 years Associated numerical value="60" analyst-assessment:experience="between-10-and-20-years"Between 10 and 20 years Associated numerical value="80" analyst-assessment:experience="more-than-20-years"More than 20 years Associated numerical value="100" binary-reversing-archArchitecture that the analyst has experience with. analyst-assessment:binary-reversing-arch="x86"x86-32 & x86-64 analyst-assessment:binary-reversing-arch="arm"ARM & ARM-64 analyst-assessment:binary-reversing-arch="mips"mips & mips-64 analyst-assessment:binary-reversing-arch="powerpc"PowerPC binary-reversing-experienceThe analyst experience in reversing expressed in years range in the field tagged. The year range is based on a standard 40-hour work week. analyst-assessment:binary-reversing-experience="less-than-1-year"Less than 1 year Associated numerical value="20" analyst-assessment:binary-reversing-experience="between-1-and-5-years"Between 1 and 5 years Associated numerical value="40" analyst-assessment:binary-reversing-experience="between-5-and-10-years"Between 5 and 10 years Associated numerical value="60" analyst-assessment:binary-reversing-experience="between-10-and-20-years"Between 10 and 20 years Associated numerical value="80" analyst-assessment:binary-reversing-experience="more-than-20-years"More than 20 years Associated numerical value="100" osOperating System that the analyst has experience with. analyst-assessment:os="windows"Current Microsoft Windows system analyst-assessment:os="linux"GNU/linux derivative OS analyst-assessment:os="ios"Current IOS analyst-assessment:os="macos"Current Apple OS analyst-assessment:os="android"Current Android OS analyst-assessment:os="bsd"BSD webWeb application vulnerabilities and technique that the analyst has experience with. analyst-assessment:web="ipex"Inter-protocol exploitations analyst-assessment:web="common"Common vulnerabilities as SQL injections, CSRF, XSS, CSP bypasses, etc. analyst-assessment:web="js-desobfuscation"De-obfuscation of Javascript payloads web-experienceThe analyst experience expressed to web application security in years range in the field tagged. analyst-assessment:web-experience="less-than-1-year"Less than 1 year Associated numerical value="20" analyst-assessment:web-experience="between-1-and-5-years"Between 1 and 5 years Associated numerical value="40" analyst-assessment:web-experience="between-5-and-10-years"Between 5 and 10 years Associated numerical value="60" analyst-assessment:web-experience="between-10-and-20-years"Between 10 and 20 years Associated numerical value="80" analyst-assessment:web-experience="more-than-20-years"More than 20 years Associated numerical value="100" crypto-experienceThe analyst experience related to cryptography expressed in years range in the field tagged. analyst-assessment:crypto-experience="less-than-1-year"Less than 1 year Associated numerical value="20" analyst-assessment:crypto-experience="between-1-and-5-years"Between 1 and 5 years Associated numerical value="40" analyst-assessment:crypto-experience="between-5-and-10-years"Between 5 and 10 years Associated numerical value="60" analyst-assessment:crypto-experience="between-10-and-20-years"Between 10 and 20 years Associated numerical value="80" analyst-assessment:crypto-experience="more-than-20-years"More than 20 years Associated numerical value="100" approved-category-of-action
A pre-approved category of action for indicators being shared with partners (MIMIC). cat1Minimal Exposure - Passive Collection: CAT 1 actions provide the least exposure of an indicator, either through adversary observation or disclosure. Usage of the indicator is restricted to passive monitoring on Government or Cleared Partner networks, or through a classified passive capability or Operation. CAT 1 actions do not interact with or affect malicious network traffic. approved-category-of-action:cat1Cat1 Minimal Exposure - Passive Collection: CAT 1 actions provide the least exposure of an indicator, either through adversary observation or disclosure. Usage of the indicator is restricted to passive monitoring on Government or Cleared Partner networks, or through a classified passive capability or Operation. CAT 1 actions do not interact with or affect malicious network traffic. cat2Moderate Exposure - Government or Cleared Partner Internal Active Collection: CAT 2 actions expose the usage of an indicator through non-disruptive collection techniques which require interactions with an adversary, within Government or Cleared Partner networks. While it is not the intent to disrupt the adversary it is possible that an adversary may discover they are subject to such techniques. approved-category-of-action:cat2Cat2 Moderate Exposure - Government or Cleared Partner Internal Active Collection: CAT 2 actions expose the usage of an indicator through non-disruptive collection techniques which require interactions with an adversary, within Government or Cleared Partner networks. While it is not the intent to disrupt the adversary it is possible that an adversary may discover they are subject to such techniques. cat3Moderate Exposure - Government or Cleared Partner Internal Countermeasures: CAT 3 actions expose the usage of an indicator through inward-facing countermeasures. Malicious network traffic is affected in some manner, however the results are not directly observable to the adversary or external parties and is, therefore, more difficult to attribute as a deliberate action. Usage of the indicator is restricted to Government and Cleared Partner networks, or a classified capability or Operation. This implies a lower likelihood for non-approved disclosures. approved-category-of-action:cat3Cat3 Moderate Exposure - Government or Cleared Partner Internal Countermeasures: CAT 3 actions expose the usage of an indicator through inward-facing countermeasures. Malicious network traffic is affected in some manner, however the results are not directly observable to the adversary or external parties and is, therefore, more difficult to attribute as a deliberate action. Usage of the indicator is restricted to Government and Cleared Partner networks, or a classified capability or Operation. This implies a lower likelihood for non-approved disclosures. cat4Moderate Exposure - Government Actions on External Networks: CAT 4 actions expose the usage of an indicator through actions which occur on internet accessible networks, without the authorization of the network or information owner. Such actions are conducted as classified Operations under the auspices of national legislative and compliance provisions. Action consequences are observable to the adversary and other, public parties and it is possible they may be attributed as Government sanctioned actions. approved-category-of-action:cat4Cat4 Moderate Exposure - Government Actions on External Networks: CAT 4 actions expose the usage of an indicator through actions which occur on internet accessible networks, without the authorization of the network or information owner. Such actions are conducted as classified Operations under the auspices of national legislative and compliance provisions. Action consequences are observable to the adversary and other, public parties and it is possible they may be attributed as Government sanctioned actions. cat5High Exposure - Public Actions Which Enable Internal Countermeasures: CAT 5 actions expose the usage of an indicator through the public release of information which enables internal actions on networks not owned and controlled by the Government (i.e. industry, commercial or foreign governments). These actions are official public releases and are attributable as Government sanctioned actions. approved-category-of-action:cat5Cat5 High Exposure - Public Actions Which Enable Internal Countermeasures: CAT 5 actions expose the usage of an indicator through the public release of information which enables internal actions on networks not owned and controlled by the Government (i.e. industry, commercial or foreign governments). These actions are official public releases and are attributable as Government sanctioned actions. cat6High Exposure - Actions on Adversary Infrastructure: CAT 6 actions expose the usage of an indicator through actions which occur on adversary owned networks, without the authorization of the network or information owner. Such actions are conducted as classified Operations under the auspices of national legislative and compliance provisions. Action consequences are observable to the adversary, and possibly other public parties, and it is possible they may deduce this as FVEY action. approved-category-of-action:cat6Cat6 High Exposure - Actions on Adversary Infrastructure: CAT 6 actions expose the usage of an indicator through actions which occur on adversary owned networks, without the authorization of the network or information owner. Such actions are conducted as classified Operations under the auspices of national legislative and compliance provisions. Action consequences are observable to the adversary, and possibly other public parties, and it is possible they may deduce this as FVEY action. binary-class
Custom taxonomy for types of binary file.
typebinary-class:type="good"Known Good/Safe binary-class:type="malicious"Known Bad/Malicious binary-class:type="unknown"Not yet known cccs
Internal taxonomy for CCCS. eventType of event associated to the internal reference cccs:event="beacon"Beacon A host infected with malware is connecting to threat actor owned infrastructure. cccs:event="browser-based-exploitation"Browser based exploitation A browser component is being exploited in order to infect a host. cccs:event="dos"Dos An attack in which the goal is to disrupt access to a host or resource. cccs:event="email"Malicious emails sent to a department (baiting, content delivery, phishing). cccs:event="exfiltration"Exfiltration Unauthorized transfer of data from a targets network to a location a threat actor controls. cccs:event="generic-event"Generic event Represents a collection of virtually identical events within a range of time. cccs:event="improper-usage"Improper usage Technology used in a way that compromises security or violates policy. cccs:event="malware-artifacts"Malware artifacts Signs of the presence of malware observed on a host. cccs:event="malware-download"Malware download Malware was transferred (downloaded/uploaded) to a host. cccs:event="phishing"Phishing Information or credentials disclosed to a threat actor. cccs:event="remote-access"Remote access A threat actor is attempting to or succeeding in remotely logging in to a host. cccs:event="remote-exploitation"Remote exploitation A threat actor is attempting to exploit vulnerabilities remotely. cccs:event="scan"Scan A threat actor is scanning the network. cccs:event="scraping"Scraping Represents a collection of virtually identical scraping events within a range of time. cccs:event="traffic-interception"Traffic interception Represents a collection of virtually identical traffic interception events within a range of time. disclosure-typeType of information being disclosed. cccs:disclosure-type="goc-credential-disclosure"Goc credential disclosure Credentials for a GoC system or user were disclosed. cccs:disclosure-type="personal-credential-disclosure"Personal credential disclosure Credentials not related to a GoC system or user were disclosed. cccs:disclosure-type="personal-information-disclosure"Personal information disclosure Information about a person or persons was disclosed. cccs:disclosure-type="none"None No information was disclosed. cccs:disclosure-type="other"Other Information other than credentials and personal information was disclosed. domain-categoryThe Domain Category. cccs:domain-category="c2"C2 Domain is being used as command-and-control infrastructure. cccs:domain-category="proxy"Proxy Domain is being used as a proxy. cccs:domain-category="seeded"Seeded Domain has been seeded with malware or other malicious code. cccs:domain-category="wateringhole"Wateringhole Domain is being used a wateringhole. cccs:domain-category="cloud-infrastructure"Cloud infrastructure Domain is hosted on cloud infrastructure. cccs:domain-category="name-server"Name server Domain is a name server. cccs:domain-category="sinkholed"Sinkholed Domain is being re-directed to a sinkhole. email-typeType of email event. cccs:email-type="spam"Spam Unsolicited or junk email named after a Monty Python sketch. cccs:email-type="content\-delivery\-attack"Content\-delivery\-attack Email contained malicious content or attachments. cccs:email-type="phishing"Phishing Email designed to trick the recipient into providing sensitive information. cccs:email-type="baiting"Baiting Email designed to trick the recipient into providing sensitive information. cccs:email-type="unknown"Unknown Type of email was unknown. exploitation-techniqueThe technique used to remotely exploit a GoC system. cccs:exploitation-technique="sql-injection"Sql injection Exploitation occurred due to malicious SQL queries being executed against a database. cccs:exploitation-technique="directory-traversal"Directory traversal Exploitation occurred through a directory traversal attack allowing access to a restricted directory. cccs:exploitation-technique="remote-file-inclusion"Remote file inclusion Exploitation occurred due to vulnerabilities allowing malicious files to be sent. cccs:exploitation-technique="code-injection"Code injection Exploitation occurred due to malicious code being injected. cccs:exploitation-technique="other"Other Other. ip-categoryThe IP Category. cccs:ip-category="c2"C2 IP address is a command-and-control server. cccs:ip-category="proxy"Proxy IP address is a proxy server. cccs:ip-category="seeded"Seeded IP address has been seeded with malware or other malicious code. cccs:ip-category="wateringhole"Wateringhole IP address is a wateringhole. cccs:ip-category="cloud-infrastructure"Cloud infrastructure IP address is part of cloud infrastructure. cccs:ip-category="network-gateway"Network gateway IP address is a network gateway. cccs:ip-category="server"Server IP address is a server of some type. cccs:ip-category="dns-server"Dns server IP address is a DNS server. cccs:ip-category="smtp-server"Smtp server IP address is a mail server. cccs:ip-category="web-server"Web server IP address is a web server. cccs:ip-category="file-server"File server IP address is a file server. cccs:ip-category="database-server"Database server IP address is a database server. cccs:ip-category="security-appliance"Security appliance IP address is a security appliance of some type. cccs:ip-category="tor-node"Tor node IP address is a node of the TOR anonymization system. cccs:ip-category="sinkhole"Sinkhole IP address is a sinkhole. cccs:ip-category="router"Router IP address is a router device. maliciousnessLevel of maliciousness. cccs:maliciousness="non-malicious"Non-malicious Non-malicious is not malicious or suspicious. cccs:maliciousness="suspicious"Suspicious Suspicious is not non-malicious and not malicious. cccs:maliciousness="malicious"Malicious Malicious is not non-malicious or suspicious. malware-categoryThe Malware Category. cccs:malware-category="exploit-kit"Exploit kit Toolkit used to attack vulnerabilities in systems. cccs:malware-category="first-stage"First stage Malware used in the initial phase of an attack and commonly used to retrieve a second stage. cccs:malware-category="second-stage"Second stage Typical more complex malware retrieved by first stage malware. cccs:malware-category="scanner"Scanner Malware used to look for common vulnerabilities or running software. cccs:malware-category="downloader"Downloader Malware used to retrieve additional malware or tools. cccs:malware-category="proxy"Proxy Malware used to proxy traffic on an infected host. cccs:malware-category="reverse-proxy"Reverse proxy If you choose this option please provide a description of what it is to the ALFRED PO. cccs:malware-category="webshell"Webshell Malware uploaded to a web server allowing remote access to an attacker. cccs:malware-category="ransomware"Ransomware Malware used to hold infected hosts data hostage, typically through encryption until a payment is made to the attackers. cccs:malware-category="adware"Adware Malware used to display ads to the infected host. cccs:malware-category="spyware"Spyware Malware used to collect information from the infected host, such as credentials. cccs:malware-category="virus"Virus Malware that propogates by inserting a copy of itself into another program. cccs:malware-category="worm"Worm Standalone malware that propogates by copying itself.. cccs:malware-category="trojan"Trojan Malware that looks like legitimate software but hides malicious code. cccs:malware-category="rootkit"Rootkit Malware that can hide the existance of other malware by modifying operating system functions. cccs:malware-category="keylogger"Keylogger Malware that runs in the background, capturing keystrokes from a user unknowingly for exfiltration. cccs:malware-category="browser-hijacker"Browser hijacker Malware that re-directs or otherwise intercepts Internet browsing by the user. misusage-typeThe type of misusage. cccs:misusage-type="unauthorized-usage"Unauthorized usage Usage of the system or resource was without appropriate permission or authorization. cccs:misusage-type="misconfiguration"Misconfiguration System or resource is misconfigured. cccs:misusage-type="lack-of-encryption"Lack of encryption System or resources has insufficient encryption or no encryption. cccs:misusage-type="vulnerable-software"Vulnerable software System or resource has software with known vulnerabilities. cccs:misusage-type="privilege-escalation"Privilege escalation System or resource was exploited to gain higher privilege level. cccs:misusage-type="other"Other Other. mitigation-typeThe type of mitigation. cccs:mitigation-type="anti-virus"Anti-virus Anti-Virus cccs:mitigation-type="content-filtering-system"Content filtering system Content Filtering System cccs:mitigation-type="dynamic-defense"Dynamic defense Dynamic Defense cccs:mitigation-type="insufficient-privileges"Insufficient privileges Insufficient Privileges cccs:mitigation-type="ids"Ids Intrusion Detection System cccs:mitigation-type="sink-hole-/-take-down-by-third-party"Sink hole / take down by third party Sink Hole / Take Down by Third Party cccs:mitigation-type="isp"Isp Internet Service Provider cccs:mitigation-type="invalid-credentials"Invalid credentials Invalid Credentials cccs:mitigation-type="not-vulnerable"Not vulnerable No mitigation was required because the system was not vulnerable to the attack. cccs:mitigation-type="other"Other Other cccs:mitigation-type="unknown"Unknown Unknown cccs:mitigation-type="user"User User originWhere the request originated from. cccs:origin="subscriber"Subscriber Subscriber. cccs:origin="internet"Internet Internet. originating-organizationOrigin of a signature. cccs:originating-organization="cse"Cse Communications Security Establishment. cccs:originating-organization="nsa"Nsa National Security Agency. cccs:originating-organization="gchq"Gchq Government Communications Headquarters. cccs:originating-organization="asd"Asd Australian Signals Directorate. cccs:originating-organization="gcsb"Gcsb Government Communications Security Bureau. cccs:originating-organization="open-source"Open source Originated from publically available information. cccs:originating-organization="3rd-party"3rd party Originated from a 3rd party organization. cccs:originating-organization="other"Other Other. scan-typeThe type of scan event. cccs:scan-type="open-port"Open port Scan was looking for open ports corresponding to common applications or protocols. cccs:scan-type="icmp"Icmp Scan was attempting to enumerate devices through the ICMP protocol. cccs:scan-type="os-fingerprinting"Os fingerprinting Scan was looking for operating system information through unique characteristics in responses. cccs:scan-type="web"Web Scan was enumerating or otherwise traversing web hosts. cccs:scan-type="other"Other Other. severitySeverity of the event. cccs:severity="reconnaissance"Reconnaissance An actor attempted or succeeded in gaining information that may be used to identify and/or compromise systems or data. cccs:severity="attempted-compromise"Attempted compromise An actor attempted affecting the confidentiality, integrity or availability of a system. cccs:severity="exploited"Exploited A vulnerability was successfully exploited. threat-vectorSpecifies how the threat actor gained or attempted to gain initial access to the target GoC host. cccs:threat-vector="application:cms"Application:cms Content Management System. cccs:threat-vector="application:bash"Application:bash BASH script. cccs:threat-vector="application:acrobat-reader"Application:acrobat reader Adobe Acrobat Reader. cccs:threat-vector="application:ms-excel"Application:ms excel Microsoft Excel. cccs:threat-vector="application:other"Application:other Other Application. cccs:threat-vector="language:sql"Language:sql Structured Query Language. cccs:threat-vector="language:php"Language:php PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. cccs:threat-vector="language:javascript"Language:javascript JavaScript. cccs:threat-vector="language:other"Language:other Other Language. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:dns"Protocol:dns Domain Name System. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:ftp"Protocol:ftp File Transfer Protocol. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:http"Protocol:http Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:icmp"Protocol:icmp Internet Control Message Protocol. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:ntp"Protocol:ntp Network Time Protocol. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:rdp"Protocol:rdp Remote Desktop Protocol. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:smb"Protocol:smb Server Message Block. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:snmp"Protocol:snmp Simple Network Management Protocol. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:ssl"Protocol:ssl Secure Sockets Layer. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:telnet"Protocol:telnet Network Virtual Terminal Protocol. cccs:threat-vector="protocol:sip"Protocol:sip Session Initiation Protocol. circl
CIRCL Taxonomy - Schemes of Classification in Incident Response and Detection incident-classificationcircl:incident-classification="spam"Spam circl:incident-classification="system-compromise"System compromise circl:incident-classification="sabotage"Sabotage circl:incident-classification="privacy-violation"Privacy violation circl:incident-classification="scan"Scan circl:incident-classification="denial-of-service"Denial of Service circl:incident-classification="copyright-issue"Copyright issue circl:incident-classification="phishing"Phishing circl:incident-classification="whaling"Whaling circl:incident-classification="smishing"SMS Phishing circl:incident-classification="malware"Malware circl:incident-classification="XSS"XSS circl:incident-classification="vulnerability"Vulnerability circl:incident-classification="fastflux"Fastflux circl:incident-classification="domain-fronting"Domain Fronting circl:incident-classification="sql-injection"SQL Injection circl:incident-classification="information-leak"Information leak circl:incident-classification="scam"Scam circl:incident-classification="cryptojacking"Cryptojacking circl:incident-classification="locker"Locker circl:incident-classification="screenlocker"Screenlocker circl:incident-classification="wiper"Wiper circl:incident-classification="ransomware"ransomware circl:incident-classification="sextortion"sextortion circl:incident-classification="social-engineering"Social Engineering circl:incident-classification="gdpr-violation"GDPR Violation circl:incident-classification="covid-19"covid-19 topiccircl:topic="finance"Finance circl:topic="ict"ICT circl:topic="individual"Individual circl:topic="industry"Industry circl:topic="medical"Medical circl:topic="services"Services circl:topic="undefined"Undefined coa
Course of action taken within organization to discover, detect, deny, disrupt, degrade, deceive and/or destroy an attack. discovercoa:discover="proxy"Searched historical proxy logs. coa:discover="ids"Searched historical IDS logs. coa:discover="firewall"Searched historical firewall logs. coa:discover="pcap"Discovered in packet-capture logs coa:discover="remote-access"Searched historical remote access logs. coa:discover="authentication"Searched historical authentication logs. coa:discover="honeypot"Searched historical honeypot data. coa:discover="syslog"Searched historical system logs. coa:discover="web"Searched historical WAF and web application logs. coa:discover="database"Searched historcial database logs. coa:discover="mail"Searched historical mail logs. coa:discover="antivirus"Searched historical antivirus alerts. coa:discover="malware-collection"Retro hunted in a malware collection. coa:discover="other"Searched other historical data. coa:discover="unspecified"Unspecified information. detectcoa:detect="proxy"Detect by Proxy infrastructure coa:detect="nids"Detect by Network Intrusion detection system. coa:detect="hids"Detect by Host Intrusion detection system. coa:detect="other"Detect by other tools. coa:detect="syslog"Detect in system logs. coa:detect="firewall"Detect by firewall. coa:detect="email"Detect by MTA. coa:detect="web"Detect by web infrastructure including WAF. coa:detect="database"Detect in database. coa:detect="remote-access"Detect in remote-access logs. coa:detect="malware-collection"Detect in malware-collection. coa:detect="antivirus"Detect with antivirus. coa:detect="unspecified"Unspecified information. denycoa:deny="proxy"Implemented a proxy filter. coa:deny="firewall"Implemented a block rule on a firewall. coa:deny="waf"Implemented a block rule on a web application firewall. coa:deny="email"Implemented a filter on a mail transfer agent. coa:deny="chroot"Implemented a chroot jail. coa:deny="remote-access"Blocked an account for remote access. coa:deny="other"Denied an action by other means. coa:deny="unspecified"Unspecified information. disruptcoa:disrupt="nips"Implemented a rule on a network IPS. coa:disrupt="hips"Implemented a rule on a host-based IPS. coa:disrupt="other"Disrupted an action by other means. coa:disrupt="email"Quarantined an email. coa:disrupt="memory-protection"Implemented memory protection like DEP and/or ASLR. coa:disrupt="sandboxing"Exploded in a sandbox. coa:disrupt="antivirus"Activated an antivirus signature. coa:disrupt="unspecified"Unspecified information. degradecoa:degrade="bandwidth"Throttled the bandwidth. coa:degrade="tarpit"Implement a network tarpit. coa:degrade="other"Degraded an action by other means. coa:degrade="email"Queued an email. coa:degrade="unspecified"Unspecified information. deceivecoa:deceive="honeypot"Implemented an interactive honeypot. coa:deceive="DNS"Implemented DNS redirects, e.g. a response policy zone. coa:deceive="other"Deceived the attacker with other technology. coa:deceive="email"Implemented email redirection. coa:deceive="unspecified"Unspecified information. destroycoa:destroy="arrest"Arrested the threat actor. coa:destroy="seize"Seized attacker infrastructure. coa:destroy="physical"Physically destroyed attacker hardware. coa:destroy="dos"Performed a denial-of-service attack against attacker infrastructure. coa:destroy="hack-back"Hack back against the threat actor. coa:destroy="other"Carried out other offensive actions against the attacker. coa:destroy="unspecified"Unspecified information. collaborative-intelligence
Collaborative intelligence support language is a common language to support analysts to perform their analysis to get crowdsourced support when using threat intelligence sharing platform like MISP. The objective of this language is to advance collaborative analysis and to share earlier than later. requestRequest predicate covers all the requests which can be done by analysts or organisations willing to get additional information to support their analysis. collaborative-intelligence:request="sample"Request a binary sample collaborative-intelligence:request="extracted-malware-config"Extracted malware config Request of the malware configuration extracted from the malware sample tagged. collaborative-intelligence:request="deobfuscated-sample"Request a deobfuscated sample of the shared sample collaborative-intelligence:request="more-samples"Request additional samples compared to the original analysis to build a competitive analysis on the reversing aspect collaborative-intelligence:request="related-samples"Request related samples required for further analysis collaborative-intelligence:request="static-analysis"Request additional static analysis or reversing on the information shared collaborative-intelligence:request="detection-signature"Request detection signature from collaborative-intelligence:request="context"Request more contextual information collaborative-intelligence:request="abuse-contact"Request an abuse contact to report to collaborative-intelligence:request="historical-information"Request more historical information from collaborative-intelligence:request="complementary-validation"Request complementary validation collaborative-intelligence:request="target-information"Request about the target(s) including field of activities or companies collaborative-intelligence:request="request-analysis"Request further technical or tactical analysis collaborative-intelligence:request="more-information"Request for generic additional information common-taxonomy
Common Taxonomy for Law enforcement and CSIRTs malwareInfection of one or various systems with a specific type of malware / Connection performed by/from/to (a) suspicious system(s) common-taxonomy:malware="infection"Infection Malware detected in a system. common-taxonomy:malware="distribution"Distribution Malware attached to a message or email message containing link to malicious URL or IP. common-taxonomy:malware="command-and-control"Command & Control (C&C) System used as a command-and-control point by a botnet. Also included in this field are systems serving as a point for gathering information stolen by botnets. common-taxonomy:malware="malicious-connection"Malicious connection System attempting to gain access to a port normally linked to a specific type of malware / System attempting to gain access to an IP address or URL normally linked to a specific type of malware, e.g. C&C or a distribution page for components linked to a specific botnet. availabilityDisruption of the processing and response capacity of systems and networks in order to render them inoperative / Premeditated action to damage a system, interrupt a process, change or delete information, etc. common-taxonomy:availability="dos-ddos"Denial of Service (DoS) / Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Single source using specially designed software to affect the normal functioning of a specific service, by exploiting vulnerability / Mass mailing of requests (network packets, emails, etc.) from one single source to a specific service, aimed at affecting its normal functioning. common-taxonomy:availability="sabotage"Sabotage Logical and physical activities which although they are not aimed at causing damage to information or at preventing its transmission among systems have this effect. information-gatheringActive and passive gathering of information on systems or networks / Unauthorised monitoring and reading of network traffic / Attempt to gather information on a user or a system through phishing methods. common-taxonomy:information-gathering="scanning"Scanning Single system scan searching for open ports or services using these ports for responding / Scanning a network aimed at identifying systems which are active in the same network / Transfer of a specific DNS zone. common-taxonomy:information-gathering="sniffing"Sniffing Logical or physical interception of communications. common-taxonomy:information-gathering="phishing"Phishing Mass emailing aimed at collecting data for phishing purposes with regard to the victims / Hosting web sites for phishing purposes. intrusion-attemptAttempt to intrude by exploiting vulnerability in a system, component or network / Attempt to log in to services or authentication/access control mechanisms. common-taxonomy:intrusion-attempt="vulnerability-exploitation-attempt"Exploitation of vulnerability attempt Unsuccessful use of a tool exploiting a specific vulnerability of the system / Unsuccessful attempt to manipulate or read the information of a database by using the SQL injection technique / Unsuccessful attempts to perform attacks by using cross-site scripting techniques / Unsuccessful attempt to include files in the system under attack by using file inclusion techniques / Unauthorised access to a system or component by bypassing an access control system in place. common-taxonomy:intrusion-attempt="login-attempt"Login attempt Unsuccessful login by using sequential credentials for gaining access to the system / Unsuccessful acquisition of access credentials by breaking the protective cryptographic keys / Unsuccessful login by using system access credentials previously loaded into a dictionary. intrusionActual intrusion by exploiting vulnerability in the system, component or network / Actual intrusion in a system, component or network by compromising a user or administrator account. common-taxonomy:intrusion="vulnerability-exploitation"(Successful) Exploitation of vulnerability Unauthorised use of a tool exploiting a specific vulnerability of the system / Unauthorised manipulation or reading of information contained in a database by using the SQL injection technique / Attack performed with the use of cross-site scripting techniques / Unauthorised inclusion of files into a system under attack with the use of file inclusion techniques / Unauthorised access to a system or component by bypassing an access control system in place. common-taxonomy:intrusion="account-compromise"Compromising an account Unauthorised access to a system or component by using stolen access credentials. information-securityUnauthorised access to a particular set of information / Unauthorised change or elimination of a particular set of information. common-taxonomy:information-security="unauthorised-access"Unauthorised access Unauthorised access to a system or component / Unauthorised access to a set of information / Unauthorised access to and sharing of a specific set of information. common-taxonomy:information-security="unauthorised-modification-or-deletion"Unauthorised modification / deletion Unauthorised changes to a specific set of information / Unauthorised deleting of a specific set of information. fraudLoss of property caused with fraudulent or dishonest intent of procuring, without right, an economic benefit for oneself or for another person. common-taxonomy:fraud="resources-misuse"Misuse or unauthorised use of resources Use of institutional resources for purposes other than those intended. common-taxonomy:fraud="false-representation"False representation Unauthorised use of the name of an institution. abusive-contentSending SPAM messages / Distribution and sharing of copyright protected content / Dissemination of content forbidden by law. common-taxonomy:abusive-content="spam"SPAM Sending an unusually large quantity of email messages / Unsolicited or unwanted email message sent to the recipient. common-taxonomy:abusive-content="copyright"Copyright Unauthorised distribution or sharing of content protected by Copyright and related rights. common-taxonomy:abusive-content="cse-racism-violence-incitement"Child Sexual Exploitation, racism or incitement to violence Distribution or sharing of illegal content such as child sexual exploitation material, racism, xenophobia, etc. otherIncidents not classified in the existing classification. common-taxonomy:other="unclassified-incident"Unclassified incident Incidents which do not fit the existing classification, acting as an indicator for the classifications update. common-taxonomy:other="undetermined-incident"Undetermined incident Unprocessed incidents which have remained undetermined from the beginning. copine-scale
The COPINE Scale is a rating system created in Ireland and used in the United Kingdom to categorise the severity of images of child sex abuse. The scale was developed by staff at the COPINE (Combating Paedophile Information Networks in Europe) project. The COPINE Project was founded in 1997, and is based in the Department of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Ireland.
level-10copine-scale:level-10Sadistic/bestiality: (a) Pictures showing a child being tied, bound, beaten, whipped, or otherwise subjected to something that implies pain; (b) Pictures where an animal is involved in some form of sexual behavior with a child 100 level-9copine-scale:level-9Gross assault: Grossly obscene pictures of sexual assault, involving penetrative sex, masturbation, or oral sex involving an adult 90 level-8copine-scale:level-8Assault: Pictures of children being subjected to a sexual assault, involving digital touching, involving an adult 80 level-7copine-scale:level-7Explicit sexual activity: Involves touching, mutual and self-masturbation, oral sex, and intercourse by child, not involving an adult 70 level-6copine-scale:level-6Explicit erotic posing: Emphasizing genital areas where the child is posing either naked, partially clothed, or fully clothed 60 level-5copine-scale:level-5Erotic posing: Deliberately posed pictures of fully or partially clothed or naked children in sexualized or provocative poses 50 level-4copine-scale:level-4Posing: Deliberately posed pictures of children fully or partially clothed or naked (where the amount, context, and organization suggests sexual interest) 40 level-3copine-scale:level-3Erotica: Surreptitiously taken photographs of children in play areas or other safe environments showing either underwear or varying degrees of nakedness 30 level-2copine-scale:level-2Nudist: Pictures of naked or seminaked children in appropriate nudist settings, and from legitimate sources 20 level-1copine-scale:level-1Indicative: Nonerotic and nonsexualized pictures showing children in their underwear, swimming costumes, and so on, from either commercial sources or family albums; pictures of children playing in normal settings, in which the context or organization of pictures by the collector indicates inappropriateness 10 course-of-action
A Course Of Action analysis considers six potential courses of action for the development of a cyber security capability. passivecourse-of-action:passive="discover"The discover action is a 'historical look at the data'. This action heavily relies on your capability to store logs for a reasonable amount of time and have them accessible for searching. Typically, this type of action is applied against security information and event management (SIEM) or stored network data. The goal is to determine whether you have seen a specific indicator in the past. course-of-action:passive="detect"The passive action is setting up detection rules of an indicator for future traffic. These actions are most often executed via an intrusion detection system (IDS) or a specific logging rule on your firewall or application. It can also be configured as an alert in a SIEM when a specific condition is triggered. activecourse-of-action:active="deny"The deny action prevents the event from taking place. Common examples include a firewall block or a proxy filter. course-of-action:active="disrupt"Disruption makes the event fail as it is occurring. Examples include quarantining or memory protection measures. course-of-action:active="degrade"Degrading will not immediately fail an event, but it will slow down the further actions of the attacker. This tactic allows you to catch up during an incident response process, but you have to consider that the attackers may eventually succeed in achieving their objectives. Throttling bandwidth is one way to degrade an intrusion. course-of-action:active="deceive"Deception allows you to learn more about the intentions of the attacker by making them think the action was successful. One way to do this is to put a honeypot in place and redirect the traffic, based on an indicator, towards the honeypot. course-of-action:active="destroy"The destroy action is rarely for 'usual' defenders, as this is an offensive action against the attacker. These actions, including physical destructive actions and arresting the attackers, are usually left to law enforcement agencies. cryptocurrency-threat
Threats targetting cryptocurrency, based on CipherTrace report. SIM Swappingcryptocurrency-threat:SIM SwappingAn identity theft technique that takes over a victims mobile device to steal credentials and break into wallets or exchange accounts to steal cryptocurrency. Crypto Dustingcryptocurrency-threat:Crypto DustingA new form of blockchain spam that erodes the recipients reputation by sending cryptocurrency from known money mixers. Sanction Evasioncryptocurrency-threat:Sanction EvasionNation states using cryptocurrencies has been promoted by the Iranian and Venezuelan governments. Next-Generation Crypto Mixerscryptocurrency-threat:Next-Generation Crypto MixersMoney laundering services that promise to exchange tainted tokens for freshly mined crypto, but in reality, cleanse cryptocurrency through exchanges. Shadow Money Service Businessescryptocurrency-threat:Shadow Money Service BusinessesUnlicensed Money Service Businesses (MSBs) banking cryptocurrency without the knowledge of host financial institutions, and thus exposing banks to unknown risk. Datacenter-Scale Crypto Jacking:cryptocurrency-threat:Datacenter-Scale Crypto Jacking:Takeover attacks that mine for cryptocurrency at a massive scale have been discovered in datacenters, including AWS. Lightning Network Transactionscryptocurrency-threat:Lightning Network TransactionsEnable anonymous bitcoin transactions by going "off-chain," and cannow scale to $2,150,000. Decentralized Stable Coinscryptocurrency-threat:Decentralized Stable CoinsStabilized tokens that can be designed for use as private coins. Email Extortion and Bomb Threatscryptocurrency-threat:Email Extortion and Bomb ThreatsCyber-extortionists stepped up mass-customized phishing emails campaigns using old passwords and spouse names in 2018. Bomb threat extortion scams demanding bitcoin spiked in December. Crypto Robbing Ransomwarecryptocurrency-threat:Crypto Robbing RansomwareCyber-extortionists began distributing new malware that empties cryptocurrency wallets and steals private keys while holding user data hostage. csirt-americas
Taxonomía CSIRT Américas. defacementcsirt-americas:defacementDefacement malwarecsirt-americas:malwareMalware ddoscsirt-americas:ddosDDoS phishingcsirt-americas:phishingPhishing spamcsirt-americas:spamSpam botnetcsirt-americas:botnetBotnet fastfluxcsirt-americas:fastfluxFastflux cryptojackingcsirt-americas:cryptojackingCryptojacking xsscsirt-americas:xssXSS sqlicsirt-americas:sqliSQL Injection vulnerabilitycsirt-americas:vulnerabilityVulnerability infoleakcsirt-americas:infoleakInformation leak compromisecsirt-americas:compromiseSystem compromise othercsirt-americas:otherOther csirt_case_classification
It is critical that the CSIRT provide consistent and timely response to the customer, and that sensitive information is handled appropriately. This document provides the guidelines needed for CSIRT Incident Managers (IM) to classify the case category, criticality level, and sensitivity level for each CSIRT case. This information will be entered into the Incident Tracking System (ITS) when a case is created. Consistent case classification is required for the CSIRT to provide accurate reporting to management on a regular basis. In addition, the classifications will provide CSIRT IMs with proper case handling procedures and will form the basis of SLAs between the CSIRT and other Company departments. incident-categorycsirt_case_classification:incident-category="DOS"Denial of service / Distributed Denial of service csirt_case_classification:incident-category="forensics"Forensics work csirt_case_classification:incident-category="compromised-information"Attempted or successful destruction, corruption, or disclosure of sensitive corporate information or Intellectual Property csirt_case_classification:incident-category="compromised-asset"Compromised host (root account, Trojan, rootkit), network device, application, user account. csirt_case_classification:incident-category="unlawful-activity"Theft / Fraud / Human Safety / Child Porn csirt_case_classification:incident-category="internal-hacking"Reconnaissance or Suspicious activity originating from inside the Company corporate network, excluding malware csirt_case_classification:incident-category="external-hacking"Reconnaissance or Suspicious Activity originating from outside the Company corporate network (partner network, Internet), excluding malware. csirt_case_classification:incident-category="malware"A virus or worm typically affecting multiple corporate devices. This does not include compromised hosts that are being actively controlled by an attacker via a backdoor or Trojan. csirt_case_classification:incident-category="email"Spoofed email, SPAM, and other email security-related events. csirt_case_classification:incident-category="consulting"Security consulting unrelated to any confirmed incident csirt_case_classification:incident-category="policy-violation"Violation of various policies criticality-classificationcsirt_case_classification:criticality-classification="1"Incident affecting critical systems or information with potential to be revenue or customer impacting. csirt_case_classification:criticality-classification="2"Incident affecting non-critical systems or information, not revenue or customer impacting. Employee investigations that are time sensitive should typically be classified at this level. csirt_case_classification:criticality-classification="3"Possible incident, non-critical systems. Incident or employee investigations that are not time sensitive. Long-term investigations involving extensive research and/or detailed forensic work. sensitivity-classificationcsirt_case_classification:sensitivity-classification="1"Extremely Sensitive csirt_case_classification:sensitivity-classification="2"Sensitive csirt_case_classification:sensitivity-classification="3"Not Sensitive cssa
The CSSA agreed sharing taxonomy. sharing-classcssa:sharing-class="high_profile"Generated within the company during incident/case related investigations or forensic analysis or via malware reversing, validated by humans and highly contextualized. Associated numerical value="95" cssa:sharing-class="vetted"Generated within the company, validated by a human prior to sharing, data points have been contextualized (to a degree) e.g. IPs are related to C2 or drop site. Associated numerical value="50" cssa:sharing-class="unvetted"Generated within the company by automated means without human interaction e.g., by malware sandbox, honeypots, IDS, etc. Associated numerical value="10" reportcssa:report="details"Description of the incidence. cssa:report="link"Link to the original report location. cssa:report="attached"Attached report. origincssa:origin="manual_investigation"Information gathered by an analyst/incident responder/forensic expert/etc. cssa:origin="honeypot"Information coming out of honeypots. cssa:origin="sandbox"Information coming out of sandboxes. cssa:origin="email"Information coming out of email infrastructure. cssa:origin="3rd-party"Information from outside the company. cssa:origin="report"Information coming from a report. cssa:origin="other"If none of the other origins applies. cssa:origin="unknown"Origin of the data unknown. analysecti
Cyber Threat Intelligence cycle to control workflow state of your process. planningCTI requirementes being generated. cti:planningPhase CTI requirementes being generated. collectionData collection initiated. cti:collectionPhase Data collection initiated. processing-and-analysisData is being processed and analyzed cti:processing-and-analysisPhase Data is being processed and analyzed dissemination-doneCTI product created and delivered to stakeholders. cti:dissemination-donePhase CTI product created and delivered to stakeholders. feedback-receivedFeedback received by stakeholders. cti:feedback-receivedPhase Feedback received by stakeholders. feedback-pendingFeedback pending by stakeholders. cti:feedback-pendingPhase Feedback pending by stakeholders. current-event
Current events - Schemes of Classification in Incident Response and Detection pandemiccurrent-event:pandemic="sars-cov"SARS-CoV 2003 current-event:pandemic="covid-19"COVID-19 electioncurrent-event:election="eu-par-2019"European Parliament election, 2019 current-event:election="us-pres-2020"United States Presidential election, 2020 cyber-threat-framework
Cyber Threat Framework was developed by the US Government to enable consistent characterization and categorization of cyber threat events, and to identify trends or changes in the activities of cyber adversaries. https://www.dni.gov/index.php/cyber-threat-framework Preparationcyber-threat-framework:Preparation="plan-activity"Plan activity Associated numerical value="10" cyber-threat-framework:Preparation="conduct-research-and-analysis"Conduct research & analysis Associated numerical value="11" cyber-threat-framework:Preparation="develop-resource-and-capabilities"Develop resources & capabilities Associated numerical value="12" cyber-threat-framework:Preparation="acquire-victim-and-specific-knowledge"Acquire victim & specific knowledge Associated numerical value="13" cyber-threat-framework:Preparation="complete-preparations"Complete preparations Associated numerical value="14" Engagementcyber-threat-framework:Engagement="deploy-capability"Deploy capability Associated numerical value="20" cyber-threat-framework:Engagement="interact-with-intended-victim"Interact with intended victim Associated numerical value="21" cyber-threat-framework:Engagement="exploit-vulnerabilities"Exploit vulnerabilities Associated numerical value="22" cyber-threat-framework:Engagement="deliver-malicious-capabilities"Deliver malicious capabilities Associated numerical value="23" Presencecyber-threat-framework:Presence="establish-controlled-access"Establish controlled access Associated numerical value="30" cyber-threat-framework:Presence="hide"Hide Associated numerical value="31" cyber-threat-framework:Presence="expand-presence"Expand presence Associated numerical value="32" cyber-threat-framework:Presence="refine-focus-of-activity"Refine focus of activity Associated numerical value="33" cyber-threat-framework:Presence="establish-persistence"Establish persistence Associated numerical value="34" Effect/Consequencecyber-threat-framework:Effect/Consequence="enable-other-operations"Enable other operations Associated numerical value="40" cyber-threat-framework:Effect/Consequence="deny-access"Deny access Associated numerical value="41" cyber-threat-framework:Effect/Consequence="extract-data"Extract data Associated numerical value="42" cyber-threat-framework:Effect/Consequence="alter-data-and-or-computer-network-or-system-behavior"Alter data and/or computer, network or system behavior Associated numerical value="43" cyber-threat-framework:Effect/Consequence="destroy-hardware-software-or-data"Destroy HW/SW/data Associated numerical value="44" cycat
Taxonomy used by CyCAT, the Universal Cybersecurity Resource Catalogue, to categorize the namespaces it supports and uses. typeType of entry in the catalogue. cycat:type="tool"Tool Open source or proprietary tool used in cybersecurity. cycat:type="playbook"Playbook Playbook, such as a defined set of rules with one or more actions triggered by different events to respond to, orchestrate or automate cybersecurity related actions. cycat:type="taxonomy"Taxonomy Cybersecurity taxonomy is a set of labels used to classify (in both terms - arrange in classes or/and design to national classification) cybersecurity related information. cycat:type="rule"Rule Detection rule or set of detection rules used in the cybersecurity field. Rulesets can be in different formats for (N/L)IDS/SIEM (such as Snort, Suricata, Zeek, SIGMA or YARA) or any other tool capable of parsing them. cycat:type="notebook"Notebook Interactive document to code, experiment, train or visualize cybersecurity-related information. A notebook can be transcribed in a format such as Jupyter Notebooks, Apache Zeppelin, Pluton or Google Colab. cycat:type="vulnerability"Vulnerability Public or non-public information about a security vulnerability in a specific software, hardware or service. cycat:type="proof-of-concept"Proof-of-concept Code to validate a known vulnerability. cycat:type="fingerprint"Fingerprint Code to uniquely identify specific cybersecurity-relevant patterns. Fingerprints can be expressed in different formats such as ja3, ja3s, hassh, jarm or favicon-mmh3. cycat:type="mitigation"Mitigation Mitigating control to prevent unwanted activity from happening, like a specific configuration of the operating system/tools or an implementation policy. cycat:type="dataset"Dataset Dataset for validation of detections and tool stacks, scopeScope of usage for the entry in the catalogue. cycat:scope="identify"Identify cycat:scope="protect"Protect cycat:scope="detect"Detect cycat:scope="respond"Respond cycat:scope="recover"Recover cycat:scope="exploit"Exploit cycat:scope="investigate"Investigate cycat:scope="train"Train cycat:scope="test"Test cytomic-orion
Taxonomy to describe desired actions for Cytomic Orion actionDesired action of background jobs with the API
cytomic-orion:action="upload"upload Upload IOC to Cytomic Orion cytomic-orion:action="delete"delete Delete IOC from Cytomic Orion dark-web
Criminal motivation on the dark web: A categorisation model for law enforcement. ref: Janis Dalins, Campbell Wilson, Mark Carman. Taxonomy updated by MISP Project topicTopic associated with the materials tagged dark-web:topic="drugs-narcotics"Drugs/Narcotics Illegal drugs/chemical compounds for consumption/ingestion - either via blanket unlawfulness (e.g. proscribed drugs) or via unlawful access (e.g. prescription-only/restricted medications sold without lawful accessibility). dark-web:topic="electronics"Electronics Electronics and high tech materials, described or to sell for example. dark-web:topic="finance"Finance Any monetary/currency/exchangeable materials. Includes carding, Paypal etc. dark-web:topic="finance-crypto"CryptoFinance Any monetary/currency/exchangeable materials based on cryptocurrencies. Includes Bitcoin, Litecoin etc. dark-web:topic="credit-card"Credit-Card Credit cards and payments materials dark-web:topic="cash-in"Cash-in Buying parts of assets, conversion from liquid assets, currency, etc. dark-web:topic="cash-out"Cash-out Selling parts of assets, conversion to liquid assets, currency, etc. dark-web:topic="escrow"Escrow Third party keeping assets in behalf of two other parties making a transactions. dark-web:topic="hacking"Hacking Materials relating to the illegal access to or alteration of data and/or electronic services. dark-web:topic="identification-credentials"Identification/Credentials Materials used for providing/establishing identification with third parties. Examples include passports, driver licenses and login credentials. dark-web:topic="intellectual-property-copyright-materials"Intellectual Property/Copyright Materials Otherwise lawful materials stored, transferred or made available without consent of their legal rights holders. dark-web:topic="pornography-adult"Pornography - Adult Lawful, ethical pornography (i.e. involving only consenting adults). dark-web:topic="pornography-child-exploitation"Pornography - Child (Child Exploitation) Child abuse materials (aka child pornography), including 'fantasy' fiction materials, CGI. Also includes the provision/offering of child abuse materials and/or activities dark-web:topic="pornography-illicit-or-illegal"Pornography - Illicit or Illegal Illegal pornography NOT including children/child abuse. Includes bestiality, stolen/revenge porn, hidden cameras etc. dark-web:topic="search-engine-index"Search Engine/Index Site providing links/references to other sites/services. Referred to as a nexus by (Moore and Rid, 2016) dark-web:topic="unclear"Unclear Unable to completely establish topic of material. dark-web:topic="extremism"Extremism Illegal or of concern levels of extremist ideology. Note this does not provide blanket coverage of fundamentalist ideologies and dogma - only those associated with illegal acts. Socialist/anarchist/religious materials (for example) will not be included unless inclusive or indicative of associated illegal conduct, such as hate crimes. dark-web:topic="violence"Violence Materials relating to violence against persons or property. dark-web:topic="weapons"Weapons Materials specifically associated with materials and/or items for use in violent acts against persons or property. Examples include firearms and bomb-making ingredients. dark-web:topic="softwares"Softwares Illegal or armful software distribution dark-web:topic="counteir-feit-materials"Counter-feit materials Fake identification papers. dark-web:topic="gambling"Gambling Games involving money dark-web:topic="library"Library Library or list of books dark-web:topic="other-not-illegal"Other not illegal Material not of interest to law enforcement - e.g. personal sites, Facebook mirrors. dark-web:topic="legitimate"Legitimate Legitimate websites dark-web:topic="chat"Chats platforms Chats space or equivalent, which are not forums dark-web:topic="mixer"Mixer Anonymization tools for crypto-currencies transactions dark-web:topic="mystery-box"Mystery-Box Mystery Box seller dark-web:topic="anonymizer"Anonymizer Anonymization tools dark-web:topic="vpn-provider"VPN-Provider Provides VPN services and related dark-web:topic="email-provider"EMail-Provider Provides e-mail services and related dark-web:topic="ponies"Ponies self-explanatory. Its ponies dark-web:topic="games"Games Flash or online games dark-web:topic="parody"Parody or Joke Meme, Parody, Jokes, Trolling, dark-web:topic="whistleblower"Whistleblower Exposition and sharing of confidential information with protection of the witness in mind dark-web:topic="ransomware-group"Ransomware Group Ransomware group PR or leak website motivationMotivation with the materials tagged dark-web:motivation="education-training"Education & Training Materials providing instruction - e.g. how to guides dark-web:motivation="wiki"Wiki Wiki pages, documentation and information display dark-web:motivation="forum"Forum Sites specifically designed for multiple users to communicate as peers dark-web:motivation="file-sharing"File Sharing General file sharing, typically (but not limited to) movie/image sharing dark-web:motivation="hosting"Hosting Hosting providers, e-mails, websites, file-storage etc. dark-web:motivation="ddos-services"DDoS-Services Stresser, Booter, DDoSer, DDoS as a Service provider, DDoS tools, etc. dark-web:motivation="general"General Materials not covered by the other motivations. Typically, materials of a nature not of interest to law enforcement. For example, personal biography sites. dark-web:motivation="information-sharing-reportage"Information Sharing/Reportage Journalism/reporting on topics. Can include biased coverage, but obvious propaganda materials are covered by Recruitment/Advocacy. dark-web:motivation="scam"Scam Intentional confidence trick to fraud people or group of people dark-web:motivation="political-speech"Political-Speech Political, activism, without extremism. dark-web:motivation="conspirationist"Conspirationist Conspirationist content, fake news, etc. dark-web:motivation="hate-speech"Hate-Speech Racism, violent, hate speech. dark-web:motivation="religious"Religious Religious, faith, doctrinal related content. dark-web:motivation="marketplace-for-sale"Marketplace/For Sale Services/goods for sale, regardless of means of payment. dark-web:motivation="smuggling"Smuggling Information or trading of wild animals, prohibited goods, dark-web:motivation="recruitment-advocacy"Recruitment/Advocacy Propaganda dark-web:motivation="system-placeholder"System/Placeholder Automatically generated content, not designed for any identifiable purpose other than diagnostics - e.g. It Works message provided by default by Apache2 dark-web:motivation="unclear"Unclear Unable to completely establish motivation of material. structureStructure of the materials tagged dark-web:structure="incomplete"Incomplete websites or information Websites and pages that are unable to load completely properly dark-web:structure="captcha"Captcha and Solvers Captchas and solvers elements dark-web:structure="login-forms"Logins forms and gates Authentication pages, login page, login forms that block access to an internal part of a website. dark-web:structure="contact-forms"Contact forms and gates Forms to perform a contact request, send an e-mail, fill information, enter a password, dark-web:structure="encryption-keys"Encryption and decryption keys e.g. PGP Keys, passwords, dark-web:structure="police-notice"Police Notice Closed websites, with police-equivalent banners dark-web:structure="legal-statement"Legal-Statement RGPD statement, Privacy-policy, guidelines of a websites or forum dark-web:structure="test"Test Test websites without any real consequences or effects dark-web:structure="videos"Videos Videos and streaming dark-web:structure="unclear"Unclear Unable to completely establish structure of material. data-classification
Data classification for data potentially at risk of exfiltration based on table 2.1 of Solving Cyber Risk book. regulated-dataData which is regulated under a specific regulation or law such as PII, SPD, PCI or PHI. data-classification:regulated-dataRegulated data Data which is regulated under a specific regulation or law such as PII, SPD, PCI or PHI. commercially-confidential-informationData which represents a specific commercial value and is confidential to an organisation such as trade secrets, customer accounts. data-classification:commercially-confidential-informationCommercially confidential information (CCI) Data which represents a specific commercial value and is confidential to an organisation such as trade secrets, customer accounts. financially-sensitive-informationData which represents a specific financial value to an organisation such as payroll, investment information. data-classification:financially-sensitive-informationFinancially sensitive information (FSI) Data which represents a specific financial value to an organisation such as payroll, investment information. valuation-sensitive-informationData which is sensitive to the valuation of an organisation such as inside information (as defined by a Financial Services Authority). data-classification:valuation-sensitive-informationValuation sensitive information (VSI) Data which is sensitive to the valuation of an organisation such as inside information (as defined by a Financial Services Authority). sensitive-informationData which is sensitive such as email or letters. data-classification:sensitive-informationSensitive information Data which is sensitive such as email or letters. dcso-sharing
Taxonomy defined in the DCSO MISP Event Guide. It provides guidance for the creation and consumption of MISP events in a way that minimises the extra effort for the sending party, while enhancing the usefulness for receiving parties. event-typedcso-sharing:event-type="Observation"This event describes traits and indicators closely related to a single entity, like an email campaign or sighting of a reference sample on VirusTotal. Events of this type are typically created by CSOC staff and may be verified by analysts. Observed and verified indicators would be consumed by automated filtering systems in order to support near-time threat prevention. In retrospect, observations could be correlated with reports and analysis events in order to help understand the motivation for an attack and to reassess the associated risk. dcso-sharing:event-type="Incident"This event describes traits and indicators related to a security incident. As such, the event may refer to multiple entities like organizations, bank account numbers, files, and URLs. Events of this type contain first-hand information, that is, the reporting organization took part in the analysis of the incident. Use event type "Report" for second-hand information. Events of this type are typically created and consumed by analysts. dcso-sharing:event-type="Report"Traceability of indicators can be essential to document compliance of processes with legal obligations or company regulations. This event preserves a report to document the origin and context of indicators. Events of this type need to be checked by a human to ensure correct reproduction of indicators and context. Intended consumers are automated processes. Events may also serve as a basis for analysis reports or to justify preventive measures. If your organization is or was directly involved in an incident and you want to provide a first-hand account, then please use event type "Incident" instead. dcso-sharing:event-type="Analysis"This event builds on "observation", "incident", and "report" events; adds enrichments; and provides context. Events of this type will be created by analysts with support by automated tools. Analysts are also the main consumers. dcso-sharing:event-type="Collection"This event collects unrelated IoCs. For example, an event could combine all network IoCs that were learned of during a day or a week from events of other types. ddos
Distributed Denial of Service - or short: DDoS - taxonomy supports the description of Denial of Service attacks and especially the types they belong too. typeTypes and techniques described the way that the attack is performed to launch the Denial of Service attacks. A combination of type values can be used to explain combined techniques and methods. ddos:type="amplification-attack"Amplification attack ddos:type="reflected-spoofed-attack"Reflected and Spoofed attack ddos:type="slow-read-attack"Slow Read attack ddos:type="flooding-attack"Flooding attack ddos:type="post-attack"Large POST HTTP attack de-vs
German (DE) Government classification markings (VS). Einstufungde-vs:Einstufung="STRENG GEHEIM"STRENG GEHEIM Kenntnisnahme durch Unbefugte kann den Bestand oder lebenswichtige Interessen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland oder eines ihrer Länder gefährden. de-vs:Einstufung="GEHEIM"GEHEIM Kenntnisnahme durch Unbefugte kann die Sicherheit der Bundesrepublik Deutschland oder eines ihrer Länder gefährden oder ihren Interessen schweren Schaden zufügen. de-vs:Einstufung="VS-VERTRAULICH"VS-VERTRAULICH Kenntnisnahme durch Unbefugte kann für die Interessen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland oder eines ihrer Länder schädlich sein. de-vs:Einstufung="VS-NfD"VS-NUR FÜR DEN DIENSTGEBRAUCH Kenntnisnahme durch Unbefugte kann für die Interessen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland oder eines ihrer Länder nachteilig sein. Schutzwortde-vs:Schutzwort="Dummy"Dummy Platzhalter. deception
Deception is an important component of information operations, valuable for both offense and defense. spaceActions have associated locations, and deception can apply to those references. deception:space="direction"Direction direction of the action. Direction cases can arise with some actions that are supposedly one-way like file transfers. deception:space="location-at"Location at Location where something occured deception:space="location-from"Location from Location where something started deception:space="location-to"Location to Location where something finished deception:space="location-through"Location through Location where some action passed through deception:space="orientation"Orientation Orientation (in some space). Orientation cases can arise with some actions that are supposedly one-way like file transfers. timeMany actions on computer are timestamped, and attackers and defenders can deceive in regard to those times. An attacker could change the times of events recorded in a log file or the directory information about files to conceal records of their activities. deception:time="frequency"Frequency Frequency of occurrence of a repeated action. Frequency is an excellent case for deception, as in denial-of-service attacks that greatly increase the frequency of requests or transactions to tie up computer resources. deception:time="time-at"Time at Time at which something occurred deception:time="time-from"Time from Time at which something started deception:time="time-to"Time to Time at which something ended deception:time="time-through"Time through Time through which something occurred participantActions have associated participants and the tools or objects by actions are accomplished. deception:participant="agent"Agent Who initiates the action.Identification of participants responsible for actions ("agents") is a key problem in cyberspace, and is an easy target for deception. deception:participant="beneficiary"Beneficiary Who benefits. Deceptions involving the beneficiary of an action occur with phishing and other email scams. deception:participant="experiencer"Experiencer Who senses, experiences the action. Deception in the "experiencer" case occurs with secret monitoring of adversary activities. deception:participant="instrument"Instrument What helps accomplish the action. Deception is easy with the instrument case because details of how software accomplishes things are often hidden in cyberspace. deception:participant="object"Object What the action is done for. Deception in objects of the action is easy: Honeypots deceive as to the hardware and software objects of an attack, and "bait" data such as credit-card numbers can also be deceptive objects. deception:participant="recipient"Recipient Who receives the action. The recipient of an action in cyberspace is usually the object. causalityDeception in cause, purpose, and effect is important in many kinds of social-engineering attacks where false reasons like "I have a deadline" or "It didnt work" are given for requests for actions or information that aid the adversary. Deception in a contradiction action is not possible in cyberspace because commands do not generally relate actions. deception:causality="cause"Cause Cause of the action deception:causality="contradiction"Contradiction What this action opposes if anything deception:causality="effect"Effect Effect of the action deception:causality="purpose"Purpose Purpose of the action qualityThe "quality" semantic cases cover the manner in which actions are performed. deception:quality="accompaniment"Accompaniment An additionnal object associated with the action deception:quality="content"Content What is contained by th eaction object deception:quality="manner"Manner The way in which action is done. (Deception in manner does not generally apply because the manner in which a command is issued or executed should not affect the outcome.) deception:quality="material"Material The atomic units out of which the action is composed. Deception in material does not apply much because everything is represented as bits in cyberspace, though defenders can deceive this way by simulating commands rather than executing them. deception:quality="measure"Measure The mesurement associated with the action. Deception in measure (the amount of data) is important in denial-of-service attacks and can also done defensively by swamping the attacker with data. deception:quality="order"Order With respect to other actions deception:quality="value"Value The data transmitted by the action (the software sense of the term). Deception in value (or subroutine "argument") can occur defensively as in a ploy of misunderstanding attacker commands. essenceDeception can occur in the ontological features of an action, its type and the context to which is belongs. deception:essence="supertype"Supertype a generalization of the action type. Phishing email is an example of deception in supertype. deception:essence="whole"Whole of which the action is a part speech-act-theoryDeception can involve semantic cases related to communication. Both internal and external preconditions provide useful deceptions by defenders since it is often hard to confirm deception in such conditions in cyberspace. deception:speech-act-theory="external-precondition"External precondition external precondition on the action. External preconditions are on the rest of the world such as the ability of a site to accept a particular user-supplied password. deception:speech-act-theory="internal-precondition"Internal precondition internal precondition, on the ability of the agent to perform the action. Internal preconditions are on the agent of the action, such as ability of a user to change their password. dhs-ciip-sectors
DHS critical sectors as in https://www.dhs.gov/critical-infrastructure-sectors DHS-critical-sectorsdhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="chemical"Chemical dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="commercial-facilities"Commercial Facilities dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="communications"Communications dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="critical-manufacturing"Critical Manufacturing dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="dams"Dams dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="dib"Defense Industrial Base dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="emergency-services"Emergency services dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="energy"energy dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="financial-services"Financial Services dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="food-agriculture"Food and Agriculture dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="government-facilities"Government Facilities dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="healthcare-public"Healthcare and Public Health dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="it"Information Technology dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="nuclear"Nuclear dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="transport"Transportation Systems dhs-ciip-sectors:DHS-critical-sectors="water"Water and water systems sectordiamond-model
The Diamond Model for Intrusion Analysis establishes the basic atomic element of any intrusion activity, the event, composed of four core features: adversary, infrastructure, capability, and victim. Adversarydiamond-model:AdversaryAn adversary is the actor/organization responsible for utilizing a capability against the victim to achieve their intent. Capabilitydiamond-model:CapabilityThe capability describes the tools and/or techniques of the adversary used in the event. It includes all means to affect the victim from the most manual unsophisticated methods (e.g., manual password guessing) to the most sophisticated automated techniques. Infrastructurediamond-model:InfrastructureThe infrastructure feature describes the physical and/or logical communication structures the adversary uses to deliver a capability, maintain control of capabilities (e.g., commandand-control/C2), and effect results from the victim (e.g., exfiltrate data). As with the other features, the infrastructure can be as specific or broad as necessary. Examples include: Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, domain names, e-mail addresses, Morse code flashes from a phones voice-mail light watched from across a street, USB devices found in a parking lot and inserted into a workstation, or the compromising emanations from hardware (e.g., Van Eck Phreaking) being collected by a nearby listening post. Victimdiamond-model:VictimA victim is the target of the adversary and against whom vulnerabilities and exposures are exploited and capabilities used. A victim can be described in whichever way necessary and appropriate: organization, person, target email address, IP address, domain, etc. However, it is useful to define the victim persona and their assets separately as they serve different analytic functions. Victim personae are useful in non-technical analysis such as cyber-victimology and social-political centered approaches whereas victim assets are associated with common technical approaches such as vulnerability analysis.. dni-ism
A subset of Information Security Marking Metadata ISM as required by Executive Order (EO) 13526. As described by DNI.gov as Data Encoding Specifications for Information Security Marking Metadata in Controlled Vocabulary Enumeration Values for ISM classification:alldni-ism:classification:all="R"RESTRICTED dni-ism:classification:all="C"CONFIDENTIAL dni-ism:classification:all="S"SECRET dni-ism:classification:all="TS"TOP SECRET dni-ism:classification:all="U"UNCLASSIFIED classification:usdni-ism:classification:us="C"CONFIDENTIAL dni-ism:classification:us="S"SECRET dni-ism:classification:us="TS"TOP SECRET dni-ism:classification:us="U"UNCLASSIFIED scicontrolsdni-ism:scicontrols="EL"ENDSEAL dni-ism:scicontrols="EL-EU"ECRU dni-ism:scicontrols="EL-NK"NONBOOK dni-ism:scicontrols="HCS"HCS dni-ism:scicontrols="HCS-O"HCS-O dni-ism:scicontrols="HCS-P"HCS-P dni-ism:scicontrols="KDK"KLONDIKE dni-ism:scicontrols="KDK-BLFH"KDK BLUEFISH dni-ism:scicontrols="KDK-IDIT"KDK IDITAROD dni-ism:scicontrols="KDK-KAND"KDK KANDIK dni-ism:scicontrols="RSV"RESERVE dni-ism:scicontrols="SI"SPECIAL INTELLIGENCE dni-ism:scicontrols="SI-G"SI-GAMMA dni-ism:scicontrols="TK"TALENT KEYHOLE complies:withdni-ism:complies:with="USGov"Document claims compliance with all rules encoded in ISM for documents produced by the US Federal Government. This is the minimum set of rules for US documents to adhere to, and all US documents should claim compliance with USGov. dni-ism:complies:with="USIC"Document claims compliance with all rules encoded in ISM for documents produced by the US Intelligence Community. Documents that claim compliance with USIC MUST also claim compliance with USGov. dni-ism:complies:with="USDOD"Document claims compliance with all rules encoded in ISM for documents produced by the US Department of Defense. Documents that claim compliance with USDOD MUST also claim compliance with USGov. dni-ism:complies:with="OtherAuthority"Document claims compliance with an authority other than the USGov, USIC, or USDOD. atomicenergymarkingsdni-ism:atomicenergymarkings="RD"RESTRICTED DATA dni-ism:atomicenergymarkings="RD-CNWDI"RD-CRITICAL NUCLEAR WEAPON DESIGN INFORMATION dni-ism:atomicenergymarkings="FRD"FORMERLY RESTRICTED DATA dni-ism:atomicenergymarkings="DCNI"DoD CONTROLLED NUCLEAR INFORMATION dni-ism:atomicenergymarkings="UCNI"DoE CONTROLLED NUCLEAR INFORMATION dni-ism:atomicenergymarkings="TFNI"TRANSCLASSIFIED FOREIGN NUCLEAR INFORMATION noticedni-ism:notice="FISA"FISA Warning statement dni-ism:notice="IMC"IMCON Warning statement dni-ism:notice="CNWDI"Controled Nuclear Weapon Design Information Warning statement dni-ism:notice="RD"RD Warning statement dni-ism:notice="FRD"FRD Warning statement dni-ism:notice="DS"LIMDIS caveat dni-ism:notice="LES"LES Notice dni-ism:notice="LES-NF"LES-NF Notice dni-ism:notice="DSEN"DSEN Notice dni-ism:notice="DoD-Dist-A"DoD Distribution statement A from DoD Directive 5230.24 dni-ism:notice="DoD-Dist-B"DoD Distribution statement B from DoD Directive 5230.24 dni-ism:notice="DoD-Dist-C"DoD Distribution statement C from DoD Directive 5230.24 dni-ism:notice="DoD-Dist-D"DoD Distribution statement D from DoD Directive 5230.24 dni-ism:notice="DoD-Dist-E"DoD Distribution statement E from DoD Directive 5230.24 dni-ism:notice="DoD-Dist-F"DoD Distribution statement F from DoD Directive 5230.24 dni-ism:notice="DoD-Dist-X"DoD Distribution statement X from DoD Directive 5230.24 dni-ism:notice="US-Person"US Person info Notice dni-ism:notice="pre13526ORCON"Indicates that an instance document must abide by rules pertaining to ORIGINATOR CONTROLLED data issued prior to Executive Order 13526. dni-ism:notice="POC"Indicates that the contents of this notice specify the contact information for a required point-of-contact. dni-ism:notice="COMSEC"COMSEC Notice nonicdni-ism:nonic="NNPI"NAVAL NUCLEAR PROPULSION INFORMATION dni-ism:nonic="DS"LIMITED DISTRIBUTION dni-ism:nonic="XD"EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION dni-ism:nonic="ND"NO DISTRIBUTION dni-ism:nonic="SBU"SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED dni-ism:nonic="SBU-NF"SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED NOFORN dni-ism:nonic="LES"LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE dni-ism:nonic="LES-NF"LAW ENFORCEMENT SENSITIVE NOFORN dni-ism:nonic="SSI"SENSITIVE SECURITY INFORMATION nonuscontrolsdni-ism:nonuscontrols="ATOMAL"NATO Atomal mark dni-ism:nonuscontrols="BOHEMIA"NATO Bohemia mark dni-ism:nonuscontrols="BALK"NATO Balk mark dissemdni-ism:dissem="RS"RISK SENSITIVE dni-ism:dissem="FOUO"FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY dni-ism:dissem="OC"ORIGINATOR CONTROLLED dni-ism:dissem="OC-USGOV"ORIGINATOR CONTROLLED US GOVERNMENT dni-ism:dissem="IMC"CONTROLLED IMAGERY dni-ism:dissem="NF"NOT RELEASABLE TO FOREIGN NATIONALS dni-ism:dissem="PR"CAUTION-PROPRIETARY INFORMATION INVOLVED dni-ism:dissem="REL"AUTHORIZED FOR RELEASE TO dni-ism:dissem="RELIDO"RELEASABLE BY INFORMATION DISCLOSURE OFFICIAL dni-ism:dissem="DSEN"DEA SENSITIVE dni-ism:dissem="FISA"FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT dni-ism:dissem="DISPLAYONLY"AUTHORIZED FOR DISPLAY BUT NOT RELEASE TO domain-abuse
Domain Name Abuse - taxonomy to tag domain names used for cybercrime. domain-statusDomain status - describes the registration status of the domain name domain-abuse:domain-status="active"Registered & active Domain name is registered and DNS is delegated domain-abuse:domain-status="inactive"Registered & inactive Domain name is registered and DNS is not delegated domain-abuse:domain-status="suspended"Registered & suspended Domain name is registered & DNS delegation is temporarily removed by the registry domain-abuse:domain-status="not-registered"Not registered Domain name is not registered and open for registration domain-abuse:domain-status="not-registrable"Not registrable Domain is not registered and cannot be registered domain-abuse:domain-status="grace-period"Grace period Domain is deleted and still reserved for previous owner domain-access-methodDomain Access - describes how the adversary has gained access to the domain name domain-abuse:domain-access-method="criminal-registration"Criminal registration Domain name is registered for criminal purposes domain-abuse:domain-access-method="compromised-webserver"Compromised webserver Webserver is compromised for criminal purposes domain-abuse:domain-access-method="compromised-dns"Compromised DNS Compromised authoritative DNS or compromised delegation domain-abuse:domain-access-method="sinkhole"Sinkhole Domain Name is sinkholed for research, detection, LE domain-abuse:domain-access-method="compromised-domain-name-registrar"Compromised domain name registrar Domain name is compromised due to an incident at the registrar domain-abuse:domain-access-method="compromised-domain-name-registry"Compromised domain name registry Domain name is compromised due to an incident at the registry drugs
A taxonomy based on the superclass and class of drugs. Based on https://www.drugbank.ca/releases/latest alkaloids-and-derivativesdrugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="ajmaline-sarpagine-alkaloids"Ajmaline-sarpagine alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives=" allocolchicine-alkaloids"Allocolchicine alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives=" Amaryllidaceae alkaloids"Amaryllidaceae alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="aporphines"Aporphines drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="camptothecins"Camptothecins drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="cephalotaxus-alkaloids"Cephalotaxus alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="cinchona-alkaloids"Cinchona alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="eburnan-type-alkaloids"Eburnan-type alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="epibatidine-analogues"Epibatidine analogues drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="ergoline-and-derivatives"Ergoline and derivatives drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="harmala-alkaloids"Harmala alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="ibogan-type-alkaloids"Ibogan-type alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="lupin-alkaloids"Lupin alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="morphinans"Morphinans drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="phthalide-isoquinolines"Phthalide isoquinolines drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="protoberberine-alkaloids-and-derivatives"Protoberberine alkaloids and derivatives drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="tropane-alkaloids"Tropane alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="vinca-alkaloids"Vinca alkaloids drugs:alkaloids-and-derivatives="yohimbine-alkaloids"Yohimbine alkaloids benzenoidsdrugs:benzenoids="anthracenes"Anthracenes drugs:benzenoids="benzene-and-substituted-derivatives"Benzene and substituted derivatives drugs:benzenoids="dibenzocycloheptenes"Dibenzocycloheptenes drugs:benzenoids="fluorenes"Fluorenes drugs:benzenoids="indanes"Indanes drugs:benzenoids="indenes-and-isoindenes"Indenes and isoindenes drugs:benzenoids="naphthacenes"Naphthacenes drugs:benzenoids="phenanthrenes-and-derivatives"Phenanthrenes and derivatives drugs:benzenoids="phenol-esters"Phenol esters drugs:benzenoids="phenol-ethers"Phenol ethers drugs:benzenoids="phenols"Phenols drugs:benzenoids="pyrenes"Pyrenes drugs:benzenoids="tetralins"Tetralins drugs:benzenoids="triphenyl-compounds"Triphenyl compounds homogeneous-metal-compoundsdrugs:homogeneous-metal-compounds="homogeneous-actinide-compounds"Homogeneous actinide compounds drugs:homogeneous-metal-compounds="homogeneous-alkali-metal-compounds"Homogeneous alkali metal compounds drugs:homogeneous-metal-compounds="homogeneous-alkaline-earth-metal-compounds"Homogeneous alkaline earth metal compounds drugs:homogeneous-metal-compounds="homogeneous-lanthanide-compounds"Homogeneous lanthanide compounds drugs:homogeneous-metal-compounds="homogeneous-metalloid-compounds"Homogeneous metalloid compounds drugs:homogeneous-metal-compounds="homogeneous-post-transition-metal-compounds"Homogeneous post-transition metal compounds drugs:homogeneous-metal-compounds="homogeneous-transition-metal-compounds"Homogeneous transition metal compounds homogeneous-non-metal-compoundsdrugs:homogeneous-non-metal-compounds="halogen-organides"Halogen organides drugs:homogeneous-non-metal-compounds="homogeneous-halogens"Homogeneous halogens drugs:homogeneous-non-metal-compounds="homogeneous-noble-gases"Homogeneous noble gases drugs:homogeneous-non-metal-compounds="homogeneous-other-non-metal-compounds"Homogeneous other non-metal compounds drugs:homogeneous-non-metal-compounds="non-metal-oxoanionic-compounds"Non-metal oxoanionic compounds drugs:homogeneous-non-metal-compounds="other-non-metal-halides"Other non-metal halides drugs:homogeneous-non-metal-compounds="other-non-metal-organides"Other non-metal organides hydrocarbonsdrugs:hydrocarbons="polycyclic-hydrocarbons"Polycyclic hydrocarbons hydrocarbon-derivativesdrugs:hydrocarbon-derivatives="tropones"Tropones lignans,-neolignans-and-related-compoundsdrugs:lignans,-neolignans-and-related-compounds="aryltetralin-lignans"Aryltetralin lignans drugs:lignans,-neolignans-and-related-compounds="dibenzylbutane-lignans"Dibenzylbutane lignans drugs:lignans,-neolignans-and-related-compounds="flavonolignans"Flavonolignans drugs:lignans,-neolignans-and-related-compounds="furanoid-lignans"Furanoid lignans drugs:lignans,-neolignans-and-related-compounds="lignan-lactones"Lignan lactones lipids-and-lipid-like-moleculesdrugs:lipids-and-lipid-like-molecules="fatty-acyls"Fatty Acyls drugs:lipids-and-lipid-like-molecules="glycero-3-dithiophosphocholines"Glycero-3-dithiophosphocholines drugs:lipids-and-lipid-like-molecules="glycerolipids"Glycerolipids drugs:lipids-and-lipid-like-molecules="glycerophospholipids"Glycerophospholipids drugs:lipids-and-lipid-like-molecules="prenol-lipids"Prenol lipids drugs:lipids-and-lipid-like-molecules="saccharolipids"Saccharolipids drugs:lipids-and-lipid-like-molecules="s-alkyl-coas"S-alkyl-CoAs drugs:lipids-and-lipid-like-molecules="sphingolipids"Sphingolipids drugs:lipids-and-lipid-like-molecules="steroids-and-steroid-derivatives"Steroids and steroid derivatives mixed-metal/non-metal-compoundsdrugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="alkali-metal-organides"Alkali metal organides drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="alkali-metal-oxoanionic-compounds"Alkali metal oxoanionic compounds drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="alkali-metal-salts"Alkali metal salts drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="alkaline-earth-metal-organides"Alkaline earth metal organides drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="alkaline-earth-metal-oxoanionic-compounds"Alkaline earth metal oxoanionic compounds drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="alkaline-earth-metal-salts"Alkaline earth metal salts drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="metalloid-organides"Metalloid organides drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="metalloid-oxoanionic-compounds"Metalloid oxoanionic compounds drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="miscellaneous-mixed-metal/non-metals"Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="other-mixed-metal/non-metal-oxoanionic-compounds"Other mixed metal/non-metal oxoanionic compounds drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="post-transition-metal-organides"Post-transition metal organides drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="post-transition-metal-oxoanionic-compounds"Post-transition metal oxoanionic compounds drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="post-transition-metal-salts"Post-transition metal salts drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="transition-metal-organides"Transition metal organides drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="transition-metal-oxoanionic-compounds"Transition metal oxoanionic compounds drugs:mixed-metal/non-metal-compounds="transition-metal-salts"Transition metal salts nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analoguesdrugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thionucleoside-monophosphates"2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thionucleoside monophosphates drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="2',5'-dideoxyribonucleosides"2',5'-dideoxyribonucleosides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="(3'->5')-dinucleotides-and-analogues"(3'->5')-dinucleotides and analogues drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="5'-deoxyribonucleosides"5'-deoxyribonucleosides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="(5'->5')-dinucleotides"(5'->5')-dinucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="benzimidazole-ribonucleosides-and-ribonucleotides"Benzimidazole ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="flavin-nucleotides"Flavin nucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="glycinamide-ribonucleotides"Glycinamide ribonucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="imidazole[4,5-c]pyridine-ribonucleosides-and-ribonucleotides"Imidazole[4,5-c]pyridine ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="imidazole-ribonucleosides-and-ribonucleotides"Imidazole ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="molybdopterin-dinucleotides"Molybdopterin dinucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="nucleoside-and-nucleotide-analogues"Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="purine-nucleosides"Purine nucleosides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-glycosides"Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine glycosides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="pyridine-nucleotides"Pyridine nucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="pyrimidine-nucleosides"Pyrimidine nucleosides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="pyrimidine-nucleotides"Pyrimidine nucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="pyrrolopyrimidine-nucleosides-and-nucleotides"Pyrrolopyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="ribonucleoside-3'-phosphates"Ribonucleoside 3'-phosphates drugs:nucleosides,-nucleotides,-and-analogues="triazole-ribonucleosides-and-ribonucleotides"Triazole ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides organic-1,3-dipolar-compoundsdrugs:organic-1,3-dipolar-compounds="allyl-type-1,3-dipolar-organic-compounds"Allyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds organic-acids-and-derivativesdrugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="boronic-acid-derivatives"Boronic acid derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="carboximidic-acids-and-derivatives"Carboximidic acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="carboxylic-acids-and-derivatives"Carboxylic acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="hydroxy-acids-and-derivatives"Hydroxy acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="keto-acids-and-derivatives"Keto acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="organic-carbonic-acids-and-derivatives"Organic carbonic acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="organic-phosphonic-acids-and-derivatives"Organic phosphonic acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="organic-phosphoric-acids-and-derivatives"Organic phosphoric acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="organic-sulfonic-acids-and-derivatives"Organic sulfonic acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="organic-sulfuric-acids-and-derivatives"Organic sulfuric acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="organic-thiophosphoric-acids-and-derivatives"Organic thiophosphoric acids and derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="orthocarboxylic-acid-derivatives"Orthocarboxylic acid derivatives drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="peptidomimetics"Peptidomimetics drugs:organic-acids-and-derivatives="thiosulfinic-acid-esters"Thiosulfinic acid esters organic-acidsdrugs:organic-acids="carboxylic-acids-and-derivatives"Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives organic-nitrogen-compoundsdrugs:organic-nitrogen-compounds="organonitrogen-compounds"Organonitrogen compounds organic-oxygen-compoundsdrugs:organic-oxygen-compounds="organic-oxides"Organic oxides drugs:organic-oxygen-compounds="organic-oxoanionic-compounds"Organic oxoanionic compounds drugs:organic-oxygen-compounds="organooxygen-compounds"Organooxygen compounds organic-polymersdrugs:organic-polymers="phosphorothioate-polynucleotides"Phosphorothioate polynucleotides drugs:organic-polymers="polypeptides"Polypeptides drugs:organic-polymers="polysaccharides"Polysaccharides organic-saltsdrugs:organic-salts="organic-metal-salts"Organic metal salts organohalogen-compoundsdrugs:organohalogen-compounds="acyl-halides"Acyl halides drugs:organohalogen-compounds="alkyl-halides"Alkyl halides drugs:organohalogen-compounds="aryl-halides"Aryl halides drugs:organohalogen-compounds="halohydrins"Halohydrins drugs:organohalogen-compounds="organochlorides"Organochlorides drugs:organohalogen-compounds="organofluorides"Organofluorides drugs:organohalogen-compounds="sulfonyl-halides"Sulfonyl halides drugs:organohalogen-compounds="vinyl-halides"Vinyl halides organoheterocyclic-compoundsdrugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="azaspirodecane-derivatives"Azaspirodecane derivatives drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="azepanes"Azepanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="azobenzenes"Azobenzenes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="azoles"Azoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="azolidines"Azolidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="azolines"Azolines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzazepines"Benzazepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzimidazoles"Benzimidazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzisoxazoles"Benzisoxazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzocycloheptapyridines"Benzocycloheptapyridines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzodiazepines"Benzodiazepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzodioxanes"Benzodioxanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzodioxoles"Benzodioxoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzofurans"Benzofurans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzopyrans"Benzopyrans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzopyrazoles"Benzopyrazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzothiadiazoles"Benzothiadiazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzothiazepines"Benzothiazepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzothiazines"Benzothiazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzothiazoles"Benzothiazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzothiepins"Benzothiepins drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzothiophenes"Benzothiophenes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzothiopyrans"Benzothiopyrans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzotriazoles"Benzotriazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzoxadiazoles"Benzoxadiazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzoxazepines"Benzoxazepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzoxazines"Benzoxazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzoxazoles"Benzoxazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="benzoxepines"Benzoxepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="biand-oligothiophenes"Bi- and oligothiophenes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="biotin-and-derivatives"Biotin and derivatives drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="coumarans"Coumarans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="cycloheptapyrans"Cycloheptapyrans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="cycloheptathiophenes"Cycloheptathiophenes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="diazanaphthalenes"Diazanaphthalenes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="diazepanes"Diazepanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="diazinanes"Diazinanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="diazines"Diazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="dihydrofurans"Dihydrofurans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="dihydroisoquinolines"Dihydroisoquinolines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="dihydrothiophenes"Dihydrothiophenes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="dioxaborolanes"Dioxaborolanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="dioxanes"Dioxanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="dioxolopyrans"Dioxolopyrans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="dithianes"Dithianes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="dithiolanes"Dithiolanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="epoxides"Epoxides drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="furans"Furans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="furofurans"Furofurans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="furopyrans"Furopyrans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="furopyridines"Furopyridines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="furopyrroles"Furopyrroles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="heteroaromatic-compounds"Heteroaromatic compounds drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazines"Imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="imidazodiazepines"Imidazodiazepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="imidazopyrazines"Imidazopyrazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="imidazopyridines"Imidazopyridines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="imidazopyrimidines"Imidazopyrimidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="imidazotetrazines"Imidazotetrazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="imidazothiazoles"Imidazothiazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="indoles-and-derivatives"Indoles and derivatives drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="indolizidines"Indolizidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="isocoumarans"Isocoumarans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="isoindoles-and-derivatives"Isoindoles and derivatives drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="isoquinolines-and-derivatives"Isoquinolines and derivatives drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="isoxazolopyridines"Isoxazolopyridines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="lactams"Lactams drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="lactones"Lactones drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="metalloheterocyclic-compounds"Metalloheterocyclic compounds drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="naphthofurans"Naphthofurans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="naphthopyrans"Naphthopyrans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="oxanes"Oxanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="oxazaphosphinanes"Oxazaphosphinanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="oxazinanes"Oxazinanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="oxepanes"Oxepanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="phenanthrolines"Phenanthrolines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="piperazinoazepines"Piperazinoazepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="piperidines"Piperidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pteridines-and-derivatives"Pteridines and derivatives drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyranodioxins"Pyranodioxins drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyranopyridines"Pyranopyridines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyranopyrimidines"Pyranopyrimidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrans"Pyrans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrazolopyridines"Pyrazolopyridines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrazolopyrimidines"Pyrazolopyrimidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrazolotriazines"Pyrazolotriazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyridines-and-derivatives"Pyridines and derivatives drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyridopyrimidines"Pyridopyrimidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrroles"Pyrroles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrrolidines"Pyrrolidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrrolines"Pyrrolines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrrolizines"Pyrrolizines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrroloazepines"Pyrroloazepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrrolopyrazines"Pyrrolopyrazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrrolopyrazoles"Pyrrolopyrazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrrolopyridines"Pyrrolopyridines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrrolopyrimidines"Pyrrolopyrimidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="pyrrolotriazines"Pyrrolotriazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="quinolines-and-derivatives"Quinolines and derivatives drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="quinuclidines"Quinuclidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="selenazoles"Selenazoles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="tetrahydrofurans"Tetrahydrofurans drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="tetrahydroisoquinolines"Tetrahydroisoquinolines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="tetrapyrroles-and-derivatives"Tetrapyrroles and derivatives drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thiadiazinanes"Thiadiazinanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thiadiazines"Thiadiazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thianes"Thianes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thiazepines"Thiazepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thiazinanes"Thiazinanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thiazines"Thiazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thienodiazepines"Thienodiazepines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thienoimidazolidines"Thienoimidazolidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thienopyridines"Thienopyridines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thienopyrimidines"Thienopyrimidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thienopyrroles"Thienopyrroles drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thienothiazines"Thienothiazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thiochromanes"Thiochromanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thiochromenes"Thiochromenes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thiolanes"Thiolanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="thiophenes"Thiophenes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="triazinanes"Triazinanes drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="triazines"Triazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="triazolopyrazines"Triazolopyrazines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="triazolopyridines"Triazolopyridines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="triazolopyrimidines"Triazolopyrimidines drugs:organoheterocyclic-compounds="trioxanes"Trioxanes organometallic-compoundsdrugs:organometallic-compounds="organometalloid-compounds"Organometalloid compounds drugs:organometallic-compounds="organo-post-transition-metal-compounds"Organo-post-transition metal compounds organophosphorus-compoundsdrugs:organophosphorus-compounds="organic-phosphines-and-derivatives"Organic phosphines and derivatives drugs:organophosphorus-compounds="organophosphinic-acids-and-derivatives"Organophosphinic acids and derivatives drugs:organophosphorus-compounds="organothiophosphorus-compounds"Organothiophosphorus compounds organosulfur-compoundsdrugs:organosulfur-compounds="isothioureas"Isothioureas drugs:organosulfur-compounds="organic-disulfides"Organic disulfides drugs:organosulfur-compounds="sulfonyls"Sulfonyls drugs:organosulfur-compounds="sulfoxides"Sulfoxides drugs:organosulfur-compounds="thiocarbonyl-compounds"Thiocarbonyl compounds drugs:organosulfur-compounds="thioethers"Thioethers drugs:organosulfur-compounds="thiols"Thiols drugs:organosulfur-compounds="thioureas"Thioureas phenylpropanoids-and-polyketidesdrugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="2-arylbenzofuran-flavonoids"2-arylbenzofuran flavonoids drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="anthracyclines"Anthracyclines drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="aurone-flavonoids"Aurone flavonoids drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="cinnamic-acids-and-derivatives"Cinnamic acids and derivatives drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="cinnamyl-alcohols"Cinnamyl alcohols drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="coumarins-and-derivatives"Coumarins and derivatives drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="depsides-and-depsidones"Depsides and depsidones drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="diarylheptanoids"Diarylheptanoids drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="flavonoids"Flavonoids drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="isochromanequinones"Isochromanequinones drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="isocoumarins-and-derivatives"Isocoumarins and derivatives drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="isoflavonoids"Isoflavonoids drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="linear-1,3-diarylpropanoids"Linear 1,3-diarylpropanoids drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="macrolactams"Macrolactams drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="macrolide-lactams"Macrolide lactams drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="macrolides-and-analogues"Macrolides and analogues drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="neoflavonoids"Neoflavonoids drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="phenylpropanoic-acids"Phenylpropanoic acids drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="saxitoxins,-gonyautoxins,-and-derivatives"Saxitoxins, gonyautoxins, and derivatives drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="stilbenes"Stilbenes drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="tannins"Tannins drugs:phenylpropanoids-and-polyketides="tetracyclines"Tetracyclines economical-impact
Economical impact is a taxonomy to describe the financial impact as positive or negative gain to the tagged information (e.g. data exfiltration loss, a positive gain for an adversary). lossA financial impact evaluated as a casuality.
economical-impact:loss="none"No loss economical-impact:loss="less-than-25k-eur"Less than 25K EUR Associated numerical value="10" economical-impact:loss="less-than-50k-euro"Less than 50K EUR Associated numerical value="20" economical-impact:loss="less-than-100k-euro"Less than 100K EUR Associated numerical value="30" economical-impact:loss="less-than-1M-euro"Less than 1 million EUR Associated numerical value="40" economical-impact:loss="less-than-10M-euro"Less than 10 million EUR Associated numerical value="50" economical-impact:loss="less-than-100M-euro"Less than 100 million EUR Associated numerical value="60" economical-impact:loss="less-than-1B-euro"Less than 1 billion EUR Associated numerical value="70" economical-impact:loss="more-than-1B-euro"More than 1 billion EUR Associated numerical value="80" gainA financial impact evaluated as a benefit.
economical-impact:gain="none"No gain economical-impact:gain="less-than-25k-eur"Less than 25K EUR Associated numerical value="10" economical-impact:gain="less-than-50k-euro"Less than 50K EUR Associated numerical value="20" economical-impact:gain="less-than-100k-euro"Less than 100K EUR Associated numerical value="30" economical-impact:gain="less-than-1M-euro"Less than 1 million EUR Associated numerical value="40" economical-impact:gain="less-than-10M-euro"Less than 10 million EUR Associated numerical value="50" economical-impact:gain="less-than-100M-euro"Less than 100 million EUR Associated numerical value="60" economical-impact:gain="less-than-1B-euro"Less than 1 billion EUR Associated numerical value="70" economical-impact:gain="more-than-1B-euro"More than 1 billion EUR Associated numerical value="80" ecsirt
Incident Classification by the ecsirt.net version mkVI of 31 March 2015 enriched with IntelMQ taxonomy-type mapping. abusive-contentAbusive Content. ecsirt:abusive-content="spam"spam Or 'Unsolicited Bulk Email', this means that the recipient has not granted verifiable permission for the message to be sent and that the message is sent as part of a larger collection of messages, all having a functionally comparable content. ecsirt:abusive-content="harmful-speech"Harmful Speech Discreditation or discrimination of somebody e.g. cyber stalking, racism and threats against one or more individuals). ecsirt:abusive-content="violence"Child/Sexual/Violence/ Child Pornography, glorification of violence, malicious-codeSoftware that is intentionally included or inserted in a system for a harmful purpose. A user interaction is normally necessary to activate the code. ecsirt:malicious-code="virus"Virus ecsirt:malicious-code="worm"Worm ecsirt:malicious-code="trojan"Trojan ecsirt:malicious-code="spyware"Spyware ecsirt:malicious-code="dialer"Dialer ecsirt:malicious-code="rootkit"Rootkit ecsirt:malicious-code="malware"Malware ecsirt:malicious-code="botnet-drone"Botnet drone ecsirt:malicious-code="ransomware"Ransomware ecsirt:malicious-code="malware-configuration"Malware configuration ecsirt:malicious-code="c&c"C&C information-gatheringInformation Gathering. ecsirt:information-gathering="scanner"Scanning Attacks that send requests to a system to discover weak points. This includes also some kind of testing processes to gather information about hosts, services and accounts. Examples: fingerd, DNS querying, ICMP, SMTP (EXPN, RCPT, ), port scanning. ecsirt:information-gathering="sniffing"Sniffing Observing and recording of network traffic (wiretapping). ecsirt:information-gathering="social-engineering"Social Engineering Gathering information from a human being in a non-technical way (e.g. lies, tricks, bribes, or threats). intrusion-attemptsIntrusion Attempts. ecsirt:intrusion-attempts="ids-alert"Exploiting of known Vulnerabilities An attempt to compromise a system or to disrupt any service by exploiting vunerabilities with a standardised identifier such as CVE name (e.g. buffer overflow, backdoor, cross site scripting, etc.) ecsirt:intrusion-attempts="brute-force"Login attempts Multiple login attempts (Guessing / cracking of passwords, brute force). ecsirt:intrusion-attempts="exploit"New attack signature An attempt using an unknown exploit. intrusionsA successful compromise of a system or application (service). This can have been caused remotely by a known or new vulnerability, but also by an unauthorized local access. Also includes being part of a botnet. ecsirt:intrusions="privileged-account-compromise"Privileged Account Compromise ecsirt:intrusions="unprivileged-account-compromise"Unprivileged Account Compromise ecsirt:intrusions="application-compromise"Application Compromise ecsirt:intrusions="bot"Bot ecsirt:intrusions="defacement"defacement ecsirt:intrusions="compromised"compromised ecsirt:intrusions="backdoor"backdoor availabilityBy this kind of an attack a system is bombarded with so many packets that the operations are delayed or the system crashes. DoS examples are ICMP and SYN floods, Teardrop attacks and mail-bombing. DDoS often is based on DoS attacks originating from botnets, but also other scenarios exist like DNS Amplification attacks. However, the availability also can be affected by local actions (destruction, disruption of power supply, etc.) or by Act of God, spontaneous failures or human error, without malice or gross neglect being involved. ecsirt:availability="dos"DoS Denial of Service. ecsirt:availability="ddos"DDoS Distributed Denial of Service. ecsirt:availability="sabotage"Sabotage Sabotage. ecsirt:availability="outage"Outage (no malice) Outage (no malice). information-content-securityBesides a local abuse of data and systems the information security can be endangered by a successful account or application compromise. Furthermore attacks are possible that intercept and access information during transmission (wiretapping, spoofing or hijacking). Human/configuration/software error can also be the cause. ecsirt:information-content-security="Unauthorised-information-access"Unauthorised access to information ecsirt:information-content-security="Unauthorised-information-modification"Unauthorised modification of information ecsirt:information-content-security="dropzone"dropzone fraudFraud. ecsirt:fraud="unauthorized-use-of-resources"Unauthorized use of resources Using resources for unauthorized purposes including profit-making ventures (E.g. the use of e-mail to participate in illegal profit chain letters or pyramid schemes). ecsirt:fraud="copyright"Copyright Offering or Installing copies of unlicensed commercial software or other copyright protected materials (Warez). ecsirt:fraud="masquerade"Masquerade Type of attacks in which one entity illegitimately assumes the identity of another in order to benefit from it. ecsirt:fraud="phishing"Phishing Masquerading as another entity in order to persuade the user to reveal a private credential. vulnerableOpen resolvers, world readable printers, vulnerability apparent from Nessus etc scans, virus signatures not up-to-date, etc ecsirt:vulnerable="vulnerable-service"Open for abuse otherAll incidents which dont fit in one of the given categories should be put into this class. If the number of incidents in this category increases, it is an indicator that the classification scheme must be revised ecsirt:other="blacklist"blacklist ecsirt:other="unknown"unknown ecsirt:other="other"other testMeant for testing. ecsirt:test="test"Test enisa
The present threat taxonomy is an initial version that has been developed on the basis of available ENISA material. This material has been used as an ENISA-internal structuring aid for information collection and threat consolidation purposes. It emerged in the time period 2012-2015. physical-attackThreats of intentional, hostile human actions. enisa:physical-attack="fraud"Fraud Fraud committed by humans. enisa:physical-attack="fraud-by-employees"Fraud committed by employees Fraud committed by employees or others that are in relation with entities, who have access to entities' information and IT assets. enisa:physical-attack="sabotage"Sabotage Intentional actions (non-fulfilment or defective fulfilment of personal duties) aimed to cause disruption or damage to IT assets. enisa:physical-attack="vandalism"Vandalism Act of physically damaging IT assets. enisa:physical-attack="theft"Theft (of devices, storage media and documents) Stealing information or IT assets. Robbery. enisa:physical-attack="theft-of-mobile-devices"Theft of mobile devices (smartphones/ tablets) Taking away another persons property in the form of mobile devices, for example smartphones, tablets. enisa:physical-attack="theft-of-fixed-hardware"Theft of fixed hardware Taking away another persons hardware property (except mobile devices), which often contains business-sensitive data. enisa:physical-attack="theft-of-documents"Theft of documents Stealing documents from private/company archives, often for the purpose of re-sale or to achieve personal benefits. enisa:physical-attack="theft-of-backups"Theft of backups Stealing media devices, on which copies of essential information are kept. enisa:physical-attack="information-leak-or-unauthorised-sharing"Information leak /sharing Sharing information with unauthorised entities. Loss of information confidentiality due to intentional human actions (e.g., information leak may occur due to loss of paper copies of confidential information). enisa:physical-attack="unauthorised-physical-access-or-unauthorised-entry-to-premises"Unauthorized physical access / Unauthorised entry to premises Unapproved access to facility. enisa:physical-attack="coercion-or-extortion-or-corruption"Coercion, extortion or corruption Actions following acts of coercion, extortion or corruption. enisa:physical-attack="damage-from-the-wafare"Damage from the warfare Threats of direct impact of warfare activities. enisa:physical-attack="terrorist-attack"Terrorist attack Threats from terrorists. unintentional-damageThreats of unintentional human actions or errors. enisa:unintentional-damage="information-leak-or-sharing-due-to-human-error"Information leak /sharing due to human error Information leak / sharing caused by humans, due to their mistakes. enisa:unintentional-damage="accidental-leaks-or-sharing-of-data-by-employees"Accidental leaks/sharing of data by employees Unintentional distribution of private or sensitive data to an unauthorized entity by a staff member. enisa:unintentional-damage="leaks-of-data-via-mobile-applications"Leaks of data via mobile applications Threat of leaking private data (a result of using applications for mobile devices). enisa:unintentional-damage="leaks-of-data-via-web-applications"Leaks of data via Web applications Threat of leaking important information using web applications. enisa:unintentional-damage="leaks-of-information-transferred-by-network"Leaks of information transferred by network Threat of eavesdropping of unsecured network traffic. enisa:unintentional-damage="erroneous-use-or-administration-of-devices-and-systems"Erroneous use or administration of devices and systems Information leak / sharing / damage caused by misuse of IT assets (lack of awareness of application features) or wrong / improper IT assets configuration or management. enisa:unintentional-damage="loss-of-information-due-to-maintenance-errors-or-operators-errors"Loss of information due to maintenance errors / operators' errors Threat of loss of information by incorrectly performed maintenance of devices or systems or other operator activities. enisa:unintentional-damage="loss-of-information-due-to-configuration-or-installation error"Loss of information due to configuration/ installation error Threat of loss of information due to errors in installation or system configuration. enisa:unintentional-damage="increasing-recovery-time"Increasing recovery time Threat of unavailability of information due to errors in the use of backup media and increasing information recovery time. enisa:unintentional-damage="lost-of-information-due-to-user-errors"Loss of information due to user errors Threat of unavailability of information or damage to IT assets caused by user errors (using IT infrastructure) or IT software recovery time. enisa:unintentional-damage="using-information-from-an-unreliable-source"Using information from an unreliable source Bad decisions based on unreliable sources of information or unchecked information. enisa:unintentional-damage="unintentional-change-of-data-in-an-information-system"Unintentional change of data in an information system Loss of information integrity due to human error (information system user mistake). enisa:unintentional-damage="inadequate-design-and-planning-or-improper-adaptation"Inadequate design and planning or improper adaptation Threats caused by improper IT assets or business processes design (inadequate specifications of IT products, inadequate usability, insecure interfaces, policy/procedure flows, design errors). enisa:unintentional-damage="damage-caused-by-a-third-party"Damage caused by a third party Threats of damage to IT assets caused by third party. enisa:unintentional-damage="security-failure-caused-by-third-party"Security failure caused by third party Threats of damage to IT assets caused by breach of security regulations by third party. enisa:unintentional-damage="damages-resulting-from-penetration-testing"Damages resulting from penetration testing Threats to information systems caused by conducting IT penetration tests inappropriately. enisa:unintentional-damage="loss-of-information-in-the-cloud"Loss of information in the cloud Threats of losing information or data stored in the cloud. enisa:unintentional-damage="loss-of-(integrity-of)-sensitive-information"Loss of (integrity of) sensitive information Threats of losing information or data, or changing information classified as sensitive. enisa:unintentional-damage="loss-of-integrity-of-certificates"Loss of integrity of certificates Threat of losing integrity of certificates used for authorisation services enisa:unintentional-damage="loss-of-devices-and-storage-media-and-documents"Loss of devices, storage media and documents Threats of unavailability (losing) of IT assets and documents. enisa:unintentional-damage="loss-of-devices-or-mobile-devices"Loss of devices/ mobile devices Threat of losing mobile devices. enisa:unintentional-damage="loss-of-storage-media"Loss of storage media Threat of losing data-storage media. enisa:unintentional-damage="loss-of-documentation-of-IT-Infrastructure"Loss of documentation of IT Infrastructure Threat of losing important documentation. enisa:unintentional-damage="destruction-of-records"Destruction of records Threats of unavailability (destruction) of data and records (information) stored in devices and storage media. enisa:unintentional-damage="infection-of-removable-media"Infection of removable media Threat of loss of important data due to using removable media, web or mail infection. enisa:unintentional-damage="abuse-of-storage"Abuse of storage Threat of loss of records by improper /unauthorised use of storage devices. disasterThreats of damage to information assets caused by natural or environmental factors. enisa:disaster="disaster"Disaster (natural earthquakes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, heavy rains, heavy snowfalls, heavy winds) Large scale natural disasters. enisa:disaster="fire"Fire Threat of fire. enisa:disaster="pollution-dust-corrosion"Pollution, dust, corrosion Threat of disruption of work of IT systems (hardware) due to pollution, dust or corrosion (arising from the air). enisa:disaster="thunderstrike"Thunderstrike Threat of damage to IT hardware caused by thunder strike (overvoltage). enisa:disaster="water"Water Threat of damage to IT hardware caused by water. enisa:disaster="explosion"Explosion Threat of damage to IT hardware caused by explosion. enisa:disaster="dangerous-radiation-leak"Dangerous radiation leak Threat of damage to IT hardware caused by radiation leak. enisa:disaster="unfavourable-climatic-conditions"Unfavourable climatic conditions Threat of disruption of work of IT systems due to climatic conditions that have a negative effect on hardware. enisa:disaster="loss-of-data-or-accessibility-of-IT-infrastructure-as-a-result-of-heightened-humidity"Loss of data or accessibility of IT infrastructure as a result of heightened humidity Threat of disruption of work of IT systems due to high humidity. enisa:disaster="lost-of-data-or-accessibility-of-IT-infrastructure-as-a-result-of-very-high-temperature"Lost of data or accessibility of IT infrastructure as a result of very high temperature Threat of disruption of work of IT systems due to high or low temperature. enisa:disaster="threats-from-space-or-electromagnetic-storm"Threats from space / Electromagnetic storm Threats of the negative impact of solar radiation to satellites and radio wave communication systems - electromagnetic storm. enisa:disaster="wildlife"Wildlife Threat of destruction of IT assets caused by animals: mice, rats, birds. failures-malfunctionThreat of failure/malfunction of IT supporting infrastructure (i.e. degradation of quality, improper working parameters, jamming). The cause of a failure is mostly an internal issue (e.g.. overload of the power grid in a building). enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-of-devices-or-systems"Failure of devices or systems Threat of failure of IT hardware and/or software assets or its parts. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-of-data-media"Failure of data media Threat of failure of data media. enisa:failures-malfunction="hardware-failure"Hardware failure Threat of failure of IT hardware. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-of-applications-and-services"Failure of applications and services Threat of failure of software/applications or services. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-of-parts-of-devices-connectors-plug-ins"Failure of parts of devices (connectors, plug-ins) Threat of failure of IT equipment or its part. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-or-disruption-of-communication-links-communication networks"Failure or disruption of communication links (communication networks) Threat of failure or malfunction of communications links. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-of-cable-networks"Failure of cable networks Threat of failure of communications links due to problems with cable network. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-of-wireless-networks"Failure of wireless networks Threat of failure of communications links due to problems with wireless networks. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-of-mobile-networks"Failure of mobile networks Threat of failure of communications links due to problems with mobile networks. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-or-disruption-of-main-supply"Failure or disruption of main supply Threat of failure or disruption of supply required for information systems. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-or-disruption-of-power-supply"Failure or disruption of power supply Threat of failure or malfunction of power supply. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-of-cooling-infrastructure"Failure of cooling infrastructure Threat of failure of IT assets due to improper work of cooling infrastructure. enisa:failures-malfunction="failure-or-disruption-of-service-providers-supply-chain"Failure or disruption of service providers (supply chain) Threat of failure or disruption of third party services required for proper operation of information systems. enisa:failures-malfunction="malfunction-of-equipment-devices-or-systems"Malfunction of equipment (devices or systems) Threat of malfunction of IT hardware and/or software assets or its parts (i.e. improper working parameters, jamming, rebooting). outagesThreat of complete lack or loss of resources necessary for IT infrastructure. The cause of an outage is mostly an external issue (i.e electricity blackout in the whole city). enisa:outages="absence-of-personnel"Absence of personnel Unavailability of key personnel and their competences. enisa:outages="strike"Strike Unavailability of staff due to a strike (large scale absence of personnel). enisa:outages="loss-of-support-services"Loss of support services Unavailability of support services required for proper operation of the information system. enisa:outages="internet-outage"Internet outage Unavailability of the Internet connection. enisa:outages="network-outage"Network outage Unavailability of communication links. enisa:outages="outage-of-cable-networks"Outage of cable networks Threat of lack of communications links due to problems with cable network. enisa:outages="Outage-of-short-range-wireless-networks"Outage of short-range wireless networks Threat of lack of communications links due to problems with wireless networks (802.11 networks, Bluetooth, NFC etc.). enisa:outages="outages-of-long-range-wireless-networks"Outages of long-range wireless networks Threat of lack of communications links due to problems with mobile networks like cellular network (3G, LTE, GSM etc.) or satellite links. eavesdropping-interception-hijackingThreats that alter communication between two parties. These attacks do not have to install additional tools/software on a victims site. enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="war-driving"War driving Threat of locating and possibly exploiting connection to the wireless network. enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="intercepting-compromising-emissions"Intercepting compromising emissions Threat of disclosure of transmitted information using interception and analysis of compromising emission. enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="interception-of-information"Interception of information Threat of interception of information which is improperly secured in transmission or by improper actions of staff. enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="corporate-espionage"Corporate espionage Threat of obtaining information secrets by dishonest means. enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="nation-state-espionage"Nation state espionage Threats of stealing information by nation state espionage (e.g. China based governmental espionage, NSA from USA). enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="information-leakage-due-to-unsecured-wi-fi-like-rogue-access-points"Information leakage due to unsecured Wi-Fi, rogue access points Threat of obtaining important information by insecure network rogue access points etc. enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="interfering-radiation"Interfering radiation Threat of failure of IT hardware or transmission connection due to electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted by an outside source. enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="replay-of-messages"Replay of messages Threat in which valid data transmission is maliciously or fraudulently repeated or delayed. enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="network-reconnaissance-network-traffic-manipulation-and-information-gathering"Network Reconnaissance, Network traffic manipulation and Information gathering Threat of identifying information about a network to find security weaknesses. enisa:eavesdropping-interception-hijacking="man-in-the-middle-session-hijacking"Man in the middle/ Session hijacking Threats that relay or alter communication between two parties. legalThreat of financial or legal penalty or loss of trust of customers and collaborators due to legislation. enisa:legal="violation-of-rules-and-regulations-breach-of-legislation"Violation of rules and regulations / Breach of legislation Threat of financial or legal penalty or loss of trust of customers and collaborators due to violation of law or regulations. enisa:legal="failure-to-meet-contractual-requirements"Failure to meet contractual requirements Threat of financial penalty or loss of trust of customers and collaborators due to failure to meet contractual requirements. enisa:legal="failure-to-meet-contractual-requirements-by-third-party"Failure to meet contractual requirements by third party Threat of financial penalty or loss of trust of customers and collaborators due to a third partys failure to meet contractual requirements enisa:legal="unauthorized-use-of-IPR-protected-resources"Unauthorized use of IPR protected resources Threat of financial or legal penalty or loss of trust of customers and collaborators due to improper/illegal use of IPR protected material (IPR- Intellectual Property Rights. enisa:legal="illegal-usage-of-file-sharing-services"Illegal usage of File Sharing services Threat of financial or legal penalty or loss of trust of customers and collaborators due to improper/illegal use of file sharing services. enisa:legal="abuse-of-personal-data"Abuse of personal data Threat of illegal use of personal data. enisa:legal="judiciary-decisions-or-court-order"Judiciary decisions/court order Threat of financial or legal penalty or loss of trust of customers and collaborators due to judiciary decisions/court order. nefarious-activity-abuseThreats of nefarious activities that require use of tools by the attacker. These attacks require installation of additional tools/software or performing additional steps on the victims IT infrastructure/software. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="identity-theft-identity-fraud-account)"Identity theft (Identity Fraud/ Account) Threat of identity theft action. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="credentials-stealing-trojans"Credentials-stealing trojans Threat of identity theft action by malware computer programs. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="receiving-unsolicited-e-mail"Receiving unsolicited E-mail Threat of receiving unsolicited email which affects information security and efficiency. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="spam"SPAM Threat of receiving unsolicited, undesired, or illegal email messages. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="unsolicited-infected-e-mails"Unsolicited infected e-mails Threat emanating from unwanted emails that may contain infected attachments or links to malicious / infected web sites. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="denial-of-service"Denial of service Threat of service unavailability due to massive requests for services. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="distributed-denial-of-network-service-network-layer-attack"Distributed denial of network service (DDoS) (network layer attack i.e. Protocol exploitation / Malformed packets / Flooding / Spoofing) Threat of service unavailability due to a massive number of requests for access to network services from malicious clients. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="distributed-denial-of-network-service-application-layer-attack"Distributed denial of application service (DDoS) (application layer attack i.e. Ping of Death / XDoS / WinNuke / HTTP Floods) Threat of service unavailability due to massive requests sent by multiple malicious clients. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="distributed-denial-of-network-service-amplification-reflection-attack"Distributed DoS (DDoS) to both network and application services (amplification/reflection methods i.e. NTP/ DNS // BitTorrent) Threat of creating a massive number of requests, using multiplication/amplification methods. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="malicious-code-software-activity"Malicious code/ software/ activity enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="search-engine-poisoning"Search Engine Poisoning Threat of deliberate manipulation of search engine indexes. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="exploitation-of-fake-trust-of-social-media"Exploitation of fake trust of social media Threat of malicious activities making use of trusted social media. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="worms-trojans"Worms/ Trojans Threat of malware computer programs (trojans/worms). enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="rootkits"Rootkits Threat of stealthy types of malware software. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="mobile-malware"Mobile malware Threat of mobile malware programs. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="infected-trusted-mobile-apps"Infected trusted mobile apps Threat of using mobile malware software that is recognised as trusted one. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="elevation-of-privileges"Elevation of privileges Threat of exploiting bugs, design flaws or configuration oversights in an operating system or software application to gain elevated access to resources. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="web-application-attacks-injection-attacks-code-injection-SQL-XSS"Web application attacks / injection attacks (Code injection: SQL, XSS) Threat of utilizing custom web applications embedded within social media sites, which can lead to installation of malicious code onto computers to be used to gain unauthorized access. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="spyware-or-deceptive-adware"Spyware or deceptive adware Threat of using software that aims to gather information about a person or organization without their knowledge. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="viruses"Viruses Threat of infection by viruses. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="rogue-security-software-rogueware-scareware"Rogue security software/ Rogueware / Scareware Threat of internet fraud or malicious software that mislead users into believing there is a virus on their computer, and manipulates them to pay money for fake removal tool. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="ransomware"Ransomware Threat of infection of computer system or device by malware that restricts access to it and demands that the user pay a ransom to remove the restriction. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="exploits-exploit-kits"Exploits/Exploit Kits Threat to IT assets due to the use of web available exploits or exploits software. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="social-engineering"Social Engineering Threat of social engineering type attacks (target: manipulation of personnel behaviour). enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="phishing-attacks"Phishing attacks Threat of an email fraud method in which the perpetrator sends out legitimate-looking email in an attempt to gather personal and financial information from recipients. Typically, the messages appear to come from well-known and trustworthy websites. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="spear-phishing-attacks"Spear phishing attacks Spear-phishing is a targeted e-mail message that has been crafted to create fake trust and thus lure the victim to unveil some business or personal secrets that can be abused by the adversary. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="abuse-of-information-leakage"Abuse of Information Leakage Threat of leaking important information. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="leakage-affecting-mobile-privacy-and-mobile-applications"Leakage affecting mobile privacy and mobile applications Threat of leaking important information due to using malware mobile applications. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="leakage-affecting-web-privacy-and-web-applications"Leakage affecting web privacy and web applications Threat of leakage important information due to using malware web applications. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="leakage-affecting-network-traffic"Leakage affecting network traffic Threat of leaking important information in network traffic. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="leakage-affecting-cloud-computing"Leakage affecting cloud computing Threat of leaking important information in cloud computing. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="generation-and-use-of-rogue-certificates"Generation and use of rogue certificates Threat of use of rogue certificates. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="loss-of-integrity-of-sensitive-information"Loss of (integrity of) sensitive information Threat of loss of sensitive information due to loss of integrity. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="man-in-the-middle-session-hijacking"Man in the middle / Session hijacking Threat of attack consisting in the exploitation of the web session control mechanism, which is normally managed by a session token. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="social-engineering-via-signed-malware"Social Engineering / signed malware Threat of install fake trust signed software (malware) e.g. fake OS updates. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="fake-SSL-certificates"Fake SSL certificates Threat of attack due to malware application signed by a certificate that is typically inherently trusted by an endpoint. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="manipulation-of-hardware-and-software"Manipulation of hardware and software Threat of unauthorised manipulation of hardware and software. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="anonymous-proxies"Anonymous proxies Threat of unauthorised manipulation by anonymous proxies. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="abuse-of-computing-power-of-cloud-to-launch-attacks-cybercrime-as-a-service)"Abuse of computing power of cloud to launch attacks (cybercrime as a service) Threat of using large computing powers to generate attacks on demand. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="abuse-of-vulnerabilities-0-day-vulnerabilities"Abuse of vulnerabilities, 0-day vulnerabilities Threat of attacks using 0-day or known IT assets vulnerabilities. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="access-of-web-sites-through-chains-of-HTTP-Proxies-Obfuscation"Access of web sites through chains of HTTP Proxies (Obfuscation) Threat of bypassing the security mechanism using HTTP proxies (bypassing the website blacklist). enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="access-to-device-software"Access to device software Threat of unauthorised manipulation by access to device software. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="alternation-of-software"Alternation of software Threat of unauthorized modifications to code or data, attacking its integrity. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="rogue-hardware"Rogue hardware Threat of manipulation due to unauthorized access to hardware. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="manipulation-of-information"Manipulation of information Threat of intentional data manipulation to mislead information systems or somebody or to cover other nefarious activities (loss of integrity of information). enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="repudiation-of-actions"Repudiation of actions Threat of intentional data manipulation to repudiate action. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="address-space-hijacking-IP-prefixes"Address space hijacking (IP prefixes) Threat of the illegitimate takeover of groups of IP addresses. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="routing-table-manipulation"Routing table manipulation Threat of route packets of network to IP addresses other than that was intended via sender by unauthorised manipulation of routing table. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="DNS-poisoning-or-DNS-spoofing-or-DNS-Manipulations"DNS poisoning / DNS spoofing / DNS Manipulations Threat of falsification of DNS information. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="falsification-of-record"Falsification of record Threat of intentional data manipulation to falsify records. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="autonomous-system-hijacking"Autonomous System hijacking Threat of overtaking by the attacker the ownership of a whole autonomous system and its prefixes despite origin validation. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="autonomous-system-manipulation"Autonomous System manipulation Threat of manipulation by the attacker of a whole autonomous system in order to perform malicious actions. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="falsification-of-configurations"Falsification of configurations Threat of intentional manipulation due to falsification of configurations. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="misuse-of-audit-tools"Misuse of audit tools Threat of nefarious actions performed using audit tools (discovery of security weaknesses in information systems) enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="misuse-of-information-or-information systems-including-mobile-apps"Misuse of information/ information systems (including mobile apps) Threat of nefarious action due to misuse of information / information systems. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="unauthorized-activities"Unauthorized activities Threat of nefarious action due to unauthorised activities. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="Unauthorised-use-or-administration-of-devices-and-systems"Unauthorised use or administration of devices and systems Threat of nefarious action due to unauthorised use of devices and systems. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="unauthorised-use-of-software"Unauthorised use of software Threat of nefarious action due to unauthorised use of software. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="unauthorized-access-to-the-information-systems-or-networks-like-IMPI-Protocol-DNS-Registrar-Hijacking)"Unauthorized access to the information systems-or-networks (IMPI Protocol / DNS Registrar Hijacking) Threat of unauthorised access to the information systems / network. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="network-intrusion"Network Intrusion Threat of unauthorised access to network. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="unauthorized-changes-of-records"Unauthorized changes of records Threat of unauthorised changes of information. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="unauthorized-installation-of-software"Unauthorized installation of software Threat of unauthorised installation of software. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="Web-based-attacks-drive-by-download-or-malicious-URLs-or-browser-based-attacks"Web based attacks (Drive-by download / malicious URLs / Browser based attacks) Threat of installation of unwanted malware software by misusing websites. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="compromising-confidential-information-like-data-breaches"Compromising confidential information (data breaches) Threat of data breach. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="hoax"Hoax Threat of loss of IT assets security due to cheating. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="false-rumour-and-or-fake-warning"False rumour and/or fake warning Threat of disruption of work due to rumours and/or a fake warning. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="remote-activity-execution"Remote activity (execution) Threat of nefarious action by attacker remote activity. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="remote-command-execution"Remote Command Execution Threat of nefarious action due to remote command execution. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="remote-access-tool"Remote Access Tool (RAT) Threat of infection of software that has a remote administration capabilities allowing an attacker to control the victims computer. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="botnets-remote-activity"Botnets / Remote activity Threat of penetration by software from malware distribution. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="targeted-attacks"Targeted attacks (APTs etc.) Threat of sophisticated, targeted attack which combine many attack techniques. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="mobile-malware-exfiltration"Mobile malware (exfiltration) Threat of mobile software that aims to gather information about a person or organization without their knowledge. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="spear-phishing-attacks-targeted"Spear phishing attacks (targeted) Threat of attack focused on a single user or department within an organization, coming from someone within the company in a position of trust and requesting information such as login, IDs and passwords. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="installation-of-sophisticated-and-targeted-malware"Installation of sophisticated and targeted malware Threat of malware delivered by sophisticated and targeted software. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="watering-hole-attacks"Watering Hole attacks Threat of malware residing on the websites which a group often uses. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="failed-business-process"Failed business process Threat of damage or loss of IT assets due to improperly executed business process. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="brute-force"Brute force Threat of unauthorised access via systematically checking all possible keys or passwords until the correct one is found. enisa:nefarious-activity-abuse="abuse-of-authorizations"Abuse of authorizations Threat of using authorised access to perform illegitimate actions. estimative-language
Estimative language to describe quality and credibility of underlying sources, data, and methodologies based Intelligence Community Directive 203 (ICD 203) and JP 2-0, Joint Intelligence likelihood-probabilityProperly expresses and explains uncertainties associated with major analytic judgments: Analytic products should indicate and explain the basis for the uncertainties associated with major analytic judgments, specifically the likelihood of occurrence of an event or development, and the analysts confidence in the basis for this judgment. Degrees of likelihood encompass a full spectrum from remote to nearly certain. Analysts' confidence in an assessment or judgment may be based on the logic and evidentiary base that underpin it, including the quantity and quality of source material, and their understanding of the topic. Analytic products should note causes of uncertainty (e.g., type, currency, and amount of information, knowledge gaps, and the nature of the issue) and explain how uncertainties affect analysis (e.g., to what degree and how a judgment depends on assumptions). As appropriate, products should identify indicators that would alter the levels of uncertainty for major analytic judgments. Consistency in the terms used and the supporting information and logic advanced is critical to success in expressing uncertainty, regardless of whether likelihood or confidence expressions are used.
estimative-language:likelihood-probability="almost-no-chance"Almost no chance - remote - 01-05% estimative-language:likelihood-probability="very-unlikely"Very unlikely - highly improbable - 05-20% Associated numerical value="5" estimative-language:likelihood-probability="unlikely"Unlikely - improbable (improbably) - 20-45% Associated numerical value="20" estimative-language:likelihood-probability="roughly-even-chance"Roughly even change - roughly even odds - 45-55% Associated numerical value="45" estimative-language:likelihood-probability="likely"Likely - probable (probably) - 55-80% Associated numerical value="55" estimative-language:likelihood-probability="very-likely"Very likely - highly probable - 80-95% Associated numerical value="80" estimative-language:likelihood-probability="almost-certain"Almost certain(ly) - nearly certain - 95-99% Associated numerical value="95" confidence-in-analytic-judgmentConfidence in a judgment is based on three factors: number of key assumptions required, the credibility and diversity of sourcing in the knowledge base, and the strength of argumentation. Each factor should be assessed independently and then in concert with the other factors to determine the confidence level. Multiple judgments in a product may contain varying levels of confidence. Confidence levels are stated as Low, Moderate, and High.
estimative-language:confidence-in-analytic-judgment="low"Low Uncorroborated information from good or marginal sources. Many assumptions. Mostly weak logical inferences, minimal methods application. Glaring intelligence gaps exist. Terms or expressions used: 'Possible', 'Could, may, might', 'Cannot judge, unclear.' estimative-language:confidence-in-analytic-judgment="moderate"Moderate Partially corroborated information from good sources. Several assumptions. Mix of strong and weak inferences and methods. Minimum intelligence gaps exist. Terms or expressions used: 'Likely, unlikely', 'Probable, improbable' 'Anticipate, appear'. Associated numerical value="55" estimative-language:confidence-in-analytic-judgment="high"High Well-corroborated information from proven sources. Minimal assumptions. Strong logical inferences and methods. No or minor intelligence gaps exist. Terms or expressions used: 'Will, will not', 'Almost certainly, remote', 'Highly likely, highly unlikely', 'Expect, assert, affirm'. Associated numerical value="95" eu-marketop-and-publicadmin
Market operators and public administrations that must comply to some notifications requirements under EU NIS directive critical-infra-operatorseu-marketop-and-publicadmin:critical-infra-operators="transport"Transport eu-marketop-and-publicadmin:critical-infra-operators="energy"Energy eu-marketop-and-publicadmin:critical-infra-operators="health"Health eu-marketop-and-publicadmin:critical-infra-operators="financial"Financial market operators eu-marketop-and-publicadmin:critical-infra-operators="banking"Banking info-serviceseu-marketop-and-publicadmin:info-services="e-commerce"e-commerce platforms eu-marketop-and-publicadmin:info-services="internet-payment"Internet payment eu-marketop-and-publicadmin:info-services="cloud"cloud computing eu-marketop-and-publicadmin:info-services="search-engines"search engines eu-marketop-and-publicadmin:info-services="socnet"social networks eu-marketop-and-publicadmin:info-services="app-stores"application stores public-admineu-marketop-and-publicadmin:public-admin="public-admin"Public Administrations eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors
Sectors, subsectors, and digital services as identified by the NIS Directive eu-nis-oeseu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes="energy"Energy eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes="transport"Transport eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes="banking"Banking eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes="financial"Financial Market Infrastructures eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes="health"Health eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes="water"Drinking Water Supply and Distribution eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes="digitalinfrastructure"Digital Infrastructure eu-nis-oes-energyeu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes-energy="electricity-energy"Electricity Subsector eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes-energy="oil-energy"Oil Subsector eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes-energy="gas-energy"Gas Subsector eu-nis-oes-transporteu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes-transport="air-transport"Air Transport Subsector eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes-transport="rail-transport"Rail Transport Subsector eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes-transport="water-transport"Water Transport Subsector eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-oes-transport="road-transport"Road Transport Subsector eu-nis-oes-bankingeu-nis-oes-financialeu-nis-oes-healtheu-nis-oes-watereu-nis-oes-diginfraeu-nis-dspeu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-dsp="market-dsp"Online Marketplace Digital Service eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-dsp="search-dsp"Online Search Engine Digital Service eu-nis-sector-and-subsectors:eu-nis-dsp="cloud-dsp"Cloud Computing Digital Service euci
EU classified information (EUCI) means any information or material designated by a EU security classification, the unauthorised disclosure of which could cause varying degrees of prejudice to the interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States.
TS-UE/EU-TSInformation and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could cause exceptionally grave prejudice to the essential interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States. euci:TS-UE/EU-TSTRES SECRET UE/EU TOP SECRET Information and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could cause exceptionally grave prejudice to the essential interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States. S-UE/EU-SInformation and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could seriously harm the essential interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States. euci:S-UE/EU-SSECRET UE/EU SECRET Information and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could seriously harm the essential interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States. C-UE/EU-CInformation and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could harm the essential interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States. euci:C-UE/EU-CCONFIDENTIEL UE/EU CONFIDENTIAL Information and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could harm the essential interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States. R-UE/EU-RInformation and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could be disadvantageous to the interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States. euci:R-UE/EU-RRESTREINT UE/EU RESTRICTED Information and material the unauthorised disclosure of which could be disadvantageous to the interests of the European Union or of one or more of the Member States. europol-event
This taxonomy was designed to describe the type of events infected-by-known-malwareThe presence of any of the types of malware was detected in a system. europol-event:infected-by-known-malwareSystem(s) infected by known malware The presence of any of the types of malware was detected in a system. dissemination-malware-emailMalware attached to a message or email message containing link to malicious URL. europol-event:dissemination-malware-emailDissemination of malware by email Malware attached to a message or email message containing link to malicious URL. hosting-malware-webpageWeb page disseminating one or various types of malware. europol-event:hosting-malware-webpageHosting of malware on web page Web page disseminating one or various types of malware. c&c-server-hostingWeb page disseminating one or various types of malware. europol-event:c&c-server-hostingHosting of malware on web page Web page disseminating one or various types of malware. worm-spreadingSystem infected by a worm trying to infect other systems. europol-event:worm-spreadingReplication and spreading of a worm System infected by a worm trying to infect other systems. connection-malware-portSystem attempting to gain access to a port normally linked to a specific type of malware. europol-event:connection-malware-portConnection to (a) suspicious port(s) linked to specific malware System attempting to gain access to a port normally linked to a specific type of malware. connection-malware-systemSystem attempting to gain access to an IP address or URL normally linked to a specific type of malware, e.g. C&C or a distribution page for components linked to a specific botnet. europol-event:connection-malware-systemConnection to (a) suspicious system(s) linked to specific malware System attempting to gain access to an IP address or URL normally linked to a specific type of malware, e.g. C&C or a distribution page for components linked to a specific botnet. floodMass mailing of requests (network packets, emails, etc) from one single source to a specific service, aimed at affecting its normal functioning. europol-event:floodFlood of requests Mass mailing of requests (network packets, emails, etc) from one single source to a specific service, aimed at affecting its normal functioning. exploit-tool-exhausting-resourcesOne single source using specially designed software to affect the normal functioning of a specific service, by exploiting a vulnerability. europol-event:exploit-tool-exhausting-resourcesExploit or tool aimed at exhausting resources (network, processing capacity, sessions, etc) One single source using specially designed software to affect the normal functioning of a specific service, by exploiting a vulnerability. packet-floodMass mailing of requests (network packets, emails, etc) from various sources to a specific service, aimed at affecting its normal functioning. europol-event:packet-floodPacket flooding Mass mailing of requests (network packets, emails, etc) from various sources to a specific service, aimed at affecting its normal functioning. exploit-framework-exhausting-resourcesVarious sources using specially designed software to affect the normal functioning of a specific service, by exploiting a vulnerability. europol-event:exploit-framework-exhausting-resourcesExploit or tool distribution aimed at exhausting resources Various sources using specially designed software to affect the normal functioning of a specific service, by exploiting a vulnerability. vandalismLogical and physical activities which although they are not aimed at causing damage to information or at preventing its transmission among systems have this effect. europol-event:vandalismVandalism Logical and physical activities which although they are not aimed at causing damage to information or at preventing its transmission among systems have this effect. disruption-data-transmissionLogical and physical activities aimed at causing damage to information or at preventing its transmission among systems. europol-event:disruption-data-transmissionIntentional disruption of data transmission and processing mechanisms Logical and physical activities aimed at causing damage to information or at preventing its transmission among systems. system-probeSingle system scan searching for open ports or services using these ports for responding. europol-event:system-probeSystem probe Single system scan searching for open ports or services using these ports for responding. network-scanningScanning a network aimed at identifying systems which are active in the same network. europol-event:network-scanningNetwork scanning Scanning a network aimed at identifying systems which are active in the same network. dns-zone-transferTransfer of a specific DNS zone. europol-event:dns-zone-transferDNS zone transfer Transfer of a specific DNS zone. wiretappingLogical or physical interception of communications. europol-event:wiretappingWiretapping Logical or physical interception of communications. dissemination-phishing-emailsMass emailing aimed at collecting data for phishing purposes with regard to the victims. europol-event:dissemination-phishing-emailsDissemination of phishing emails Mass emailing aimed at collecting data for phishing purposes with regard to the victims. hosting-phishing-sitesHosting web sites for phishing purposes. europol-event:hosting-phishing-sitesHosting phishing sites Hosting web sites for phishing purposes. aggregation-information-phishing-schemesCollecting data obtained through phishing attacks on web pages, email accounts, etc europol-event:aggregation-information-phishing-schemesAggregation of information gathered through phishing schemes Collecting data obtained through phishing attacks on web pages, email accounts, etc exploit-attemptUnsuccessful use of a tool exploiting a specific vulnerability of the system. europol-event:exploit-attemptExploit attempt Unsuccessful use of a tool exploiting a specific vulnerability of the system. sql-injection-attemptUnsuccessful attempt to manipulate or read the information of a database by using the SQL injection technique. europol-event:sql-injection-attemptSQL injection attempt Unsuccessful attempt to manipulate or read the information of a database by using the SQL injection technique. xss-attemptUnsuccessful attempts to perform attacks by using cross-site scripting techniques. europol-event:xss-attemptXSS attempt Unsuccessful attempts to perform attacks by using cross-site scripting techniques. file-inclusion-attemptUnsuccessful attempt to include files in the system under attack by using file inclusion techniques. europol-event:file-inclusion-attemptFile inclusion attempt Unsuccessful attempt to include files in the system under attack by using file inclusion techniques. brute-force-attemptUnsuccessful login attempt by using sequential credentials for gaining access to the system. europol-event:brute-force-attemptBrute force attempt Unsuccessful login attempt by using sequential credentials for gaining access to the system. password-cracking-attemptAttempt to acquire access credentials by breaking the protective cryptographic keys. europol-event:password-cracking-attemptPassword cracking attempt Attempt to acquire access credentials by breaking the protective cryptographic keys. dictionary-attack-attemptUnsuccessful login attempt by using system access credentials previously loaded into a dictionary. europol-event:dictionary-attack-attemptDictionary attack attempt Unsuccessful login attempt by using system access credentials previously loaded into a dictionary. exploitSuccessful use of a tool exploiting a specific vulnerability of the system. europol-event:exploitUse of a local or remote exploit Successful use of a tool exploiting a specific vulnerability of the system. sql-injectionManipulation or reading of information contained in a database by using the SQL injection technique. europol-event:sql-injectionSQL injection Manipulation or reading of information contained in a database by using the SQL injection technique. xssAttacks performed with the use of cross-site scripting techniques. europol-event:xssXSS Attacks performed with the use of cross-site scripting techniques. file-inclusionInclusion of files into a system under attack with the use of file inclusion techniques. europol-event:file-inclusionFile inclusion Inclusion of files into a system under attack with the use of file inclusion techniques. control-system-bypassUnauthorised access to a system or component by bypassing an access control system in place. europol-event:control-system-bypassControl system bypass Unauthorised access to a system or component by bypassing an access control system in place. theft-access-credentialsUnauthorised access to a system or component by using stolen access credentials. europol-event:theft-access-credentialsTheft of access credentials Unauthorised access to a system or component by using stolen access credentials. unauthorized-access-systemUnauthorised access to a system or component. europol-event:unauthorized-access-systemUnauthorised access to a system Unauthorised access to a system or component. unauthorized-access-informationUnauthorised access to a set of information. europol-event:unauthorized-access-informationUnauthorised access to information Unauthorised access to a set of information. data-exfiltrationUnauthorised access to and sharing of a specific set of information. europol-event:data-exfiltrationData exfiltration Unauthorised access to and sharing of a specific set of information. modification-informationUnauthorised changes to a specific set of information. europol-event:modification-informationModification of information Unauthorised changes to a specific set of information. deletion-informationUnauthorised deleting of a specific set of information. europol-event:deletion-informationDeletion of information Unauthorised deleting of a specific set of information. illegitimate-use-resourcesUse of institutional resources for purposes other than those intended. europol-event:illegitimate-use-resourcesMisuse or unauthorised use of resources Use of institutional resources for purposes other than those intended. illegitimate-use-nameUsing the name of an institution without permission to do so. europol-event:illegitimate-use-nameIllegitimate use of the name of an institution or third party Using the name of an institution without permission to do so. email-floodingSending an unusually large quantity of email messages. europol-event:email-floodingEmail flooding Sending an unusually large quantity of email messages. spamSending an email message that was unsolicited or unwanted by the recipient. europol-event:spamSending an unsolicited message Sending an email message that was unsolicited or unwanted by the recipient. copyrighted-contentDistribution or sharing of content protected by copyright and related rights. europol-event:copyrighted-contentDistribution or sharing of copyright protected content Distribution or sharing of content protected by copyright and related rights. content-forbidden-by-lawDistribution or sharing of illegal content such as child pornography, racism, xenophobia, etc europol-event:content-forbidden-by-lawDissemination of content forbidden by law (publicly prosecuted offences) Distribution or sharing of illegal content such as child pornography, racism, xenophobia, etc unspecifiedOther unlisted events. europol-event:unspecifiedOther unspecified event Other unlisted events. undeterminedField aimed at the classification of unprocessed events, which have remained undetermined from the beginning. europol-event:undeterminedUndetermined Field aimed at the classification of unprocessed events, which have remained undetermined from the beginning. europol-incident
This taxonomy was designed to describe the type of incidents by class. malwareeuropol-incident:malware="infection"Infection Infecting one or various systems with a specific type of malware. europol-incident:malware="distribution"Distribution Infecting one or various systems with a specific type of malware. europol-incident:malware="c&c"C&C Infecting one or various systems with a specific type of malware. europol-incident:malware="undetermined"Undetermined availabilityeuropol-incident:availability="dos-ddos"DoS/DDoS Disruption of the processing and response capacity of systems and networks in order to render them inoperative. europol-incident:availability="sabotage"Sabotage Premeditated action to damage a system, interrupt a process, change or delete information, etc. information-gatheringeuropol-incident:information-gathering="scanning"Scanning Active and passive gathering of information on systems or networks. europol-incident:information-gathering="sniffing"Sniffing Unauthorised monitoring and reading of network traffic. europol-incident:information-gathering="phishing"Phishing Attempt to gather information on a user or a system through phishing methods. intrusion-attempteuropol-incident:intrusion-attempt="exploitation-vulnerability"Exploitation of vulnerability Attempt to intrude by exploiting a vulnerability in a system, component or network. europol-incident:intrusion-attempt="login-attempt"Login attempt Attempt to log in to services or authentication / access control mechanisms. intrusioneuropol-incident:intrusion="exploitation-vulnerability"Exploitation of vulnerability Actual intrusion by exploiting a vulnerability in the system, component or network. europol-incident:intrusion="compromising-account"Compromising an account Actual intrusion in a system, component or network by compromising a user or administrator account. information-securityeuropol-incident:information-security="unauthorized-access"Unauthorised access Unauthorised access to a particular set of information europol-incident:information-security="unauthorized-modification"Unauthorised modification/deletion Unauthorised change or elimination of a particular set of information fraudeuropol-incident:fraud="illegitimate-use-resources"Misuse or unauthorised use of resources Use of institutional resources for purposes other than those intended. europol-incident:fraud="illegitimate-use-name"Illegitimate use of the name of a third party Use of the name of an institution without permission to do so. abusive-contenteuropol-incident:abusive-content="spam"SPAM Sending SPAM messages. europol-incident:abusive-content="copyright"Copyright Distribution and sharing of copyright protected content. europol-incident:abusive-content="content-forbidden-by-law"Dissemination of content forbidden by law. Child pornography, racism and apology of violence. othereuropol-incident:other="other"Other Other type of unspecified incident event-assessment
A series of assessment predicates describing the event assessment performed to make judgement(s) under a certain level of uncertainty. alternative-points-of-view-processA list of procedures or practices which describe alternative points of view to validate or rate an analysis. The list describes techniques or methods which could reinforce the estimative language in a human analysis and/or challenge the assumptions to reduce the potential bias of the analysis introduced by the analyst(s). event-assessment:alternative-points-of-view-process="analytic-debates-within-the-organisation"analytic debates within the organisation event-assessment:alternative-points-of-view-process="devils-advocates-methodology"Devils advocates methodology event-assessment:alternative-points-of-view-process="competitive-analysis"competitive analysis event-assessment:alternative-points-of-view-process="interdisciplinary-brainstorming"interdisciplinary brainstorming event-assessment:alternative-points-of-view-process="intra-office-peer-review"intra-office peer review event-assessment:alternative-points-of-view-process="outside-expertise-review"Outside expertise review event-classification
Classification of events as seen in tools such as RT/IR, MISP and other event-classevent-classification:event-class="incident_report"Incident Report event-classification:event-class="incident"Incident event-classification:event-class="investigation"Investigation event-classification:event-class="countermeasure"Countermeasure event-classification:event-class="general"General event-classification:event-class="exercise"Exercise exercise
Exercise is a taxonomy to describe if the information is part of one or more cyber or crisis exercise. cyber-europeENISA manages the programme of pan-European exercises CE2018 logonamed Cyber Europe. This is a series of EU-level cyber incident and crisis management exercises for both the public and private sectors from the EU and EFTA Member States. The Cyber Europe exercises are simulations of large-scale cybersecurity incidents that escalate to become cyber crises. The exercises offer opportunities to analyse advanced technical cybersecurity incidents but also to deal with complex business continuity and crisis management situations. exercise:cyber-europe="2022"2022 6th pan European cyber crisis exercise: Cyber Europe 2022 (CE2022) exercise:cyber-europe="2018"2018 5th pan European cyber crisis exercise, Cyber Europe 2018 (CE2018) exercise:cyber-europe="2016"2016 4th pan-European cyber exercise, Cyber Europe 2016 cyber-stormCyber Storm, the Department of Homeland Securitys (DHS) biennial exercise series, provides the framework for the most extensive government-sponsored cybersecurity exercise of its kind. Congress mandated the Cyber Storm exercise series to strengthen cyber preparedness in the public and private sectors. Securing cyber space is the DHS Office of Cybersecurity and Communications' top priority. exercise:cyber-storm="spring-2018"Spring 2018 The sixth iteration of the Cyber Storm exercise series, Cyber Storm VI, is scheduled for Spring 2018 locked-shieldsLocked Shields is the worlds largest and most advanced international technical live-fire cyber defence exercise. This annual scenario-based, real-time network defence exercise, which has been organised by the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence since 2010, focuses on training for security experts who protect national IT systems. exercise:locked-shields="2017"2017 Locked Shields 2017 exercise:locked-shields="2018"2018 Locked Shields 2018 exercise:locked-shields="2019"2019 Locked Shields 2019 exercise:locked-shields="2020"2020 Locked Shields 2020 exercise:locked-shields="2021"2021 Locked Shields 2021 exercise:locked-shields="2022"2022 Locked Shields 2022 lukexLÜKEX ist ein Kurzwort für Länderübergreifende Krisenmanagementübung (EXercise) und die Bezeichnung für regelmäßig stattfindende Übungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Ziel von Lükex ist es, das gemeinsame Management des Bundes und der Länder in nationalen Krisen aufgrund von außergewöhnlichen Gefahren- und Schadenslagen auf strategischer Ebene zu verbessern. exercise:lukex="2020"2020 Cyber-Angriff auf die deutsche Stromversorgung cyber-coalitionCyber Coalition tests and trains cyber defenders from across the Alliance in their ability to defend NATO and national networks. From defence against malware, through tackling hybrid challenges involving social media, to attacks on mobile devices, the exercise has a challenging, realistic scenario that helps prepare our cyber defenders for real-life cyber challenges. The training includes testing of operational and legal procedures, exchange of information and work with industry and partners. exercise:cyber-coalition="2017"2017 NATO Cyber Coalition 2017 exercise:cyber-coalition="2018"2018 NATO Cyber Coalition 2018 exercise:cyber-coalition="2019"2019 NATO Cyber Coalition 2019 exercise:cyber-coalition="2020"2020 NATO Cyber Coalition 2020 exercise:cyber-coalition="2021"2021 NATO Cyber Coalition 2021 paceNATO-EU Parallel and Coordinated Exercise. PACE focuses on four key areas, namely situational awareness, effectiveness of our instruments to counter cyber threats at EU level, speed of reaction and appropriate reactivity of our crisis response mechanisms, as well as our capacity to communicate fast and in a coordinated way. exercise:pace="2017"2017 PACE17 will focus on four key areas, namely situational awareness, effectiveness of our instruments to counter cyber threats at EU level, speed of reaction and appropriate reactivity of our crisis response mechanisms, as well as our capacity to communicate fast and in a coordinated way. The exercise will be followed by an evaluation phase, to identify lessons learned and improve our toolbox. exercise:pace="2018"2018 cyber-sopexCyber SOPEx (formerly known as EuroSOPEx) is the first step in a series of ENISA exercises focusing on training the participants on situational awareness, information sharing, understanding roles and responsibilities and utilising related tools, as agreed by the CSIRTs Network exercise:cyber-sopex="2019"2019 exercise:cyber-sopex="2018"2018 exercise:cyber-sopex="2020"2020 exercise:cyber-sopex="2021"2021 genericGeneric exercise which are not named. exercise:generic="comcheck"Communication check A communication check exercise which can include digital or non-digital communication. extended-event
Reasons why an event has been extended. competitive-analysisextended-event:competitive-analysis="devil-advocate"Devils advocate Is a competitive analysis of devils advocate type. extended-event:competitive-analysis="absurd-reasoning"Absurd reasoning Is a competitive analysis of absurd reasoning type extended-event:competitive-analysis="role-playing"Role playing Is a competitive analysis of role playing type extended-event:competitive-analysis="crystal-ball"Crystal ball Is a competitive analysis of crystal ball type extended-analysisextended-event:extended-analysis="automatic-expansion"Automatic expansion This extended event is composed of elements derived from automatic expanxions services extended-event:extended-analysis="aggressive-pivoting"Aggressive pivoting This extended event is composed of elements resulting of a careless pivoting extended-event:extended-analysis="complementary-analysis"Complementary analysis This extended event is composed of elements gathered by a different analyst than the original one human-readableThis extended event makes a human readable output of a machine or technical report. chunked-eventThis extended event is a part of a large event. extended-event:chunked-event="time-based"Time based is an element of a serie of extended events, split by matter of time extended-event:chunked-event="counter-based"Counter based is an element of a serie of extended events, split by number of elements updateOriginal event is deprecated failure-mode-in-machine-learning
The purpose of this taxonomy is to jointly tabulate both the of these failure modes in a single place. Intentional failures wherein the failure is caused by an active adversary attempting to subvert the system to attain her goals either to misclassify the result, infer private training data, or to steal the underlying algorithm. Unintentional failures wherein the failure is because an ML system produces a formally correct but completely unsafe outcome. intentionally-motivated-failures-summaryIntentional failures wherein the failure is caused by an active adversary attempting to subvert the system to attain her goals either to misclassify the result, infer private training data, or to steal the underlying algorithm. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="1-perturbation-attack"Perturbation attack Attacker modifies the query to get appropriate response. It doesnt violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="2-poisoning-attack"Poisoning attack Attacker contaminates the training phase of ML systems to get intended result. It doesnt violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="3-model-inversion"Model Inversion Attacker recovers the secret features used in the model by through careful queries. It doesnt violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="4-membership-inference"Membership Inference Attacker can infer if a given data record was part of the models training dataset or not. It doesnt violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="5-model-stealing"Model Stealing Attacker is able to recover the model through carefully-crafted queries. It doesnt violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="6-reprogramming-ML-system"Reprogramming ML system Repurpose the ML system to perform an activity it was not programmed for. It doesnt violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="7-adversarial-example-in-physical-domain"Adversarial Example in Physical Domain Repurpose the ML system to perform an activity it was not programmed for. It doesnt violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="8-malicious-ML-provider-recovering-training-data"Malicious ML provider recovering training data Malicious ML provider can query the model used by customer and recover customers training data. It does violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="9-attacking-the-ML-supply-chain"Attacking the ML supply chain Attacker compromises the ML models as it is being downloaded for use. It does violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="10-backdoor-ML"Backdoor ML Malicious ML provider backdoors algorithm to activate with a specific trigger. It does violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:intentionally-motivated-failures-summary="10-exploit-software-dependencies"Exploit Software Dependencies Attacker uses traditional software exploits like buffer overflow to confuse/control ML systems. It does violate traditional technological notion of access/authorization. unintended-failures-summaryUnintentional failures wherein the failure is because an ML system produces a formally correct but completely unsafe outcome. failure-mode-in-machine-learning:unintended-failures-summary="12-reward-hacking"Reward Hacking Reinforcement Learning (RL) systems act in unintended ways because of mismatch between stated reward and true reward failure-mode-in-machine-learning:unintended-failures-summary="13-side-effects"Side Effects RL system disrupts the environment as it tries to attain its goal failure-mode-in-machine-learning:unintended-failures-summary="14-distributional-shifts"Distributional shifts The system is tested in one kind of environment, but is unable to adapt to changes in other kinds of environment failure-mode-in-machine-learning:unintended-failures-summary="15-natural-adversarial-examples"Natural Adversarial Examples Without attacker perturbations, the ML system fails owing to hard negative mining failure-mode-in-machine-learning:unintended-failures-summary="16-common-corruption"Common Corruption The system is not able to handle common corruptions and perturbations such as tilting, zooming, or noisy images failure-mode-in-machine-learning:unintended-failures-summary="17-incomplete-testing"Incomplete Testing The ML system is not tested in the realistic conditions that it is meant to operate in false-positive
This taxonomy aims to ballpark the expected amount of false positives. riskRisk of having false positives in the tagged value.
false-positive:risk="low"Low The risk of having false positives in the tagged value is low. Associated numerical value="75" false-positive:risk="medium"Medium The risk of having false positives in the tagged value is medium. Associated numerical value="50" false-positive:risk="high"High The risk of having false positives in the tagged value is high. Associated numerical value="25" confirmedConfirmed false positives in the tagged value.
false-positive:confirmed="true"True The false positive is confirmed. false-positive:confirmed="false"False The flase positive is not confirmed. Associated numerical value="50" file-type
List of known file types. typefile-type:type="peexe"executable file-type:type="pedll"executable file-type:type="neexe"executable file-type:type="nedll"executable file-type:type="mz"executable file-type:type="msi"executable file-type:type="com"executable file-type:type="coff"executable file-type:type="elf"executable file-type:type="krnl"executable file-type:type="rpm"executable file-type:type="linux"executable file-type:type="macho"executable file-type:type="elf32"executable file-type:type="elf64"executable file-type:type="elfso"executable file-type:type="peexe32"executable file-type:type="peexe64"executable file-type:type="assembly"executable file-type:type="html"internet file-type:type="xml"internet file-type:type="flash"internet file-type:type="fla"internet file-type:type="iecookie"internet file-type:type="bittorrent"internet file-type:type="email"internet file-type:type="outlook"internet file-type:type="cap"internet file-type:type="symbian"phone and tablet file-type:type="palmos"phone and tablet file-type:type="wince"phone and tablet file-type:type="android"phone and tablet file-type:type="iphone"phone and tablet file-type:type="jpeg"image file-type:type="emf"image file-type:type="tiff"image file-type:type="gif"image file-type:type="png"image file-type:type="bmp"image file-type:type="gimp"image file-type:type="indesign"image file-type:type="psd"image file-type:type="targa"image file-type:type="xws"image file-type:type="dib"image file-type:type="jng"image file-type:type="ico"image file-type:type="fpx"image file-type:type="eps"image file-type:type="svg"image file-type:type="ogg"video and audio file-type:type="flc"video and audio file-type:type="fli"video and audio file-type:type="mp3"video and audio file-type:type="flac"video and audio file-type:type="wav"video and audio file-type:type="midi"video and audio file-type:type="avi"video and audio file-type:type="mpeg"video and audio file-type:type="qt"video and audio file-type:type="asf"video and audio file-type:type="divx"video and audio file-type:type="flv"video and audio file-type:type="wma"video and audio file-type:type="wmv"video and audio file-type:type="rm"video and audio file-type:type="mov"video and audio file-type:type="mp4"video and audio file-type:type="3gp"video and audio file-type:type="text"document file-type:type="pdf"document file-type:type="ps"document file-type:type="doc"document file-type:type="docx"document file-type:type="rtf"document file-type:type="ppt"document file-type:type="pptx"document file-type:type="xls"document file-type:type="xlsx"document file-type:type="odp"document file-type:type="ods"document file-type:type="odt"document file-type:type="hwp"document file-type:type="gul"document file-type:type="ebook"document file-type:type="latex"document file-type:type="isoimage"bundle file-type:type="zip"bundle file-type:type="gzip"bundle file-type:type="bzip"bundle file-type:type="rzip"bundle file-type:type="dzip"bundle file-type:type="7zip"bundle file-type:type="cab"bundle file-type:type="jar"bundle file-type:type="rar"bundle file-type:type="mscompress"bundle file-type:type="ace"bundle file-type:type="arc"bundle file-type:type="arj"bundle file-type:type="asd"bundle file-type:type="blackhole"bundle file-type:type="kgb"bundle file-type:type="xz"bundle file-type:type="script"code file-type:type="php"code file-type:type="python"code file-type:type="perl"code file-type:type="ruby"code file-type:type="c"code file-type:type="cpp"code file-type:type="java"code file-type:type="shell"code file-type:type="pascal"code file-type:type="awk"code file-type:type="dyalog"code file-type:type="fortran"code file-type:type="java-bytecode"code file-type:type="apple"apple file-type:type="mac"apple file-type:type="applesingle"apple file-type:type="appledouble"apple file-type:type="machfs"apple file-type:type="appleplist"apple file-type:type="maclib"apple file-type:type="lnk"miscellaneous file-type:type="ttf"miscellaneous file-type:type="rom"miscellaneous file-type:type="data"miscellaneous flesch-reading-ease
Flesch Reading Ease is a revised system for determining the comprehension difficulty of written material. The scoring of the flesh score can have a maximum of 121.22 and there is no limit on how low a score can be (negative score are valid).
scoreflesch-reading-ease:score="90-100"Very Easy Very easy to read. Easily understood by an average 11-year-old student. Associated numerical value="100" flesch-reading-ease:score="80-89"Easy Easy to read. Conversational English for consumers. Associated numerical value="89" flesch-reading-ease:score="70-79"Fairly Easy Fairly easy to read. Associated numerical value="79" flesch-reading-ease:score="60-69"Standard Plain English. Easily understood by 13- to 15-year-old students. Associated numerical value="69" flesch-reading-ease:score="50-59"Fairly Difficult Fairly difficult to read. Associated numerical value="59" flesch-reading-ease:score="30-49"Difficult Difficult to read. Associated numerical value="49" flesch-reading-ease:score="0-29"Very Confusing Very difficult to read. Best understood by university graduates. Associated numerical value="29" fpf
The Future of Privacy Forum (FPF) [visual guide to practical de-identification](https://fpf.org/2016/04/25/a-visual-guide-to-practical-data-de-identification/) taxonomy is used to evaluate the degree of identifiability of personal data and the types of pseudonymous data, de-identified data and anonymous data. The work of FPF is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4.0 international license. degrees-of-identifiabilityInformation containing direct and indirect identifiers. fpf:degrees-of-identifiability="explicitly-personal"Explicitly personal Name, address, phone number, SSN, government-issued ID (e.g., Jane Smith, 123 Main Street, 555-555-5555) fpf:degrees-of-identifiability="potentially-identifiable"Potentially identifiable Unique device ID, license plate, medical record number, cookie, IP address (e.g., MAC address 68:A8:6D:35:65:03) fpf:degrees-of-identifiability="not-readily-identifiable"Not readily identifiable Same as Potentially Identifiable except data are also protected by safeguards and controls (e.g., hashed MAC addresses & legal representations) pseudonymous-dataInformation from which direct identifiers have been eliminated or transformed, but indirect entifiers remain intact. fpf:pseudonymous-data="key-coded"Key coded Clinical or research datasets where only curator retains key (e.g., Jane Smith, diabetes, HgB 15.1 g/dl = Csrk123) fpf:pseudonymous-data="pseudonymous"Pseudonymous Unique, artificial pseudonyms replace direct identifiers (e.g., HIPAA Limited Datasets, John Doe = 5L7T LX619Z) (unique sequence not used anywhere else) fpf:pseudonymous-data="protected-pseudonymous"Protected pseudonymous Same as Pseudonymous, except data are also protected by safeguards and controls de-identified-dataDirect and known indirect identifiers have been removed or manipulated to break the linkage to real world identities. fpf:de-identified-data="de-identified"De-identified Data are suppressed, generalized, perturbed, swapped, etc. (e.g., GPA: 3.2 = 3.0-3.5, gender: female = gender: male) fpf:de-identified-data="protected-de-identified"Protected de-identified Same as De-Identified, except data are also protected by safeguards and controls anonymous-dataDirect and indirect identifiers have en removed or manipulated together with mathematical and technical guarantees to prevent re-identification. fpf:anonymous-data="anonymous"Anonymous For example, noise is calibrated to a data set to hide whether an individual is present or not (differential privacy) fpf:anonymous-data="aggregated-anonymous"Aggregated anonymous Very highly aggregated data (e.g., statistical data, census data, or population data that 52.6% of Washington, DC residents are women) fr-classif
French gov information classification system classifiees
fr-classif:classifiees="TRES_SECRET"TRES SECRET fr-classif:classifiees="SECRET"SECRET non-classifiees
fr-classif:non-classifiees="DIFFUSION_RESTREINTE"DIFFUSION RESTREINTE fr-classif:non-classifiees="NON-PROTEGE"NON PROTEGE special-francefr-classif:special-france="SPECIAL_FRANCE"SPECIAL FRANCE gdpr
Taxonomy related to the REGULATION (EU) 2016/679 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) special-categoriesSpecial categories of personal data, refer to Art. 9 of the GDPR gdpr:special-categories="racial-or-ethnic-origin"Racial or ethnic origin gdpr:special-categories="political-opinions"Political opinions gdpr:special-categories="religious-or-philosophical-beliefs"Religious or philosophical beliefs gdpr:special-categories="trade-union-membership"Trade union membership gdpr:special-categories="genetic-data"Genetic data Genetic data means personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural person which give unique information about the physiology or the health of that natural person and which result, in particular, from an analysis of a biological sample from the natural person in question. gdpr:special-categories="biometric-data"Biometric data Biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person. Biometric data means personal data resulting from specific technical processing relating to the physical, physiological or behavioural characteristics of a natural person, which allow or confirm the unique identification of that natural person, such as facial images or dactyloscopic data. gdpr:special-categories="health"Health Data concerning health. Data concerning health means personal data related to the physical or mental health of a natural person, including the provision of health care services, which reveal information about his or her health status. gdpr:special-categories="sex-life-or-sexual-orientation"Sex life or sexual orientation Data concerning a natural persons sex life or sexual orientation gea-nz-activities
Information needed to track or monitor moments, periods or events that occur over time. This type of information is focused on occurrences that must be tracked for business reasons or represent a specific point in the evolution of The Business. cases-complianceInformation about an occurrence by a person or organisation that is under official investigation. gea-nz-activities:cases-compliance="assessment"Assessment Detailed information related to performing an assessment, the act of assessing; appraisal; evaluation. gea-nz-activities:cases-compliance="audit"Audit Detailed information related to performing an audit, to make an audit of; examine (accounts, records, etc.) for purposes of verification. gea-nz-activities:cases-compliance="inspection"Inspection Detailed information related to performing an inspection or viewing. gea-nz-activities:cases-compliance="investigation"Investigation Detailed information related to performing an investigation, to search out and examine the particulars of in an attempt to learn the facts about something hidden, unique, or complex, especially in an attempt to find a motive, cause, or culprit. gea-nz-activities:cases-compliance="review"Review Detailed information related to performing a review, to survey mentally; take a survey of. cases-proceedingInformation about a case held by an organisation related to interpretation of the law. gea-nz-activities:cases-proceeding="breach"Breach Detailed information related to breaches, such as breach of contract, defamation, the recovering of debts, and family disputes over care arrangements for children, and others. gea-nz-activities:cases-proceeding="fine"Fine Detailed information related to fines, such as parking fine, speeding fine, and others. gea-nz-activities:cases-proceeding="fraud"Fraud Detailed information related to fraud. gea-nz-activities:cases-proceeding="offence"Offence Detailed information related to an offence. cases-episodeInformation focused on individuals interactions with an agency, organisation or enterprise, which is tacked as a sequence over a period of time. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="defect"Defect Detailed information related to cases concerning defects, such as time of occurrence, a repeated defect, solution, etc. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="emergency"Emergency Detailed information related to emergency cases. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="error"Error Detailed information related to errors, a deviation from accuracy or correctness. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="fault"Fault Detailed information related to cases concerning faults, a defect or imperfection; flaw; failing. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="history"History Detailed information related to history, meaning a sequence of events, such as family history. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="incident"Incident Detailed information related to cases concerning incidents, an individual occurrence or event. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="issue"Issue Detailed information related to cases concerning issues, a point in question or a matter that is in dispute which needs a decision. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="problem"Problem Detailed information related to problems, any question or matter involving doubt, uncertainty, or difficulty. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="crime"Crime Detailed information related to cases concerning crimes, actions or instances of negligence that is deemed injurious to the public welfare or morals or to the interests of the state and that is legally prohibited. gea-nz-activities:cases-episode="infrigement"Infrigement Detailed information related to cases concerning infringements, a breach or infraction, as of a law, right, or obligation; violation; transgression. cases-commission-of-inquiryInformation relating to inquiries into various issues. Commissions report findings, give advice and make recommendations. cases-claimInformation about claims. gea-nz-activities:cases-claim="claim-of-definition"Claim of Definition Detailed information related to claims of definition. gea-nz-activities:cases-claim="claim-of-cause"Claim of Cause Detailed information related to claims of cause. gea-nz-activities:cases-claim="claim-of-value"Claim of Value Detailed information related to claims of value. gea-nz-activities:cases-claim="claim-of-policy"Claim of Policy Detailed information related to claims of policy. gea-nz-activities:cases-claim="claim-of-fact"Claim of Fact Detailed information related to claims of fact. cases-requestInformation about requests that need to be tracked. gea-nz-activities:cases-request="request-for-information"Request for Information Detailed information related to requests for information. gea-nz-activities:cases-request="request-for-proposal"Request for proposal Detailed information related to requests for proposals. gea-nz-activities:cases-request="request-for-quotation"Request for quotation Detailed information related to requests for quotation. gea-nz-activities:cases-request="request-for-tender"Request for Tender Detailed information related to requests for tender. gea-nz-activities:cases-request="request-for-approval"Request for Approval Detailed information related to requests for approval. gea-nz-activities:cases-request="request-for-comments"Request for Comments Detailed information related to requests for comments. gea-nz-activities:cases-request="order"Order Information relating to orders and tracking of the orders. cases-orderInformation relating to orders and tracking of the orders. events-personalInformation around personal events like birth, starting school, getting married, etc. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="birth"Birth Detailed information related to giving birth. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="starting-school"Starting School Detailed information related to starting school. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="adoption"Adoption Detailed information related to adopting a child. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="marriage"Marriage Detailed information related to get married. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="senior-citizenship"Senior Citizenship Detailed information related to becoming a senior citizen. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="care"Care Detailed information related to going into care. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="death"Death Detailed information related to a death. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="fostering"Fostering Detailed information related to fostering a child. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="enrol-to-vote"Enrol to Vote Detailed information related to the event of enrolling to vote and voting. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="volunteering"Volunteering Detailed information related to the event of volunteering for public services. gea-nz-activities:events-personal="drivers-licence"Drivers Licence Detailed information related to getting a drivers licence. events-crisisInformation about events that describe a personal crisis. gea-nz-activities:events-crisis="victim-of-a-crime"Victim of a Crime Detailed information related to the event of being a victim of a crime. gea-nz-activities:events-crisis="witness-of-a-crime"Witness of a Crime Detailed information related to the event of being a witness of a crime. gea-nz-activities:events-crisis="health"Health Detailed information related to a health event, such as illness and operations. gea-nz-activities:events-crisis="emergency"Emergency Detailed information related to an emergency. gea-nz-activities:events-crisis="accused"Accused Detailed information related to being accused of a crime. gea-nz-activities:events-crisis="convicted"Convicted Detailed information related to being convicted of a crime. events-socialInformation relating to planned or spontaneous occurrences of a social nature that may require a response by an organisation. gea-nz-activities:events-social="ceremony"Ceremony Detailed information related to ceremonies. gea-nz-activities:events-social="conference"Conference Detailed information related to conferences. gea-nz-activities:events-social="concert"Concert Detailed information related to concerts. gea-nz-activities:events-social="sporting-event"Spporting Event Detailed information related to sporting events, an activity involving physical exertion and skill that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often undertaken competitively, often sports. gea-nz-activities:events-social="protest"Protest Detailed information related to protests, an event at which people gather together to show strong disapproval about something. gea-nz-activities:events-social="festival"Festival Detailed information related to festivals. events-businessInformation related to a type of event relating to the business of the organisation. gea-nz-activities:events-business="seed-capital"Seed Capital Detailed information related to seeding a business. gea-nz-activities:events-business="start-up"Start-up Detailed information related to starting up a business. gea-nz-activities:events-business="hiring"Hiring Detailed information related to hiring staff. gea-nz-activities:events-business="termination-of-employment"Termination of Employment Detailed information related to terminating a employment contract. gea-nz-activities:events-business="merge"Merge Detailed information related to merging of two or more companies, generally by offering the stockholders of one company securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock. gea-nz-activities:events-business="demerge"Demerge Detailed information related to a demerger, the separation of a large company into two or more smaller organizations, particularly as the dissolution of an earlier merger. gea-nz-activities:events-business="stock-exchange-listing"Stock Exchange Listing Detailed information related to listing a company on the stock exchange. gea-nz-activities:events-business="stock-exchange-delisting"Stock Exchange Delisting Detailed information related to de-listing or removing a company from the stock exchange. gea-nz-activities:events-business="change-name"Change Name Detailed information related to changing the name of a company. gea-nz-activities:events-business="bankruptcy"Bankruptcy Detailed information related to a company going bankrupt. gea-nz-activities:events-business="cease"Cease Detailed information related to closing a company. events-tradeInformation about events that hold substantial meaning for an individual but which are tracked by an organisation such as birth, deaths, health condition etc. gea-nz-activities:events-trade="buying"Buying Detailed information related to buying goods or real estates. gea-nz-activities:events-trade="selling"Selling Detailed information related to selling goods or real estates. gea-nz-activities:events-trade="importing"Importing Detailed information related to importing goods. gea-nz-activities:events-trade="exporting"Exporting Detailed information related to exporting goods. gea-nz-activities:events-trade="renting"Renting Detailed information related to renting goods or real estate. events-travelInformation related to traveling overseas or coming into France. gea-nz-activities:events-travel="travelling-overseas"Travelling Overseas Detailed information related to traveling overseas. gea-nz-activities:events-travel="extended-stay-in-france"Extended Stay in France Detailed information related to an extended stay in France. events-environmentalInformation held by an organisation about environmental activities such as atmospheric pressures, geological formations, rainfall etc. gea-nz-activities:events-environmental="atmospheric"Atmospheric Detailed information related to atmospheric event, such as cyclone, hail, hurricane, lightning, rain, snow, typhoon, wind, pressure. gea-nz-activities:events-environmental="elemental"Elemental Detailed information related to elemental event, such as avalanche, fire, flood, landslide, tsunami, etc. gea-nz-activities:events-environmental="geological"Geological Detailed information related to geological event, such as earthquake, eruption, formation. gea-nz-activities:events-environmental="seasonal"Seasonal Detailed information related to seasonal events. events-uncontrolledInformation about events that occur spontaneously, but to which the organisation is required to respond. gea-nz-activities:events-uncontrolled="accident"Accident Detailed information related to an accident, such as crash, explosion, implosion, spill, etc. gea-nz-activities:events-uncontrolled="attack"Attack Detailed information related to attacks, such as arson, bombing, coup, kidnapping, biological attack, terrorism, uprising, and threats which lead to an offence. gea-nz-activities:events-uncontrolled="failure"Failure Detailed information related to a failure, such as blackout, nuclear meltdown, etc. gea-nz-activities:events-uncontrolled="other"Other Detailed information related to other uncontrolled events. events-interactionInformation about activity that describes a relevant process or action undertaken by the enterprise. gea-nz-activities:events-interaction="channel"Channel A channel or mode by which an interaction takes place. For example face-to-face, in-person or by mail etc. gea-nz-activities:events-interaction="medium"Medium The format in which information content is supplied to others, provided internally to the organisation or purchased from an external provider. gea-nz-activities:events-interaction="interaction-type"Interaction Type Actions represent the information about key interactions that occur. Concepts such as Operators Assisted and Self Service are just relationships from parties in their appropriate roles to an action. services-france-societyInformation related to services delivered across France individuals, communities, and businesses. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="border-control"Border Control Detailed information related to border control services. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="culture-and-heritage"Culture and Heritage Detailed information related to services to support culture and heritage. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="defence"Defence Detailed information related to services to support the defence and protection of the nation. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="economic-service"Economic Service Detailed information related to services to support the economic management of public funds and other resources. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="environment"Environment Detailed information related to services to support the management of surrounding natural and built environment. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="financial-transaction-with-government"Financial Transaction with Government Detailed information related to provisioning earned and unearned financial or monetary-like benefits to individuals, groups, or corporations. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="international-relationship"International Relationship Detailed information related to services around international relationships. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="justice"Justice Detailed information related to services to provide justice, apply legislation, etc. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="france-society"France Society Detailed information related to services to assist individuals and organisations. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="natural-resources"Natural Resources Detailed information related to services to support the sustainability use and management of energy, minerals, land, and water. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="open-government"Open Government Detailed information related to services around transparency that gives citizens oversight of the government. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="regulatory-compliance-and-enforcement"Regulatory Compliance and Enforcement Detailed information related to services to monitor and oversight of specific individuals, groups, industries, or communities participating in regulated activities. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="science-and-research"Science and Research Detailed information related to services to support and promote research and systematic studies. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="security"Security Detailed information related to services to maintain the safety of New Zealand at all levels of society. gea-nz-activities:services-france-society="statistical-services"Statistical Services Detailed information related to services to provide high quality, objective and responsive statistics services-inviduals-&-communitiesInformation related to services delivered specifically to France individuals and communities. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="adopting-and-fostering"Adopting and Fostering Detailed information related to services to support a person who wants to adopt or foster another person, usually a child. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="births-deaths-and-marriages"Births, Deaths and Marriages Detailed information related to these life events of France citizens, and residents. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="citizenship-and-immigration"Citizenship and Immigration Detailed information related to services to assist people wishing to enter France on a permanent or temporary basis gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="community-support"Community Support Detailed information related to services to assist citizens in a particular district or those with common interests and needs. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="education-and-training"Education and Training Detailed information related to services to support the provisioning of skills and knowledge to citizens and the strategies to make education available to the broadest possible cross-section of the community. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="emergency-and-disaster-preparedness"Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Detailed information related to services to deal with and avoid both natural and manmade disasters. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="information-from-citizens"Information from Citizens Detailed information related to services to support avenues through which the government exchange information and explicit knowledge with individuals. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="health-care"Health Care Detailed information related to services to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases or injuries, to provision health care services and medical research. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="passport-travel-and-tourism"Passport, Travel and Tourism Detailed information related to services to support France citizens traveling or living overseas, and local and overseas tourists traveling within France. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="sport-and-recreation"Sport and Recreation Detailed information related to services to support, promote and encourage operating and marinating amenities or facilities for cultural, recreational and sporting activities. gea-nz-activities:services-inviduals-&-communities="work-and-jobs"Work and Jobs Detailed information related to services to support employment, develop careers, and gain professional accreditation for individuals. services-services-to-businessInformation related to services delivered specifically to France businesses. gea-nz-activities:services-services-to-business="business-development"Business Development Detailed information related to services to assist business growth and management, and support advocacy programs and advising on regulations surrounding business activities. gea-nz-activities:services-services-to-business="business-support"Business Support Detailed information related to services to support the private sector, including small business and non-profit organisations assisting businesses to comply with reporting requirements of the government. gea-nz-activities:services-services-to-business="commercial-sport"Commercial Sport Detailed information related to services to cover the commercial aspects of sport when run as a business. gea-nz-activities:services-services-to-business="employment"Employment Detailed information related to services to support the employment growth and working environment. gea-nz-activities:services-services-to-business="primal-industries"Primal Industries Detailed information related to services to support rural and marine industries. gea-nz-activities:services-services-to-business="tourism"Tourism Detailed information related to services to encourage recreational visitors to a region, and support the tourism industry. gea-nz-activities:services-services-to-business="trade"Trade Detailed information related to services to support purchase, sale or exchange of commodities and advising on trade regulations. services-civic-infrastructureInformation related to services delivering France infrastructure. gea-nz-activities:services-civic-infrastructure="civic-management"Civic Management Detailed information related to services to provision integrated support for town planning and building projects, coordinate of building projects, provide advice on building regulations and guidelines. gea-nz-activities:services-civic-infrastructure="communications"Communications Detailed information related to services to support the growth of industries that enable and facilitate communication and transmission of information. gea-nz-activities:services-civic-infrastructure="essential-services"Essential Services Detailed information related to services to provision essential community services, evaluate land use, town planning, etc. gea-nz-activities:services-civic-infrastructure="maritime-services"Maritime Services Detailed information related to services to negotiate passage for sea transport and maritime jurisdiction, provide advice on regulations and manage maritime infrastructure. gea-nz-activities:services-civic-infrastructure="public-housing"Public Housing Detailed information related to services to supply low cost accommodations, provide advice on guidelines, evaluate the need for public housing, setting construction targets, support on-going maintenance of public houses. gea-nz-activities:services-civic-infrastructure="regional-development"Regional Development Detailed information related to services to support infrastructure projects, extend facilities beyond urban boundaries and support the installation of equipment to enable communications. gea-nz-activities:services-civic-infrastructure="transport"Transport Detailed information related to services to support road, rail and air transportation systems. services-government-administrationInformation related to delivering France government wide operations and support services. gea-nz-activities:services-government-administration="government-administration-management"Government Administration Management Detailed information related to services that involve day-to day management and maintenance of the internal administrative operations. gea-nz-activities:services-government-administration="government-business-management"Government Business Management Detailed information related to services that involve activities associated with the management of how the government conduct its business. gea-nz-activities:services-government-administration="government-credit-and-insurance"Government Credit and Insurance Detailed information related to services that involve the use of government funds to cover the subsidy cost of a direct loan or loan guarantee or to protect/indemnify members of the public from financial losses. gea-nz-activities:services-government-administration="government-financial-management"Government Financial Management Detailed information related to services that involve agencys use of financial information to measure, operate and predict the effectiveness of efficiency of an entitys activities in relation to its objectives. gea-nz-activities:services-government-administration="government-human-ressource-management"Government Human Ressource Management Detailed information related to services that involve all activities associated with the recruitment and management of personnel. gea-nz-activities:services-government-administration="government-ict-management"Government ICT Management Detailed information related to services that involve the coordination of information and technology resources and solutions required to support or provide a service. gea-nz-activities:services-government-administration="government-information-and-knowledge-management"Government Information and Knowledge Management Detailed information related to services that involve the ownership or custody of information and intellectual assets held by the government. gea-nz-activities:services-government-administration="government-strategy-planning-and-budgeting"Government Strategy, Planning and Budgeting Detailed information related to services that involve the government activities of determining strategic direction, identifying and establishing programs, services and processes. gea-nz-activities:services-government-administration="machinery-of-government"Machinery of Government Detailed information related to services that involve executing legislative processes in Houses of Parliament, assemblies or councils. services-services-from-businessInformation related to services delivered by businesses. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="advertising"Advertising Detailed information related to advertising services rendered by advertising establishments primarily undertaking communications to the public, declarations or announcements by all means of diffusion and concerning all kinds of goods or services. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="business-management"Business Management Detailed information related to services to support business management, mainly services rendered by persons or organizations principally with the object of help in the working or management of a commercial undertaking, or help in the management of the business affairs or commercial functions of an industrial or commercial enterprise. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="insurance"Insurance Detailed information related to services rendered in relation to insurance contracts of all kinds, such as services dealing with insurance such as services rendered by agents or brokers engaged in insurance, services rendered to insured, and insurance underwriting services. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="financial-service"Finalcial Service Detailed information related to services rendered in financial and monetary affairs. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="real-estate-affairs"Real Estate Affairs Detailed information related to services of realty administrators of buildings, i.e., services of letting or valuation, or financing. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="building-construction"Building-Construction Detailed information related to services rendered by contractors or subcontractors in the construction or making of permanent buildings, as well as services rendered by persons or organizations engaged in the restoration of objects to their original condition or in their preservation without altering their physical or chemical properties. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="telecommunication"Telecommunication Detailed information related to services allowing at least one person to communicate with another by a sensory means. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="transportation"Transportation Detailed information related to services rendered in transporting people or goods from one place to another (by rail, road, water, air or pipeline) and services necessarily connected with such transport. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="packaging-and-storage-of-goods"Packaging and Storage of Goods Detailed information related to services relating to the storing of goods in a warehouse or other building for their preservation or guarding. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="travel-arrangement"Travel Arrangement Detailed information related to services consisting of information about journeys by tourist agencies, information relating to tariffs, timetables and methods of travel. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="treatment-of-material"Treatment of Material Detailed information related to services not included in other categories, rendered by the mechanical or chemical processing or transformation of objects or inorganic or organic substances and any process involving a change in its essential properties (for example, dyeing a garment), and services of material treatment which may be present during the production of any substance or object other than a building, for example, services which involve cutting, shaping, polishing by abrasion or metal coating. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="providing-training"Providing Training Detailed information related to services rendered by persons or institutions in the development of the mental faculties of persons or animals. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="entertainment"Entertainment Detailed information related to services having the basic aim of the entertainment, amusement or recreation of people. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="scientific-service"Scientific Service Detailed information related to services provided by persons, individually or collectively, in relation to the theoretical and practical aspects of complex fields of activities, such services are provided by members of professions such as chemists, physicists, engineers, computer programmers, etc. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="providing-food-drink-and-accomodation"Providing Food, Drinking and Accomodation Detailed information related to services provided by persons or establishments whose aim is to prepare food and drink for consumption and services provided to obtain bed and board in hotels, boarding houses or other establishments providing temporary accommodation. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="medical-service"Medical Service Detailed information related to medical care, hygienic and beauty care given by persons or establishments to human beings and animals, it also includes services relating to the fields of agriculture, horticulture and forestry. gea-nz-activities:services-services-from-business="legal-service"Legal Service Detailed information related to legal services, security services for the protection of property and individuals, personal and social services rendered by others to meet the needs of individuals. gea-nz-entities
Information relating to instances of entities or things. parties-partyInformation dealing with people or organisations. gea-nz-entities:parties-party="organisation"Organisation Information dealing with organisations, particularly where an information asset has no requirement to address either of these party sub-types directly. gea-nz-entities:parties-party="individual"Individual Information dealing with an individual. parties-qualificationInformation which relates to persons or organisations of a qualifying nature. gea-nz-entities:parties-qualification="competence"Competence Detailed information relating to partys competencies, experience based or professional. gea-nz-entities:parties-qualification="education"Education Detailed information relating to partys education history, such as higher education, schools, vocations. gea-nz-entities:parties-qualification="industry"Industry Detailed information relating to partys (mostly of an organisation) specific industry. gea-nz-entities:parties-qualification="occupation"Occupation Detailed information relating to a partys occupation. parties-roleRole information which relates to persons or organisations. gea-nz-entities:parties-role="commerce"Commerce Detailed information relating to commercial roles. gea-nz-entities:parties-role="legal"Legal Detailed information relating to legal roles, such as commissioner, counsel, defendant, investigator, offender, source, suspect, witness. gea-nz-entities:parties-role="of-interest"Of Interest Detailed information relating to roles a party plays in any subject of interest. gea-nz-entities:parties-role="social"Social Detailed information relating to social roles. parties-party-relationshipInformation about the relationship between two or more parties. gea-nz-entities:parties-party-relationship="membership"Membership Detailed information relating to membership to groups, forums, etc. gea-nz-entities:parties-party-relationship="employer"Employer Detailed information relating to relationship of an employer towards other parties, such as employee, government, industry. gea-nz-entities:parties-party-relationship="provider"Provider Detailed information relating to relationship as a provider of services towards other parties. gea-nz-entities:parties-party-relationship="delegation"Delegation Detailed information related to the relationship of delegation, both delegator / delegated. places-addressDetailed information related to an address. gea-nz-entities:places-address="electronic-address"Electronic Address Detailed information around an electronic address. gea-nz-entities:places-address="physical-address"Physical Address Detailed information related to geographic addresses. places-location-typeInformation of a geospatial or geopolitical nature held by an organisation. gea-nz-entities:places-location-type="geopolitical"Geopolitical Detailed information related to geopolitical places, such as council, country, electorate, locality, nation, region, and province. gea-nz-entities:places-location-type="geospatial"Geospatial Detailed information related to geospatial places, such as area, lot, parish, statistical area, suburb, town, village, and zone. places-address-typeIdentifies the types of address. gea-nz-entities:places-address-type="nz-standard-addresss"NZ Standard Address Detailed information relating to standard New Zealand addresses. gea-nz-entities:places-address-type="po-box"PO Box Detailed information relating to PO Box, a numbered box in a post office assigned to a person or organization, where letters for them are kept until called for. gea-nz-entities:places-address-type="rural-delivery-address"Rural Delivery Address Detailed information relating to rural delivery addresses which have no standard NZ format. gea-nz-entities:places-address-type="ovearseas-address"Overseas Address Detailed information relating to addresses in other countries. gea-nz-entities:places-address-type="location-addresss"Location Address Detailed information relating to physical location addresses including coordinates. places-purpose-of-locationInformation about the purpose of a given address or location. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="residency"Residency Detailed information relating to home addresses, both current and previous. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="delivery"Delivery Detailed information related to delivery addresses. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="billing"Billing Detailed information related to billing addresses. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="place-of-birth"Place of Birth Detailed information related to the place of birth. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="consultation"Consultation Detailed information related to the location of a consultation. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="referral"Referral Detailed information related to location of a referral. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="admission"Admission Detailed information related to the location of an admission. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="treatment"Treatment Detailed information related to the location of a treatment. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="work-place"Work Place Detailed information related to the workplace location or address. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="facility-location"Facility Location Detailed information related to the location of a facility. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="storage"Storage Detailed information related to the location of storage of goods or other items. gea-nz-entities:places-purpose-of-location="place-of-event"Place of Event Detailed information related to the location of an event. items-application-&-ict-servicesInformation about application and ICT service assets. gea-nz-entities:items-application-&-ict-services="corporate-application"Corporate Application Detailed information related to corporate applications, such as applications for enterprise resource planning, financial and asset management, HR management, business continuity, etc.. gea-nz-entities:items-application-&-ict-services="common-line-of-business-application"Common Line of Business Application Detailed information related to common LoB application, such as applications to manage product and services, marketing, customer and partner relationships, customer accounting, etc. gea-nz-entities:items-application-&-ict-services="end-user-computing"End User Computing Detailed information related to end user computing, such as applications to manage end user devices, end user tools, mobile applications, productivity suits, etc. gea-nz-entities:items-application-&-ict-services="data-and-information-management"Data and Information Management Detailed information related to data and information management ICT services, such as services for interoperability, data governance, quality management, data protection etc. gea-nz-entities:items-application-&-ict-services="identity-and-accesd-management"Identity and Access Management Detailed information related to identity and access management ICT services, such as services for identity governance, identity administration, authentication, authorisation, directory, etc. gea-nz-entities:items-application-&-ict-services="security-service"Security Service Detailed information related to security ICT services, such as encryption, network security; public key infrastructure, security controls, etc. gea-nz-entities:items-application-&-ict-services="ict-components-services-and-tools"ICT Components, Services and Tools Detailed information related to software and ICT services for operational management and maintenance of applications, ICT components and services. gea-nz-entities:items-application-&-ict-services="interface-and-integration"Interface and Integration Detailed information related to software and ICT services that support how agencies will interface and integrate both internally and externally. items-ict-infrastructureInformation about man made surroundings that provide setting for organisational activity, such as platforms, networks, facilities, and end user equipment. gea-nz-entities:items-ict-infrastructure="platform"Platform Detailed information related to platforms, such as hardware, platform operating systems, and virtualisation. gea-nz-entities:items-ict-infrastructure="network"Network Detailed information related to networks, such as network types, traffic types, network infrastructure, transmission types, and network protocol layering. gea-nz-entities:items-ict-infrastructure="facility"Facility Detailed information related to facilities, such as facility types, operational controls, facility physical security, and facility infrastructure. gea-nz-entities:items-ict-infrastructure="end-user-equipment"End User Equipment Detailed information related to end user equipment, such as desktop equipment, mobility equipment, user peripherals, embedded technology devices, and equipment operating systems. items-naturalInformation held by organisation which relate to natural resources. gea-nz-entities:items-natural="air"Air Detailed information related to air, such as condition, pollution, health. gea-nz-entities:items-natural="fauna"Fauna Detailed information related to fauna. gea-nz-entities:items-natural="flora"Flora Detailed information related to flora. gea-nz-entities:items-natural="land"Land Detailed information related to land or earth, such as percentage of rocks, soil, mud, pollution, usage, etc. gea-nz-entities:items-natural="minerals"Minerals Detailed information related to minerals. gea-nz-entities:items-natural="water"Water Detailed information related to water, such as ground water, river water, sea water. gea-nz-entities:items-natural="energy"Energy Detailed information related to energy. items-financialInformation related to financial assistance products. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="allowance"Allowance Detailed information related to allowances. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="award"Award Detailed information related to awards. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="benefit"Benefit Detailed information related to benefits. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="bonus"Bonus Detailed information related to bonuses. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="compensation"Compensation Detail information related to compensations. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="concession"Concession Detailed information related to concessions. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="grant"Grant Detailed information related to grants. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="pension"Pension Detailed information related to pensions. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="subsidy"Subsidy Detailed information related to subsidies. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="wage"Wage Detailed information related to wages. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="bond"Bond Detailed information related to bonds. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="duty"Duty Detailed information related to income from duties. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="excise"Excise Detailed information related to income from internal tax or duty on certain commodities, as liquor or tobacco, levied on their manufacture, sale, or consumption within the country. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="insurance"Insurance Detailed information related to insurance. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="loan"Loan Detailed information related to revenue from loans. gea-nz-entities:items-financial="tax"Tax Detailed information related to revenue from taxes. items-goodsInformation related to goods. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="chemical"Chemical Detailed information relating to chemicals used in industry, science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics, manures, fire extinguishing compositions, tempering and soldering preparations, chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs, tanning substances, adhesives used in industry. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="paint"Paint Detailed information relating to paints, varnishes, lacquers, preservatives against rust and against deterioration of wood, colorants, mordant, raw natural resins, metals in foil and powder form for painters, decorators, printers and artists. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="bleach"Bleach Detailed information relating to bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use, cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations, soaps, perfumery, essential oils, cosmetics, hair lotions, dentifrices. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="industrial-oil"Industrial Oil Detailed information relating to industrial oils and greases, lubricants, dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions, fuels (including motor spirit) and illuminants, candles and wicks for lighting. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="pharmaceutical-preparation"Pharmaceutical Preparation Detailed information relating to pharmaceutical and veterinary preparations, sanitary preparations for medical purposes, dietetic substances adapted for medical use, food for babies, plasters, materials for dressings, material for stopping teeth, dental wax, disinfectants, preparations for destroying vermin, fungicides, herbicides. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="common-metal"Common Metal Detailed information relating to common metals and their alloys, metal building materials, transportable buildings of metal, materials of metal for railway tracks, non-electric cables and wires of common metal, ironmongery, small items of metal hardware, pipes and tubes of metal, safes, goods of common metal not included in other classes, ores. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="machine"Machine Detailed information relating to machines and machine tools, motors and engines (except for land vehicles), machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles), agricultural implements other than hand-operated, incubators for eggs. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="hand-tool"Hand Tool Detailed information relating to hand tools and implements (hand-operated), cutlery, side arms, razors. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="scientific-apparatus-and-instrument"Scientific Apparatus and Instrument Detailed information relating to scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments, apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity, apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images, magnetic data carriers, recording discs, automatic vending machines and mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus, cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment and computers, fire-extinguishing apparatus. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="medical-apparatus-and-instrument"Medical Apparatus and Instrument Detailed information relating to surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments, artificial limbs, eyes and teeth, orthopaedic articles, suture materials. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="electrical-apparatus"Electrical Apparatus Detailed information relating to apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="vehicle"Vehicle Detailed information relating to vehicles, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="firearm"Firearm Detailed information relating to firearms, ammunition and projectiles, explosives, fireworks gea-nz-entities:items-goods="precious-metal"Precious Metal Detailed information relating to precious metals and their alloys and goods in precious metals or coated therewith, not included in other classes, jewellery, precious stones, horologic and chronometrical instruments. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="musical-instrument"Musical Instrument Detailed information relating to musical instruments. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="paper"Paper Detailed information relating to paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes, printed matter, bookbinding material, photographs, stationery, adhesives for stationery or household purposes, artists' materials, paint brushes, typewriters and office requisites (except furniture), instructional and teaching material (except apparatus), plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes), printers' type, printing blocks. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="rubber-good"Rubber Good Detailed information relating to rubber, gutta-percha, gum, asbestos, mica and goods made from these materials and not included in other classes, plastics in extruded form for use in manufacture, packing, stopping and insulating materials, flexible pipes, not of metal. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="leather"Leather Detailed information relating to leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of these materials and not included in other classes, animal skins, hides, trunks and traveling bags, umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks, whips, harness and saddlery. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="building-material"Building Material Detailed information relating to Building materials (non-metallic), non-metallic rigid pipes for building, asphalt, pitch and bitumen, non-metallic transportable buildings, monuments, not of metal. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="furniture"Furniture Detailed information relating to furniture, mirrors, picture frames, goods (not included in other categories) of wood, cork, reed, cane, wicker, horn, bone, ivory, whalebone, shell, amber, mother-of-pearl, meerschaum and substitutes for all these materials, or of plastics. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="household-utensil"Household Utensil Detailed information relating to Household or kitchen utensils and containers (not of precious metal or coated therewith), combs and sponges, brushes (except paint brushes), brush-making materials, articles for cleaning purposes, steel wool, unworked or semi-worked glass (except glass used in building), glassware, porcelain and earthenware not included in other classes. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="rope"Rope Detailed information relating to ropes, string, nets, tents, awnings, tarpaulins, sails, sacks and bags (not included in other classes), padding and stuffing materials (except of rubber or plastics), raw fibrous textile materials. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="yarn"Yarn Detailed information relating to yarns and threads, for textile use. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="textile"Textile Detailed information relating to textiles and textile goods not included in other categories, like bed and table covers. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="clothing"Clothing Detailed information relating to clothing, footwear, headgear. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="lace"Lace Detailed information relating to lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid, buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles, artificial flowers. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="carpet"Carpet Detailed information relating to carpets, rugs, mats and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors wall hangings (non-textile). gea-nz-entities:items-goods="toy"Toy Detailed information relating to games and toys, gymnastic and sporting articles not included in other classes, decorations. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="food"Food Detailed information relating to food, such as meat, fish, poultry and game, meat extracts, preserved, dried and cooked fruits and vegetables, jellies, jams, compotes, eggs, milk and milk products, edible oils and fats. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="liquid-food"Liquid Food Detailed information relating to coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, rice, tapioca, sago, artificial coffee, flour and preparations made from cereals, bread, pastry and confectionery, ices, honey, treacle, yeast, baking-powder, salt, mustard, vinegar, sauces (condiments), spices, ice. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="agricultural-product"Agricultural Product Detailed information relating to agricultural, horticultural and forestry products and grains not included in other classes, live animals, fresh fruits and vegetables, seeds, natural plants and flowers, foodstuffs for animals, malt. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="beverages"Beverages Detailed information relating to beers, mineral and aerated waters and other non-alcoholic drinks, fruit drinks and fruit juices, syrups and other preparations for making beverages. gea-nz-entities:items-goods="alcoholic-beverage"Alcoholic Beverage Detailed information relating to Alcoholic beverages (except beers). gea-nz-entities:items-goods="tobacco"Tobacco Detailed information relating to tobacco, smokers' articles, matches. items-regulatoryInformation on regulatory products managed by an organisation. gea-nz-entities:items-regulatory="certificate"Certificate Detailed information related to certificates. gea-nz-entities:items-regulatory="license"License Detailed information related to licenses. gea-nz-entities:items-regulatory="permit"Permit Detailed information related to permits. gea-nz-entities:items-regulatory="registration"Registration Detailed information related to registrations. gea-nz-entities:items-regulatory="declaration"Declaration Detailed information related to declarations. items-urban-infrastructureInformation related to urban infrastructure. gea-nz-entities:items-urban-infrastructure="water-supply-system"Water Supply System Detailed information related to a water supply system. A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply. gea-nz-entities:items-urban-infrastructure="electric-power-system"Electric Power System Detailed information related to an electric power supply system. An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit and use electric power. gea-nz-entities:items-urban-infrastructure="transport-network"Transport Network Detailed information related to transport networks. gea-nz-entities:items-urban-infrastructure="sanitation-system"Sanitation System Detailed information related to sanitation systems to provide a hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or wastewater. gea-nz-entities:items-urban-infrastructure="communication-system"Communication System Detailed information related to a communication system. items-accommodationInformation related to shortterm accommodation provided on a commercial basis, excluding longterm accommodation and accommodation that is provided on a noncommercial basis. items-dwelling-typeInformation related to occupied dwelling type is used to monitor trends and developments in housing and institutional dwellings, to plan for the future housing and service needs of the community. items-artefactAn artefact is an item of value and manifests in a concrete form such as reports, documents, tables, books, instruction manuals, evidence, etc. items-wasteInformation related to the waste used, managed or produced by the organisation. items-item-usageIdentifies the ways in which an organisation may use an item. gea-nz-entities:items-item-usage="product"Product Information about tangible outputs of processes which an organisation can offer to other parties. gea-nz-entities:items-item-usage="resource"Resource Resources are not kept or assigned to parties except to accomplish an activity within the organisation, typically during an interaction or the supply of products or delivery of services. items-other-itemDetailed information of other items not categorised within Items. gea-nz-motivators
Information relating to authority or governance. plans-budgetInformation relating to budget direction or processes. gea-nz-motivators:plans-budget="capital"Capital Detailed information relating to capital budget planning. gea-nz-motivators:plans-budget="operating"Operating Detailed information relating to operational budget planning. plans-strategyDetailed information relating to strategic management. gea-nz-motivators:plans-strategy="strategic-directive"Strategic Directive Detailed information relating to planning of strategic or organisational directives. gea-nz-motivators:plans-strategy="strategic-goal"Strategic Goal Detailed information relating to strategic and organisational goals, such as key learning, key results, targets, and others. gea-nz-motivators:plans-strategy="strategic-objective"Strategic Objective Detailed information relating to strategic and organisational objectives, such as KPIs. gea-nz-motivators:plans-strategy="strategic-outcome"Strategic Outcome Detailed information relating to strategic business outcomes. gea-nz-motivators:plans-strategy="road-map"Road Map Detailed information relating to strategic business road maps. gea-nz-motivators:plans-strategy="challenge"Challenge Detailed information relating to strategic and organisational challenges. gea-nz-motivators:plans-strategy="opportunity"Opportunity Detailed information relating to strategic and organisational opportunities. plans-effortInformation relating to the required effort to achieve or fulfil a work related activity. gea-nz-motivators:plans-effort="activity"Activity Detailed information relating to planning of activities. gea-nz-motivators:plans-effort="campaign"Campaign Detailed information relating to planned campaigns. gea-nz-motivators:plans-effort="care"Care Detailed information relating to planning of activities for an individual to achieve an outcome (PDP). gea-nz-motivators:plans-effort="programme"Programme Detailed information relating to programmes plans. gea-nz-motivators:plans-effort="project"Project Detailed information relating to project plans. gea-nz-motivators:plans-effort="roster"Roster Detailed information relating to rosters. gea-nz-motivators:plans-effort="schedule"Schedule Detailed information relating to schedules. gea-nz-motivators:plans-effort="task"Task Detailed information relating to planning of tasks. plans-measureInformation which tracks the effectiveness in relation to activities managed by the organisation (inputs/outputs) or employee performance. gea-nz-motivators:plans-measure="input"Input Detailed information relating to input measurements. gea-nz-motivators:plans-measure="output"Output Detailed information relating to output measurements. gea-nz-motivators:plans-measure="performance"Performance Detailed information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component. gea-nz-motivators:plans-measure="benefit"Benefit Detailed information regarding the benefits of individual, group, organization, system or component. plans-riskInformation about person(s) or thing(s) which relate to risk management within organisation. gea-nz-motivators:plans-risk="consequence"Consequence Detailed information relating to consequences of a risk. gea-nz-motivators:plans-risk="hazard"Hazard Detailed information relating to risk hazards. gea-nz-motivators:plans-risk="likelihood"Likelihood Detailed information relating to likelihood of a risk. gea-nz-motivators:plans-risk="mitigation"Mitigation Detailed information relating to risk mitigation. gea-nz-motivators:plans-risk="influence"Influence Detailed information relating to influences that can impact the organisations operations, strategic goals, outcomes, etc. gea-nz-motivators:plans-risk="disruption"Disruption Detailed information relating to disruptions that can impact the organisations operations, objectives, goals, outcomes, etc. plans-specificationInformation dealing with properties and constraints. gea-nz-motivators:plans-specification="functional-requirement"Functional Requirement Detailed information relating to functional requirements. gea-nz-motivators:plans-specification="non-functional-requirement"Non-Functional Requirement Detailed information relating to non-functional requirements. gea-nz-motivators:plans-specification="design"Design Detailed information relating to solution designs. controls-operationalInformation about controls that provide the foundation for administration of an organisation. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="convention"Convention Detailed information relating to conventions, which are general agreements about basic principles or procedures. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="guideline"Guideline Detailed information relating to guidelines, which are principles put forward to set standards or determine a course of action. For example guidelines on tax reform. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="policy"Policy Detailed information relating to policies. A policy is a plan or course of action intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="principle"Principle Detailed information relating to principles, which are accepted rules or actions on conduct. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="standard"Standard Detailed information relating to standards, which are accepted or approved examples of something against which people, processes, items are measured. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="procedure"Procedure Detailed information relating to procedures. A procedure is a series of steps taken to accomplish an end. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="process"Process Detailed information relating to processes. A process is a series of operations performed in the making or treatment of a product. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="capability"Capability Detailed information relating to capabilities; capacity to be used, treated, or developed for a specific purpose. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="rule"Rule Detailed information relating to rules. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="exception"Exception Detailed information around anything excluded from or not in conformance with a general rules, principles, regulations, etc. gea-nz-motivators:controls-operational="scope-of-use"Scope of Use Detailed information around the scope of use of assets. controls-financeInformation about the financial structures that provide management and control over the economic resources of the organisation. gea-nz-motivators:controls-finance="financial-asset"Financial Asset Detailed information relating to the financial control of assets. gea-nz-motivators:controls-finance="equity"Equity Detailed information relating to the financial control of equities, monetary value of a property or business beyond any amounts owed on it in mortgages, claims, liens, etc. gea-nz-motivators:controls-finance="expense"Expense Detailed information relating to the financial control of expenses. An expense is a cost of something, such as time or labour, necessary for the attainment of a goal. gea-nz-motivators:controls-finance="fee"Fee Detailed information relating to the financial control of fees; a fixed sum charged, as by an institution or by law, for a privilege: a license fee; tuition fees. Also a charge for professional services: a surgeons fee. gea-nz-motivators:controls-finance="income"Income Detailed information relating to the financial control of income. gea-nz-motivators:controls-finance="financial-liability"Financial Liability Detailed information relating to financial obligations entered in the balance sheet of the organisation. gea-nz-motivators:controls-finance="acquisition-method"Acquisition Method Detailed information relating to acquisition methods. An acquisition method defines the method by which assets are acquired. controls-industryInformation about industry practice issued by an industry specific regulation or professional body. gea-nz-motivators:controls-industry="best-practice"Best Practice Detailed information relating to endorsed or recommended industry practices. gea-nz-motivators:controls-industry="regulation"Regulation Detailed information relating to endorsed or recommended industry specific regulations, rules of behaviour and procedure. gea-nz-motivators:controls-industry="terminology"Terminology Detailed information of defined sets of concepts and related terms, including definitions and usage guidelines, and the industry-specific business context within which they are to be used. controls-technologicalInformation about technical constraints. gea-nz-motivators:controls-technological="enforced-rules"Enforced Rules Detailed information relating to enforced rules around chosen or legacy systems, i.e. Windows policies. gea-nz-motivators:controls-technological="constraints"Constraints Detailed information relating to technical constraints imposed by a chosen or legacy technology. controls-lawInformation about controls in the form of legislation (statues, regulations, etc.). gea-nz-motivators:controls-law="common-law"Common Law Detailed information relating to common laws A common law is established by court decisions rather than by statutes enacted by legislatures. gea-nz-motivators:controls-law="legislative-instrument"Legislative Instrument Detailed information relating to legislation, which are laws enacted by a legislative body. gea-nz-motivators:controls-law="act"Act Detailed information relating to Acts. gea-nz-motivators:controls-law="cabinet-minute"Cabinet Minute Detailed information relating to Cabinet minutes. controls-personalInformation about the constraints an individual places on interactions with the government, or agency. gea-nz-motivators:controls-personal="personal-directive"Personal Directive Detailed information relating to directives of an individual, such as release of personal information, advance care directive. controls-securityInformation about the constraints security places on interactions within and across the government, agencies and 3th parties. contracts-arrangementInformation relating to contracts, agreements or other arrangements with other agencies, governments, public or private organizations. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-arrangement="memorandum-of-understanding"Memorandum of Understanding Detailed information relating to terms of agreement, not the legal instrument. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-arrangement="offer"Offer Detailed information relating to offers, such as proposals, quotes, and others. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-arrangement="order"Order Detailed information relating to orders, official request to be made, supplied, or served. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-arrangement="agreement"Agreement Detailed information relating to Service level Agreements (SLA), Master Service Agreements (MSA), Statement of Work (SoW), Purchase Agreement (PA), etc. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-arrangement="request"Request Detailed information relating to requests, such as request for information, request for assistance, etc. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-arrangement="confidentiality"Confidentiality Detailed information relating to confidentiality, such as commercial-in-confidence (CIC), non-disclosure, privacy, and other gea-nz-motivators:contracts-arrangement="employment"Employment Detailed information relating to employment contracts. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-arrangement="service"Service Detailed information relating to service contracts. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-arrangement="supply"Supply Detailed information relating to supply contracts. contracts-rightsInformation relating to moral or legal entitlement to have or do something. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-rights="eligibility"Eligibility Detailed information related to eligibilities (fit or proper to be chosen; worthy of choice; desirable). gea-nz-motivators:contracts-rights="credits"Credits Detailed information relating to credit rights like account receivable, e. i. a legally enforceable claim for payment held by a business against its customer/clients for goods supplied and/or services rendered in execution of the customers order. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-rights="access-right"Access Right Detailed information related to access rights to facilities, services, processes, information, etc. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-rights="authorisation"Authorisation Detailed information related to authorisation, e. i. right to give orders or make decisions. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-rights="human-right"Human Right Detailed information related to human rights. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-rights="employment-right"Employment Right Detailed information related to employment rights. New Zealand has a comprehensive set of employment laws that help keep workplaces fair. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-rights="property-right"Property Right Detailed information related to property rights. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-rights="consumer-right"Consumer Right Detailed information related to consumer rights. contracts-obligationInformation which is held by an organisation which relates to its obligations. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="duty-of-care"Duty of Care Detailed information relating to the obligations of duty of care. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="fitness-for-purpose"Fitness for Purpose Detailed information relating to something that is good enough to do the job it was designed to do. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="warranty"Warranty Detailed information relating to warranties. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="privacy"Privacy Detailed information relating to privacy obligations. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="truthfulness"Truthfulness Detailed information relating to the obligation to be truthful. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="enforce-the-law"Enforce the Law Detailed information relating to the obligation to enforce laws and regulations. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="obey-the-law"Obey the Law Detailed information relating to the obligation to obey laws and regulations. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="account-payable"Account Payable Detailed information related to account payables or billable, i.e. money which an agency owes to vendors for products and services purchased on credit. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="enforce-rules"Enforce Rules Detailed information relating to the obligation to enforce rules, like organisational rules, educational rules, industrial rules, etc. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-obligation="obey-rules"Obey Rules Detailed information relating to the obligation to obey rules, like organisational rules, educational rules, industrial rules, etc. contracts-jurisdictionnformation about political and geographical areas in which an organisation operates. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-jurisdiction="national"National Detailed information relating to national jurisdictions. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-jurisdiction="international"International Detailed information relating to international jurisdictions. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-jurisdiction="local"Local Detailed information relating to local jurisdictions. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-jurisdiction="political"Political Detailed information relating to political jurisdictions. gea-nz-motivators:contracts-jurisdiction="regional"Regional Detailed information relating to regional jurisdictions. controls-risk-governancegea-nz-motivators:controls-risk-governance="residual"Residual gea-nz-motivators:controls-risk-governance="acceptance"Acceptance gea-nz-motivators:controls-risk-governance="analysis"Analysis gea-nz-motivators:controls-risk-governance="assessement"Assessement gea-nz-motivators:controls-risk-governance="management"Management gea-nz-motivators:controls-risk-governance="treatment"Treatment gsma-attack-category
Taxonomy used by GSMA for their information sharing program with telco describing the attack categories denial-of-servicegsma-attack-category:denial-of-service(Distributed) Denial of Service exploit-attackgsma-attack-category:exploit-attackExploit attack information-gatheringgsma-attack-category:information-gatheringInformation gathering insider-attackgsma-attack-category:insider-attackInsider attack interception-attackgsma-attack-category:interception-attackInterception attack manipulation-attackgsma-attack-category:manipulation-attackManipulation attack physical-attackgsma-attack-category:physical-attackPhysical attack spoofinggsma-attack-category:spoofingSpoofing gsma-fraud
Taxonomy used by GSMA for their information sharing program with telco describing the various aspects of fraud technicalgsma-fraud:technical="mailbox-hacking"Mailbox Hacking (CLI Spoofing) gsma-fraud:technical="imei-reprogramming"IMEI Reprogramming gsma-fraud:technical="call-forwarding-fraud"Call Forwarding Fraud gsma-fraud:technical="call-conference"Call Conference / Multi-Party Calls gsma-fraud:technical="hlr-tampering"HLR Tampering / Switch Manipulation gsma-fraud:technical="sim-card-cloning"SIM Card Cloning gsma-fraud:technical="false-base-station-attack"False Base Station Attack gsma-fraud:technical="spamming"Spamming (SMS & IP services) gsma-fraud:technical="phishing-pharming"Phishing and Pharming gsma-fraud:technical="mobile-malware"Mobile Malware gsma-fraud:technical="fraud-risks-associated-with-voice-over-ip-services"Fraud Risks associated with Voice over IP Services gsma-fraud:technical="pbx-hacking"PBX Hacking gsma-fraud:technical="fraud-risks-associated-with-m2m-services"Fraud Risks Associated with M2M Services gsma-fraud:technical="data-charing-bypass"Data Charing Bypass subscriptiongsma-fraud:subscription="subscription-fraud"Subscription Fraud gsma-fraud:subscription="proxy-fraud"Proxy Fraud gsma-fraud:subscription="account-takeover"Account Takeover gsma-fraud:subscription="call-selling"Call Selling gsma-fraud:subscription="direct-debit-fraud"Direct Debug Fraud gsma-fraud:subscription="credit-card-fraud"Credit Card Fraud (Card Present) gsma-fraud:subscription="credit-card-not-present-transactions"Credit Card Not Present Transactions gsma-fraud:subscription="cheque-fraud"Cheque Fraud distributiongsma-fraud:distribution="dealer-fraud"Dealer Fraud gsma-fraud:distribution="false-agent"False Agent / Remote Activation Fraud gsma-fraud:distribution="theft-and-handling-stolen-goods"Theft and Handling Stolen Goods gsma-fraud:distribution="handset-subsidy-loss"Handset Subsidy Loss gsma-fraud:distribution="remote-order-fraud"Remote Order Fraud businessgsma-fraud:business="premium-rate"Premium Rate / Audiotext Services Fraud (PRS) gsma-fraud:business="roaming-fraud"Roaming Fraud gsma-fraud:business="international-revenue-share-fraud"International Revenue Share Fraud gsma-fraud:business="inbound-roaming-fraud-risk-to-vpmn"Inbound Roaming Fraud Risk to VPMN gsma-fraud:business="interconnect-abuse"Interconnect Abuse (GSM Gateways) gsma-fraud:business="refiling"Refiling gsma-fraud:business="mobile-to-fixed-network-gateway-abuse"Mobile to Fixed Network Gateways Abuse gsma-fraud:business="false-answer-false-ring"False Answer / False Ring gsma-fraud:business="social-engineering"Social Engineering gsma-fraud:business="internal-fraud"Internal Fraud gsma-fraud:business="normal-business-fraud-crime"Normal Business Fraud and Crime gsma-fraud:business="brand-name-logo-abuse"Brand Name / Logo Abuse gsma-fraud:business="m-commerce-provider-content-fraud"M-Commerce Provider Content Fraud gsma-fraud:business="m-commerce-provider-prs-fraud"M-Commerce Provider PRS Fraud gsma-fraud:business="content-theft"Content Theft gsma-fraud:business="wangiri"Wangiri gsma-fraud:business="airtime-reseller-fraud"Airtime Reseller Fraud prepaidgsma-fraud:prepaid="services-fraud"Prepaid Services Fraud - General gsma-fraud:prepaid="hlr-profile-manipulation"HLR Profile Manipulation gsma-fraud:prepaid="manual-recharging"Manual Recharging gsma-fraud:prepaid="generation-of-abusive-credits"Generation of Abusive Calls gsma-fraud:prepaid="scartch-card-abuse"Scratch Card Abuse gsma-network-technology
Taxonomy used by GSMA for their information sharing program with telco describing the types of infrastructure. WiP userapplicationsend-devices-and-componentsgsma-network-technology:end-devices-and-components="ms"Mobile Station gsma-network-technology:end-devices-and-components="mobile-equipment-radio"Mobile Equipment Radio servicesradio-access-networksupport-and-provisioning-systemsinterconnectscoresim-secure-element-moduleshoneypot-basic
Updated (CIRCL, Seamus Dowling and EURECOM) from Christian Seifert, Ian Welch, Peter Komisarczuk, Taxonomy of Honeypots, Technical Report CS-TR-06/12, VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON, School of Mathematical and Computing Sciences, June 2006, http://www.mcs.vuw.ac.nz/comp/Publications/archive/CS-TR-06/CS-TR-06-12.pdf interaction-levelDescribes whether the exposed functionality of a honeypot is limited in some way, which is usually the case for honeypots that simulate services. honeypot-basic:interaction-level="high"High Interaction Level Exposed functionality of the honeypot is not limited. honeypot-basic:interaction-level="medium"Medium Interaction Level Exposed functionality of the honeypot is limited to the service without exposing the full operating system. honeypot-basic:interaction-level="low"low Interaction Level Exposed functionality being limited. For example, a simulated SSH server of a honeypot is not able to authenticate against a valid login/password combination. honeypot-basic:interaction-level="none"No interaction capabilities No exposed functionality in the honeypot. honeypot-basic:interaction-level="adaptive"Learns from attack interaction Learns from attack interaction data-captureDescribes the type of data a honeypot is able to capture honeypot-basic:data-capture="network-capture"Network capture The honeypot collects raw network capture. honeypot-basic:data-capture="events"Events The honeypot collects data about something that has happened or took place, a change in state. honeypot-basic:data-capture="attacks"Attacks The honeypot collects malicious activity. honeypot-basic:data-capture="intrusions"Intrusions The honeypot collects malicious activity that leads to a security failure. honeypot-basic:data-capture="none"None The honeypot does not collect events, attacks, or intrusions. containmentClassifies the measures a honeypot takes to defend against malicious activity spreading from itself. honeypot-basic:containment="block"Block Attackers actions are identified and blocked. The attack never reaches the target. honeypot-basic:containment="defuse"Defuse The attack reaches the target, but is manipulated in a way that it fails against the target. honeypot-basic:containment="slow-down"Slow Down Attacker is slowed down in his actions of spreading malicious activity. honeypot-basic:containment="none"None No action is taken to limit the intruders spread of malicious activity against other systems. distribution-appearanceDescribes whether the honeypot system appears to be confined to one system or multiple systems. honeypot-basic:distribution-appearance="distributed"Distributed The honeypot is or appears to be composed of multiple systems. honeypot-basic:distribution-appearance="stand-alone"Stand-Alone The honeypot is or appears to be one system. communication-interfaceDescribes the interfaces one can use to interact directly with the honeypot. honeypot-basic:communication-interface="network-interface"Network Interface The honeypot can be directly communicated with via a network interface. honeypot-basic:communication-interface="hardware-interface"Non-Network Hardware Interface Examples: Printer port, CDROM drives, USB connections. honeypot-basic:communication-interface="software-api"Software API The honeypot can be interacted with via a software API. roleDescribes in what role the honeypot acts within a multi-tier architecture. honeypot-basic:role="server"Server The honeypot is passively awaiting requests from clients. honeypot-basic:role="client"Client The honeypot is actively initiating requests to servers. ics
FIRST.ORG CTI SIG - MISP Proposal for ICS/OT Threat Attribution (IOC) Project ot-security-issuesics:ot-security-issues="Message Authentication"Message Authentication Auth in used protocols is attacked and falsification command can be sent ics:ot-security-issues="Message Integrity Checking"Message Integrity Checking Message poart of the sent protocol is maliciously tampered ics:ot-security-issues="Message Encryption"Message Encryption Self explanatory, i.e. Weak encryption is attacked ics:ot-security-issues="Command Injection"Command Injection Either Remote Command Injection or Local. On local can be timer triggered under tampered firmware ics:ot-security-issues="Replay Attack"Replay Attack Self explanatory ics:ot-security-issues="Man in the middle (MITM) Attack"Man in the middle (MITM) Attack Self explanatory ics:ot-security-issues="Undocumented instructions"Undocumented instructions Vendors left several instruction used for development or trouble shooting that is finally leaked and used to performed malicious activities on the devices. ics:ot-security-issues="Vendor proprietary protocols"Vendor proprietary protocols Internal vendor protocols used for development or trouble shooting, that is being maliciously for an attack. ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviationics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="ARINC 429"ARINC 429 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="CAN bus (ARINC 825 SAE J1939 NMEA 2000 FMS)"CAN bus (ARINC 825 SAE J1939 NMEA 2000 FMS) ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="Factory Instrumentation Protocol"Factory Instrumentation Protocol ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="FlexRay"FlexRay ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="IEBus"IEBus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="J1587"J1587 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="J1708"J1708 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="Keyword Protocol 2000"Keyword Protocol 2000 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="Unified Diagnostic Services"Unified Diagnostic Services ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="LIN"LIN ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="MOST"MOST ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-automobile-vehicle-aviation="VAN"VAN ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-meter-readingics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-meter-reading="ANSI C12.18"ANSI C12.18 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-meter-reading="IEC 61107"IEC 61107 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-meter-reading="DLMS/IEC 62056"DLMS/IEC 62056 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-meter-reading="M-Bus"M-Bus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-meter-reading="Modbus"Modbus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-automatic-meter-reading="ZigBee"ZigBee ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-industrial-control-systemics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-industrial-control-system="MTConnect"MTConnect ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-industrial-control-system="OPC"OPC ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-industrial-control-system="DA"DA ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-industrial-control-system="HDA"HDA ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-industrial-control-system="UA"UA ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automationics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="1-Wire"1-Wire ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="BACnet"BACnet ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="C-Bus"C-Bus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="CEBus"CEBus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="DALI"DALI ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="DSI"DSI ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="DyNet"DyNet ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="Factory Instrumentation Protocol"Factory Instrumentation Protocol ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="KNX"KNX ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="LonTalk"LonTalk ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="Modbus"Modbus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="oBIX"oBIX ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="VSCP"VSCP ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="X10"X10 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="xAP"xAP ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="xPL"xPL ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-building-automation="ZigBee"ZigBee ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-power-system-automationics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-power-system-automation="IEC 60870"IEC 60870 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-power-system-automation="DNP3"DNP3 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-power-system-automation="Factory Instrumentation Protocol"Factory Instrumentation Protocol ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-power-system-automation="IEC 61850"IEC 61850 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-power-system-automation="IEC 62351"IEC 62351 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-power-system-automation="Modbus"Modbus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-power-system-automation="Profibus"Profibus ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automationics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="AS-i"AS-i ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="BSAP"BSAP ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="CC-Link Industrial Networks"CC-Link Industrial Networks ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="CIP"CIP ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="CAN bus"CAN bus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="ControlNet"ControlNet ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="DF-1"DF-1 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="DirectNET"DirectNET ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="EtherCAT"EtherCAT ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="Ethernet Global Data (EGD)"Ethernet Global Data (EGD) ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="Ethernet Powerlink"Ethernet Powerlink ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="EtherNet/IP"EtherNet/IP ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) StreamDevice protocol (i.e RF:FREQ 499.655 MHZ)"Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) StreamDevice protocol (i.e RF:FREQ 499.655 MHZ) ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="Factory Instrumentation Protocol"Factory Instrumentation Protocol ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="FINS"FINS ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="FOUNDATION fieldbus (H1 HSE)"FOUNDATION fieldbus (H1 HSE) ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="GE SRTP"GE SRTP ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="HART Protocol"HART Protocol ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="Honeywell SDS"Honeywell SDS ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="HostLink"HostLink ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="INTERBUS"INTERBUS ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="IO-Link"IO-Link ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="MECHATROLINK"MECHATROLINK ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="MelsecNet"MelsecNet ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="Modbus"Modbus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="Optomu"Optomu ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="PieP"PieP ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="Profibus"Profibus ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="PROFINET IO"PROFINET IO ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="RAPIEnet"RAPIEnet ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="SERCOS interface"SERCOS interface ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="SERCOS III"SERCOS III ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="Sinec H1"Sinec H1 ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="SynqNet"SynqNet ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="TTEthernet"TTEthernet ics:ot-network-data-transmission-protocols-process-automation="TCP/IP"TCP/IP ot-communication-interfaceics:ot-communication-interface="rs-232"RS-232 (comm port) Serial communication with an implementation comprises 2 data lines, 6 control lines and one ground. ics:ot-communication-interface="rs-422, rs-423 or rs-485"RS-422, RS-423 or RS-485 RS-422 is compatible to RS-232, used in situations where long distances are required, it can drive up to 1200m at 100kbit/s, and up to 1Mbit/s over short distances. RS-422 uses a differential driver, uses a four-conductor cable, and up to ten receivers can be on a multi-dropped network or bus. RS-485 is like RS-422 but RS-422 allows just one driver with multiple receivers whereas RS-485 supports multiple drivers and receivers RS-485 also allows up to thirty two (32) multi-dropped receivers or transmitters on a multi-dropped network or bus. At 90 kbit/s, the maximum cable length is 1250 m, and at 10 Mbit/s it is 15 m. The devices are half-duplex (i.e. send or receive, but not both at the same time). For more nodes or long distances, you can use repeaters that regenerate the signals and begin a new RS-485 line. ics:ot-communication-interface="ieee-488-gpib"IEEE-488 (GPIB) Known as Hewlett-Packard HP-IB but was renamed as GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus) by the IEEE-488 (1975). IEEE-488 interface comprises 8 data lines, 8 control lines and 8 ground lines. Up to 15 devices can be interconnected on one bus. Each device is assigned a unique primary address, ranging from 4-30, by setting the address switches on the device. Devices are linked in either a daisy-chain or star (or some combination) configuration with up to 20 m of shielded 24-conductor cable. A maximum separation of 4 m is specified between any two devices, and an average of 2m over the entire bus. The data transfer rate can be up to 1 Mbyte/s. Three types of devices can be connected to an IEEE-488 bus (Listeners, Talkers, and Controllers) ics:ot-communication-interface="ieee-1394-firewire"IEEE-1394 (FireWire) The IEEE-1394 defines a serial serial interface that can use the bus cable to power devices. Firewire transmits data in packets and incurs some overhead as a result. Firewire frames are 125 msec long which means that despite a 'headline' transfer speed of 400 Mbit/s Firewire can be substantially slower in responding to instruments' service requests. Firewire uses a peer-peer protocol, similar to IEEE-488. Using standard cable, the maximum length bus comprises 16 hops of 4.5m each. Each hop connects two devices, but each physical device can contain four logical nodes. A Firewire cable contains two twisted-pairs (signals and clock) and two untwisted conductors (power and ground). ics:ot-communication-interface="usb-universal-serial-bus"USB (Universal Serial Bus) USB is the bus topology, and host-target protocol, mean that giving existing PC-based instruments a USB port not as trivial as it could be, but instruments with USB ports are coming onto the ICS market increasing numbers. USB 1.1 has many features as serial data transmission, device powering, data sent in 1 ms packets. USB offers 1.5- and 12-Mbit/s speeds. Individual devices can use the bus for a maximum of 50% of the time. In practice, the maximum rate is not more than 0.6 Mbyte/s. USB 2.0 specification was released in 2000. In addition to increasing the signaling rate from 12 MHz to 480 MHz, the specification describes a more advanced feature set and uses bandwidth more efficiently than 'Classic' USB. Version 2 of USB seems likely to prevent IEEE 1394 becoming widely adopted in instrument systems. ics:ot-communication-interface="ethernet"Ethernet Instruments with ethernet interfaces have the great advantage that they can be accessed and controlled from a desktop anywhere in the world. A web-enabled ICS device behaves can be operated with standard browser. Systems with comm based on these interface can make use of existing Ethernet networks and connecting an instrument directly into the internet makes sharing of data easy. Fast data transfer is possible. However, when connected to the public internet it is difficult to secure or maintain its security and a full evaluation of the risks involved for this interface usage is very essential. ics:ot-communication-interface="others"Others Other communication interface not listed. ot-operating-systemsics:ot-operating-systems="rtos"RTOS Please see the URL reference, there are a lot of it to be listed in here. These OS are also referred as Firmware. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_real-time_operating_systems ics:ot-operating-systems="linux-embedded-base-os"Linux Embedded Base OS Yocto\nBuildroot\nOpenWRT\nB & R Linux\n Scientific Linux\nRaspbian\nAndroid ics:ot-operating-systems="bsd"BSD NetBSD (NetBSD Embedded Systems)\nFreeBSD (Modified. i.e.: Orbis OS) ics:ot-operating-systems="microsoft"Microsoft Windows 10 IoT Enterprise\n Windows Embedded 8.1 Industry Professional\n Windows 7 Professional/Ultimate\n Windows Embedded Standard 7\n Windows Embedded Standard 2009\n Windows CE 6.0\n ot-components-categoryics:ot-components-category="programmable-logic-controller"Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
ics:ot-components-category="remote-terminal-unit"Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
ics:ot-components-category="human-machine-interface"Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
ics:ot-components-category="sensors"Sensors Pressure, Temperature, Flow, Voltage, Optical, Proximity ics:ot-components-category="actuators"Actuators Variable Frequency Drive, Servo Drive, Valve, Circuit Breaker ics:ot-components-category="communications"Communications Modems, Routers, Serial - Ethernet Converters, Swtiches ics:ot-components-category="supervisory-level-devices"Supervisory Level Devices
iep
Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) Information Exchange Policy (IEP) framework commercial-useStates whether Recipients are permitted to use information received in commercial products or services. iep:commercial-use="MAY"Recipients MAY use this information in commercial products or services. iep:commercial-use="MUST NOT"Recipients MUST NOT use this information in commercial products or services. external-referenceThis statement can be used to convey a description or reference to any applicable licenses, agreements, or conditions between the producer and receiver. iep:external-reference="$text"An external-reference value is required encrypt-in-transitStates whether the received information has to be encrypted when it is retransmitted by the recipient. iep:encrypt-in-transit="MUST"Recipients MUST encrypt the information received when it is retransmitted or redistributed. iep:encrypt-in-transit="MAY"Recipients MAY encrypt the information received when it is retransmitted or redistributed. encrypt-at-restStates whether the received information has to be encrypted by the Recipient when it is stored at rest. iep:encrypt-at-rest="MUST"Recipients MUST encrypt the information received when it is stored at rest. iep:encrypt-at-rest="MAY"Recipients MAY encrypt the information received when it is stored at rest. permitted-actionsStates the permitted actions that Recipients can take upon information received. iep:permitted-actions="NONE"Recipients MUST contact the Providers before acting upon the information received. iep:permitted-actions="CONTACT FOR INSTRUCTION"Recipients MUST contact the Providers before acting upon the information received. iep:permitted-actions="INTERNALLY VISIBLE ACTIONS"Recipients MAY conduct actions on the information received that are only visible on the Recipients internal networks and systems, and MUST NOT conduct actions that are visible outside of the Recipients networks and systems, or visible to third parties. iep:permitted-actions="EXTERNALLY VISIBLE INDIRECT ACTIONS"Recipients MAY conduct indirect, or passive, actions on the information received that are externally visible and MUST NOT conduct direct, or active, actions. iep:permitted-actions="EXTERNALLY VISIBLE DIRECT ACTIONS"Recipients MAY conduct direct, or active, actions on the information received that are externally visible. affected-party-notificationsRecipients are permitted notify affected third parties of a potential compromise or threat. iep:affected-party-notifications="MAY"Recipients MAY notify affected parties of a potential compromise or threat. iep:affected-party-notifications="MUST NOT"Recipients MUST NOT notify affected parties of potential compromise or threat. traffic-light-protocolRecipients are permitted to redistribute the information received within the redistribution scope as defined by the enumerations. iep:traffic-light-protocol="RED"Personal for identified recipients only. iep:traffic-light-protocol="AMBER"Limited sharing on the basis of need-to-know. iep:traffic-light-protocol="GREEN"Community wide sharing. iep:traffic-light-protocol="WHITE"Unlimited sharing. provider-attributionRecipients could be required to attribute or anonymize the Provider when redistributing the information received. iep:provider-attribution="MAY"Recipients MAY attribute the Provider when redistributing the information received. iep:provider-attribution="MUST"Recipients MUST attribute the Provider when redistributing the information received. iep:provider-attribution="MUST NOT"Recipients MUST NOT attribute the Provider when redistributing the information received. obfuscate-affected-partiesRecipients could be required to obfuscate or anonymize information that could be used to identify the victims before redistributing the information received. iep:obfuscate-affected-parties="MAY"Recipients MAY obfuscate information about the specific affected parties. iep:obfuscate-affected-parties="MUST"Recipients MUST obfuscate information about the specific affected parties. iep:obfuscate-affected-parties="MUST NOT"Recipients MUST NOT obfuscate information about the specific affected parties. unmodified-resaleStates whether the recipient MAY or MUST NOT resell the information received unmodified or in a semantically equivalent format. iep:unmodified-resale="MAY"Recipients MAY resell the information received. iep:unmodified-resale="MUST NOT"Recipients MUST NOT resell the information received unmodified or in a semantically equivalent format. start-dateStates the UTC date that the IEP is effective from. iep:start-date="$text"A start-date value is required end-dateStates the UTC date that the IEP is effective until. iep:end-date="$text"An end-date value is required referenceThis statement can be used to provide a URL reference to the specific IEP implementation. iep:reference="$text"A reference value is required nameThis statement can be used to provide a name for an IEP implementation. iep:name="$text"A name value is required versionStates the version of the IEP framework that has been used. iep:version="$text"A version value is required idProvides a unique ID to identify a specific IEP implementation. iep:id="$text"An id value is required iep2-policy
Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) Information Exchange Policy (IEP) v2.0 Policy idProvides a unique ID to identify a specific IEP policy. iep2-policy:id="$text"An id value is required nameThis statement can be used to provide a name for an IEP policy. iep2-policy:name="$text"A name value is required descriptionThis statement can be used to provide more details as a background for an IEP policy. iep2-policy:description="$text"A description value is required iep_versionStates the version of the IEP framework that has been used. Must be set to 2.0. iep2-policy:iep_version="2.0"The IEP version value must be 2.0 start_dateStates the UTC date that the IEP is effective from. iep2-policy:start_date="$text"A start_date value is required. It must be a UTC date in RFC3339 format. end_dateStates the UTC date that the IEP is effective until. iep2-policy:end_date="$text"An end_date value is required. It must be a UTC date in RFC3339 format, or 'null'. null is used when the IEP policy never expires. encrypt_in_transitStates whether the received information has to be encrypted when it is retransmitted by the recipient. iep2-policy:encrypt_in_transit="must"Recipients MUST encrypt the information received when it is retransmitted or redistributed. iep2-policy:encrypt_in_transit="may"Recipients MAY encrypt the information received when it is retransmitted or redistributed. permitted_actionsStates the permitted actions that Recipients can take upon information received. iep2-policy:permitted_actions="none"Recipients MUST contact the Providers before acting upon the information received. iep2-policy:permitted_actions="contact-for-instruction"Recipients MUST contact the Providers before acting upon the information received. iep2-policy:permitted_actions="internally-visible-actions"Recipients MAY conduct actions on the information received that are only visible on the Recipients internal networks and systems, and MUST NOT conduct actions that are visible outside of the Recipients networks and systems, or visible to third parties. iep2-policy:permitted_actions="externally-visible-indirect-actions"Recipients MAY conduct indirect, or passive, actions on the information received that are externally visible and MUST NOT conduct direct, or active, actions. iep2-policy:permitted_actions="externally-visible-direct-actions"Recipients MAY conduct direct, or active, actions on the information received that are externally visible. affected_party_notificationsRecipients are permitted notify affected third parties of a potential compromise or threat. iep2-policy:affected_party_notifications="may"Recipients MAY notify affected parties of a potential compromise or threat. iep2-policy:affected_party_notifications="must-not"Recipients MUST NOT notify affected parties of potential compromise or threat. tlpRecipients are permitted to redistribute the information received within the redistribution scope as defined by the enumerations. iep2-policy:tlp="red"Personal for identified recipients only. iep2-policy:tlp="amber"Limited sharing on the basis of need-to-know. iep2-policy:tlp="green"Community wide sharing. iep2-policy:tlp="white"Unlimited sharing. attributionRecipients could be required to attribute or anonymize the Provider when redistributing the information received. iep2-policy:attribution="may"Recipients MAY attribute the Provider when redistributing the information received. iep2-policy:attribution="must"Recipients MUST attribute the Provider when redistributing the information received. iep2-policy:attribution="must-not"Recipients MUST NOT attribute the Provider when redistributing the information received. unmodified_resaleStates whether the recipient MAY or MUST NOT resell the information received unmodified or in a semantically equivalent format. iep2-policy:unmodified_resale="may"Recipients MAY resell the information received. iep2-policy:unmodified_resale="must-not"Recipients MUST NOT resell the information received unmodified or in a semantically equivalent format. external_referenceThis statement can be used to convey a description or reference to any applicable licenses, agreements, or conditions between the producer and receiver. iep2-policy:external_reference="$text"An external_reference value is a URL that contains information relevant for this IEP policy. The URL MUST adhere to RFC3986. iep2-reference
Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) Information Exchange Policy (IEP) v2.0 Reference id_refRefers to a unique IEP Policy ID to identify a specific IEP policy at a remote location. iep2-reference:id_ref="$text"An id_ref value is required urlThis is the remote URL specifying the IEP Policy File that contains the IEP Policy you wish to use. iep2-reference:url="$text"A URL value is required iep_versionStates the version of the IEP framework that has been used. Must be set to 2.0. iep2-reference:iep_version="2.0"The IEP version value must be 2.0 ifx-vetting
The IFX taxonomy is used to categorise information (MISP events and attributes) to aid in the intelligence vetting process vetted
ifx-vetting:vetted="legit-but-compromised"The attribute/event describes something that is legitly used, but seems to be compromised by 3rd parties to be used for malicious activities. Consider this if blocking is your course of action. ifx-vetting:vetted="legit"The attribute/event describes something legitly used, that does not show signes of compromise or misuse. ifx-vetting:vetted="legit-uncertain"The attribute/event describes something where it is not 100% clear if it is used only legitly. ifx-vetting:vetted="malicious"The attribute/event describes something that is definitly used maliciously. ifx-vetting:vetted="malicious-uncertain"The attribute/event describes something that seems to be used maliciously, but there is no 100% proof. ifx-vetting:vetted="invalid"The attribute/event is invalid or wrong in respect to the situation described by the event. ifx-vetting:vetted="irrelevant"The attribute/event is irrelevant to your organization or CTI process. ifx-vetting:vetted="undetermined"The nature of the attribute/event cannot be further determined. Use this only as a last resort. ifx-vetting:vetted="fast-track"The attribute/event was not vetted but passed through for operational reasons. A result might be higher false-positive rates. score
ifx-vetting:score="0"0 ifx-vetting:score="1"1 Associated numerical value="1" ifx-vetting:score="2"2 Associated numerical value="2" ifx-vetting:score="3"3 Associated numerical value="3" ifx-vetting:score="4"4 Associated numerical value="4" ifx-vetting:score="5"5 Associated numerical value="5" ifx-vetting:score="6"6 Associated numerical value="6" ifx-vetting:score="7"7 Associated numerical value="7" ifx-vetting:score="8"8 Associated numerical value="8" ifx-vetting:score="9"9 Associated numerical value="9" ifx-vetting:score="10"10 Associated numerical value="10" ifx-vetting:score="11"11 Associated numerical value="11" ifx-vetting:score="12"12 Associated numerical value="12" ifx-vetting:score="13"13 Associated numerical value="13" ifx-vetting:score="14"14 Associated numerical value="14" ifx-vetting:score="15"15 Associated numerical value="15" ifx-vetting:score="16"16 Associated numerical value="16" ifx-vetting:score="17"17 Associated numerical value="17" ifx-vetting:score="18"18 Associated numerical value="18" ifx-vetting:score="19"19 Associated numerical value="19" ifx-vetting:score="20"20 Associated numerical value="20" ifx-vetting:score="21"21 Associated numerical value="21" ifx-vetting:score="22"22 Associated numerical value="22" ifx-vetting:score="23"23 Associated numerical value="23" ifx-vetting:score="24"24 Associated numerical value="24" ifx-vetting:score="25"25 Associated numerical value="25" ifx-vetting:score="26"26 Associated numerical value="26" ifx-vetting:score="27"27 Associated numerical value="27" ifx-vetting:score="28"28 Associated numerical value="28" ifx-vetting:score="29"29 Associated numerical value="29" ifx-vetting:score="30"30 Associated numerical value="30" ifx-vetting:score="31"31 Associated numerical value="31" ifx-vetting:score="32"32 Associated numerical value="32" ifx-vetting:score="33"33 Associated numerical value="33" ifx-vetting:score="34"34 Associated numerical value="34" ifx-vetting:score="35"35 Associated numerical value="35" ifx-vetting:score="36"36 Associated numerical value="36" ifx-vetting:score="37"37 Associated numerical value="37" ifx-vetting:score="38"38 Associated numerical value="38" ifx-vetting:score="39"39 Associated numerical value="39" ifx-vetting:score="40"40 Associated numerical value="40" ifx-vetting:score="41"41 Associated numerical value="41" ifx-vetting:score="42"42 Associated numerical value="42" ifx-vetting:score="43"43 Associated numerical value="43" ifx-vetting:score="44"44 Associated numerical value="44" ifx-vetting:score="45"45 Associated numerical value="45" ifx-vetting:score="46"46 Associated numerical value="46" ifx-vetting:score="47"47 Associated numerical value="47" ifx-vetting:score="48"48 Associated numerical value="48" ifx-vetting:score="49"49 Associated numerical value="49" ifx-vetting:score="50"50 Associated numerical value="50" ifx-vetting:score="51"51 Associated numerical value="51" ifx-vetting:score="52"52 Associated numerical value="52" ifx-vetting:score="53"53 Associated numerical value="53" ifx-vetting:score="54"54 Associated numerical value="54" ifx-vetting:score="55"55 Associated numerical value="55" ifx-vetting:score="56"56 Associated numerical value="56" ifx-vetting:score="57"57 Associated numerical value="57" ifx-vetting:score="58"58 Associated numerical value="58" ifx-vetting:score="59"59 Associated numerical value="59" ifx-vetting:score="60"60 Associated numerical value="60" ifx-vetting:score="61"61 Associated numerical value="61" ifx-vetting:score="62"62 Associated numerical value="62" ifx-vetting:score="63"63 Associated numerical value="63" ifx-vetting:score="64"64 Associated numerical value="64" ifx-vetting:score="65"65 Associated numerical value="65" ifx-vetting:score="66"66 Associated numerical value="66" ifx-vetting:score="67"67 Associated numerical value="67" ifx-vetting:score="68"68 Associated numerical value="68" ifx-vetting:score="69"69 Associated numerical value="69" ifx-vetting:score="70"70 Associated numerical value="70" ifx-vetting:score="71"71 Associated numerical value="71" ifx-vetting:score="72"72 Associated numerical value="72" ifx-vetting:score="73"73 Associated numerical value="73" ifx-vetting:score="74"74 Associated numerical value="74" ifx-vetting:score="75"75 Associated numerical value="75" ifx-vetting:score="76"76 Associated numerical value="76" ifx-vetting:score="77"77 Associated numerical value="77" ifx-vetting:score="78"78 Associated numerical value="78" ifx-vetting:score="79"79 Associated numerical value="79" ifx-vetting:score="80"80 Associated numerical value="80" ifx-vetting:score="81"81 Associated numerical value="81" ifx-vetting:score="82"82 Associated numerical value="82" ifx-vetting:score="83"83 Associated numerical value="83" ifx-vetting:score="84"84 Associated numerical value="84" ifx-vetting:score="85"85 Associated numerical value="85" ifx-vetting:score="86"86 Associated numerical value="86" ifx-vetting:score="87"87 Associated numerical value="87" ifx-vetting:score="88"88 Associated numerical value="88" ifx-vetting:score="89"89 Associated numerical value="89" ifx-vetting:score="90"90 Associated numerical value="90" ifx-vetting:score="91"91 Associated numerical value="91" ifx-vetting:score="92"92 Associated numerical value="92" ifx-vetting:score="93"93 Associated numerical value="93" ifx-vetting:score="94"94 Associated numerical value="94" ifx-vetting:score="95"95 Associated numerical value="95" ifx-vetting:score="96"96 Associated numerical value="96" ifx-vetting:score="97"97 Associated numerical value="97" ifx-vetting:score="98"98 Associated numerical value="98" ifx-vetting:score="99"99 Associated numerical value="99" ifx-vetting:score="100"100 Associated numerical value="100" incident-disposition
How an incident is classified in its process to be resolved. The taxonomy is inspired from NASA Incident Response and Management Handbook. https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/589502main_ITS-HBK-2810.09-02%20%5bNASA%20Information%20Security%20Incident%20Management%5d.pdf#page=9 incidentincident-disposition:incident="confirmed"Confirmed The incident is confirmed and response is underway following incident response procedure of the organisation. incident-disposition:incident="deferred"Deferred The incident is deferred due to resource constraints, information type or external reasons. incident-disposition:incident="unidentified"Unidentified The incident is unidentified because some assets, ressources or context is missing to go a state which can be handled following the incident response response procedure. incident-disposition:incident="transferred"Transferred The incident is transferred to another organisations for further processing or incident handling. incident-disposition:incident="discarded"Discarded The incident is discarded due to resource constraints, information type or external reasons. incident-disposition:incident="silently-discarded"Silently discarded The incident is silently discarded due to resource constraints, information type or external reasons. not-an-incidentincident-disposition:not-an-incident="insufficient-data"Insufficient data When insufficient data is available to explain an ambiguous (i.e., not definitively hostile or benign) indicator, the incident may be dispositioned as Insufficient Data. incident-disposition:not-an-incident="faulty-indicator"Faulty indicator A false positive where an investigation reveals that the source indicator used as the basis for incident detection was a Faulty Indicator. incident-disposition:not-an-incident="misconfiguration"Misconfiguration A false positive where an event that appeared to be malicious activity was subsequently disproven and determined to be a Misconfiguration (malfunction) of a system. incident-disposition:not-an-incident="scan-probe"Scan or Probe Reconnaissance activity which Scanned or Probed for the presence of a vulnerability which may be later exploited to gain unauthorized access. incident-disposition:not-an-incident="failed"Failed A Failed attempt to gain unauthorized access, conduct a denial of service, install malicious code, or misuse an IT resource, typically because a security control prevented it from succeeding. incident-disposition:not-an-incident="refuted"Refuted Any other circumstance where a suspected incident was determined to not be an incident and was Refuted. duplicateincident-disposition:duplicate="duplicate"Duplicate An incident may be a Duplicate of another record in the Incident Management System, and should be merged with the existing workflow. infoleak
A taxonomy describing information leaks and especially information classified as being potentially leaked. The taxonomy is based on the work by CIRCL on the AIL framework. The taxonomy aim is to be used at large to improve classification of leaked information. automatic-detectioninfoleak:automatic-detection="credential"Credential infoleak:automatic-detection="credit-card"Credit card infoleak:automatic-detection="iban"IBAN infoleak:automatic-detection="ip"IP address infoleak:automatic-detection="mail"infoleak:automatic-detection="phone-number"Phone number infoleak:automatic-detection="api-key"API key infoleak:automatic-detection="google-api-key"Google API key infoleak:automatic-detection="aws-key"AWS key infoleak:automatic-detection="private-key"Private key at large infoleak:automatic-detection="encrypted-private-key"Encrypted private key at large infoleak:automatic-detection="private-ssh-key"Private SSH key infoleak:automatic-detection="private-static-key"Private state key infoleak:automatic-detection="vpn-static-key"VPN static key infoleak:automatic-detection="pgp-message"PGP message infoleak:automatic-detection="pgp-public-key-block"PGP public key block infoleak:automatic-detection="pgp-signature"PGP signature infoleak:automatic-detection="pgp-private-key"PGP private key infoleak:automatic-detection="certificate"Certificate infoleak:automatic-detection="rsa-private-key"RSA private key infoleak:automatic-detection="dsa-private-key"DSA private key infoleak:automatic-detection="ec-private-key"EC private key infoleak:automatic-detection="public-key"Public key infoleak:automatic-detection="base64"Base64 infoleak:automatic-detection="binary"Binary infoleak:automatic-detection="hexadecimal"Hexadecimal infoleak:automatic-detection="bitcoin-address"Bitcoin address infoleak:automatic-detection="bitcoin-private-key"Bitcoin private key infoleak:automatic-detection="cve"CVE infoleak:automatic-detection="onion"Onion link infoleak:automatic-detection="sql-injection"SQL injection analyst-detectioninfoleak:analyst-detection="credential"Credential infoleak:analyst-detection="credit-card"Credit card infoleak:analyst-detection="iban"IBAN infoleak:analyst-detection="ip"IP address infoleak:analyst-detection="mail"infoleak:analyst-detection="phone-number"Phone number infoleak:analyst-detection="api-key"API key infoleak:analyst-detection="google-api-key"Google API key infoleak:analyst-detection="aws-key"AWS key infoleak:analyst-detection="private-key"Private key at large infoleak:analyst-detection="encrypted-private-key"Encrypted private key at large infoleak:analyst-detection="private-ssh-key"Private SSH key infoleak:analyst-detection="private-static-key"Private state key infoleak:analyst-detection="vpn-static-key"VPN static key infoleak:analyst-detection="pgp-message"PGP message infoleak:analyst-detection="pgp-public-key-block"PGP public key block infoleak:analyst-detection="pgp-signature"PGP signature infoleak:analyst-detection="pgp-private-key"PGP private key infoleak:analyst-detection="certificate"Certificate infoleak:analyst-detection="rsa-private-key"RSA private key infoleak:analyst-detection="dsa-private-key"DSA private key infoleak:analyst-detection="ec-private-key"EC private key infoleak:analyst-detection="public-key"Public key infoleak:analyst-detection="base64"Base64 infoleak:analyst-detection="binary"Binary infoleak:analyst-detection="hexadecimal"Hexadecimal infoleak:analyst-detection="bitcoin-address"Bitcoin address infoleak:analyst-detection="bitcoin-private-key"Bitcoin private key infoleak:analyst-detection="cve"CVE infoleak:analyst-detection="onion"Onion link infoleak:analyst-detection="sql-injection"SQL injection confirmed
infoleak:confirmed="false-positive"False positive infoleak:confirmed="false-negative"False negative infoleak:confirmed="true-positive"True positive infoleak:confirmed="true-negative"True negative sourceinfoleak:source="public-website"Public website infoleak:source="pastie-website"Pastie-like website infoleak:source="electronic-forum"Electronic forum infoleak:source="mailing-list"Mailing-list infoleak:source="source-code-repository"Source code repository infoleak:source="automatic-collection"Automatic collection including honeypots, spamtramps or equivalent technologies infoleak:source="manual-analysis"Manual analysis or investigation where detection took place infoleak:source="unknown"Unknown infoleak:source="other"Other source not specified in this list submissioninfoleak:submission="manual"Manual infoleak:submission="automatic"Automatic infoleak:submission="crawler"Crawler output-format
infoleak:output-format="ail-daily"Daily event infoleak:output-format="ail-weekly"Weekly event infoleak:output-format="ail-monthly"Monthly event certainty
infoleak:certainty="100"Certainty (probability equals 1 - 100%) Certainty Associated numerical value="100" infoleak:certainty="93"Almost certain (probability equals 0.93 - 93%) Almost certain Associated numerical value="93" infoleak:certainty="75"Probable (probability equals 0.75 - 75%) Probable Associated numerical value="75" infoleak:certainty="50"Chances about even (probability equals 0.50 - 50%) Chances about even Associated numerical value="50" infoleak:certainty="30"Probably not (probability equals 0.30 - 30%) Probably not Associated numerical value="30" infoleak:certainty="7"Almost certainly not (probability equals 0.07 - 7%) Almost certainly not Associated numerical value="7" infoleak:certainty="0"Impossibility (probability equals 0 - 0%) Impossibility information-security-data-source
Taxonomy to classify the information security data sources. type-of-informationType of provided information information-security-data-source:type-of-information="vulnerability"Vulnerability Information regarding a weakness of an asset which might be exploited by a threat information-security-data-source:type-of-information="threat"Threat Information regarding the potential cause on an unwanted incident information-security-data-source:type-of-information="countermeasure"Countermeasure Information regarding any administrative, managerial, technical or legal control that is used to counteract an information security risk information-security-data-source:type-of-information="attack"Attack Information regarding any unauthorized attempt to access, alter or destroy an asset information-security-data-source:type-of-information="risk"Risk Information describing the consequences of a potential event, such as an attack information-security-data-source:type-of-information="asset"Asset Information regarding any object or characteristic that has value to an organization originalityOriginality and novelty of the provided information information-security-data-source:originality="original-source"Original source Information originates from the data sources which publish their own information information-security-data-source:originality="secondary-source"Secondary source Information is integrated or copied from another information security data source timeliness-sharing-behaviorTimeliness of the provided information information-security-data-source:timeliness-sharing-behavior="routine-sharing"Routine sharing Information is published at a specific point in time on a regular basis, such as daily, weakly or monthly reports information-security-data-source:timeliness-sharing-behavior="incident-specific"Incident specific Information is published whenever news are available or a new incident occurs integrability-formatLevel of integrability format for the provided information information-security-data-source:integrability-format="structured"Structured The provided security information is available in an standardized and structured data format such as MISP core format information-security-data-source:integrability-format="unstructured"Unstructured The provided security information is available in unstructured form without following a common data representation format integrability-interfaceLevel of integrability interface for the provided information information-security-data-source:integrability-interface="no-interface"No interface The information security data source doesnt provide any interface to access the information information-security-data-source:integrability-interface="api"API The information security data source provides an application programming interface (APIs) to obtain the provided information information-security-data-source:integrability-interface="rss-feeds"RSS Feeds The information security data source provides an RSS Feed to keep track of the provided information information-security-data-source:integrability-interface="export"Export The information security data source provides an interface to export contents as XML, JSON or plain text trustworthiness-creditabililySource of the creditability information-security-data-source:trustworthiness-creditabilily="vendor"Vendor The publisher of the information is a vendor information-security-data-source:trustworthiness-creditabilily="government"Government The publisher of the information is a government information-security-data-source:trustworthiness-creditabilily="security-expert"Security expert The publisher of the information is a security expert information-security-data-source:trustworthiness-creditabilily="normal-user"Normal user The publisher of the information is a normal user trustworthiness-traceabilityTraceability of the provided information information-security-data-source:trustworthiness-traceability="yes"Yes The provided information is classified as traceable if it can be traced back, based on meta-data, to a specific publisher and a publishing date information-security-data-source:trustworthiness-traceability="no"No The provided information cannot be traced back (meta-data are not provided) trustworthiness-feedback-mechanismFeedback such as user ratings or comments regarding the usefulness of the provided information information-security-data-source:trustworthiness-feedback-mechanism="yes"Yes The provided information is validated by including user rating, comments or additional analysis information-security-data-source:trustworthiness-feedback-mechanism="no"No The provided information is not validated (a user rating, comments is not available) type-of-sourceTypes of information security data source information-security-data-source:type-of-source="news-website"News website information-security-data-source:type-of-source="expert-blog"Expert blog information-security-data-source:type-of-source="security-product-vendor-website"(Security product) vendor website information-security-data-source:type-of-source="vulnerability-database"Vulnerability database information-security-data-source:type-of-source="mailing-list-archive"Mailing list archive information-security-data-source:type-of-source="social-network"Social network information-security-data-source:type-of-source="streaming-portal"Streaming portal information-security-data-source:type-of-source="forum"Forum information-security-data-source:type-of-source="other"Other information-security-indicators
A full set of operational indicators for organizations to use to benchmark their security posture. IEXIndicators of this category give information on the occurrence of incidents caused by external malicious threat sources. information-security-indicators:IEX="FGY.1"Forged domain or brand names impersonating or imitating legitimate and genuine names Forged domains are addresses very close to the domain names legitimately filed with registration companies or organizations (forged domains are harmful only when actively used to entice customers to the website for fraudulent purposes). It also includes domain names that imitate another domain name or a brand. information-security-indicators:IEX="FGY.2"Wholly or partly forged websites (excluding parking pages) spoiling companys image or business Forged websites correspond to two main threats (forgery of sites in order to steal personal data such as account identifiers and passwords, forgery of services in order to capitalize on a brand and to generate turnover that creates unfair competition). In this case, reference is often made to phishing (1st usage) or pharming. information-security-indicators:IEX="SPM.1"Not requested received bulk messages (spam) targeting organizations registered users Spam are messages received in companys or organizations messaging systems in the framework of mass and not individualized campaigns, luring into clicking dangerous URLs (possibly Trojan laden) or enticing to carry out harmful to concerned individual actions. information-security-indicators:IEX="PHI.1"Phishing targeting companys customers' workstations spoiling companys image or business Phishing involves a growing number of business sectors (financial organizations, e-commerce sites, online games, social sites etc.). It includes attacks via e-mail with messages that contain either malicious URL links (to forged websites) or malicious URL links (to malware laden genuine websites). information-security-indicators:IEX="PHI.2"Spear phishing or whaling carried out using social engineering and targeting organizations specific registered users Spear phishing are "spoofed" and customized messages looking like a usual professional relationship or an authority, and asking to click on or open dangerous URL links or dangerous attachments (malware laden). information-security-indicators:IEX="INT.1"Intrusion attempts on externally accessible servers Attempts are here systematic scans (excluding network reconnaissance) and abnormal and suspicious requests on externally accessible servers, detected by an IDS/IPS or not. information-security-indicators:IEX="INT.2"Intrusion on externally accessible servers Intrusion usually targets servers that host personal data (including data subject to regulations such as PCI DSS, for example). 3 objectives or motivations can be found wherever an intrusion exists: data theft (see before), installation of transfer links towards unlawful and rogue websites, getting a permanent internal access by installation of a backdoor for further purposes. This indicator does not include the figures from the Defacement and Misappropriation indicators, both of which however starting with an intrusion. However, it includes all means and methods to get access to servers, i.e. purely technical means (such as Command execution/injection attack) or identity usurpation to log on an admin or user account (see ETSI GS ISI 002 [4] specifications). information-security-indicators:IEX="INT.3"Intrusions on internal servers This kind of incident typically comes after a PC malware installation or an intrusion on an externally accessible server often followed by a lateral movement. This indicator does not include the figures from the Misappropriation indicator which may however start with an intrusion on an internal server. This indicator includes the so-called APTs (Advanced Persistent Threats), which constitute however only a small part of this indicator. APTs are long lasting and stealthy incidents with large compromises of data through outbound links, which is not the case of most incidents of the IEX_INT.3 type. This type of incident is often the result of targeted attacks. information-security-indicators:IEX="DFC.1"Obvious and visible websites defacements Obvious defacements measures the defacement of homepages and of the most consulted pages of sites. information-security-indicators:IEX="MIS.1"Servers resources misappropriation by external attackers This indicator measures the amount of resources of servers misappropriated by an external attacker after a successful intrusion (on an externally accessible or an internal server). information-security-indicators:IEX="DOS.1"Denial of service attacks on websites This indicator measures denial-of-service attacks against websites, carried out either by sending of harmful requests (DoS), by sending a massive flow coming from multiple distributed sites (DDoS) or via other techniques. Due to the current state of the art of attack detection, the indicator is limited to DDoS attacks. information-security-indicators:IEX="MLW.1"Attempts to install malware on workstations Malware installation attempts are detected by current conventional means (Antivirus and base IPS) and blocked by the same means. This indicator (which includes desktop and laptop PC based workstations, but does not include the different types of other workstations and mobile smart devices) provides an approximate insight into the malicious external pressure suffered in this regard. This indicator should be associated with indicator on successful malware installation in order to assess the actual effectiveness of conventional detection and blockage means in the fight against malware. information-security-indicators:IEX="MLW.2"Attempts to install malware on servers Malware installation attempts are detected by current conventional means (antivirus and base IPS) and blocked by the same means. This indicator gives an approximate insight into the malicious external pressure suffered in this regard. This indicator should be associated with indicator on successful malware installation in order to assess the actual effectiveness of conventional detection and blockage means in the fight against malware. information-security-indicators:IEX="MLW.3"Malware installed on workstations Malware could be not detected by conventional means (lack of activation or appropriate update), or noninventoried and/or specific very stealthy incidents, most of the time not detectable by conventional means (AV and standard IPS), consequently requiring other supplementary detection means (network or WS load, outbound links, advanced network devices as DPI tools, users themselves reporting to help desks). This indicator (which includes desktop and laptop Windows-based workstations, but does not include the different types of other workstations and mobile smart devices) therefore applies to both classical viruses and worms, as well as all new malware such as Trojan horses (which are defined as malware meant to data theft or malicious transactions) or bots (which are defined here as vectors for spam or DDoS attacks). information-security-indicators:IEX="MLW.4"Malware installed on internal servers Malware could be not detected by conventional means (lack of activation or of appropriate update), or noninventoried and/or specific very stealthy incidents, most of the time not detectable by conventional means (AV and standard IPS), consequently requiring other supplementary detection means (network or server load, outbound links, advanced network devices as DPI tools, administrators themselves). This indicator therefore applies to both classical viruses and worms, as well as all new malware such as Trojan horses (which are defined as malware meant to data theft or malicious transactions) information-security-indicators:IEX="PHY.1"Human intrusion into the organizations perimeter This indicator measures illicit entrance of individuals into security perimeter. IMFIndicators of this category provides information on the occurrence of incidents caused by malfunctions, breakdowns or human errors. information-security-indicators:IMF="BRE.1"Workstations accidental breakdowns or malfunctions Breakdowns or malfunctions apply to both hardware and software, caused by system errors (components failure or bugs). information-security-indicators:IMF="BRE.2"Servers accidental breakdowns or malfunctions Breakdowns or malfunctions apply to both hardware and software, caused by system errors (components failure or bugs). information-security-indicators:IMF="BRE.3"Mainframes accidental breakdowns or malfunctions Breakdowns or malfunctions apply to both hardware and software, caused by system errors (components failure or bugs). information-security-indicators:IMF="BRE.4"Networks accidental breakdowns or malfunctions Breakdowns or malfunctions apply to both hardware and software, caused by system errors (components failure or bugs). information-security-indicators:IMF="MDL.1"Delivery of email to wrong recipient This indicator measures errors from the sender when selecting or typing email addresses leading to misdelivery incidents. Consequences may be very serious when confidentiality is critical. information-security-indicators:IMF="LOM.1"Loss (or theft) of mobile devices belonging to the organization This indicator measures the loss of all types of systems containing sensitive or not information belonging to the organization, whether encrypted or not (laptop computers, USB tokens, CD-ROMs, diskettes, magnetic tapes, smartphones, tablets, etc.). In some cases, it could be difficult to differentiate losses from thefts. information-security-indicators:IMF="LOG.1"Downtime or malfunction of the log production function with possible legal impact This type of event could have two main causes: an accidental system malfunction or a system manipulation error by an administrator. Logs taken into account here are systems logs and applications logs of all servers. information-security-indicators:IMF="LOG.2"Absence of possible tracking of the person involved in a security event with possible legal impact Concerns unique data related to a given and known to organization user (identifier tied to application software or directory). This indicator is a sub-set of indicator IMF_LOG.1. information-security-indicators:IMF="LOG.3"Downtime or malfunction of the log production function for recordings with evidential value for access to or handling of information that, at this level, is subject to law or regulatory requirements This indicator primarily relates to Personal Identifiable Information (PII) protected by privacy laws, to information falling under the PCI-DSS regulation, to information falling under European regulation in the area of breach notification (Telcos and ISPs to begin with), and to information about electronic exchanges between employees and the exterior (electronic messaging and Internet connection). This indicator does not include possible difficulties pertaining to proof forwarding from field operations to governance (state-of-the-art unavailable). This indicator is a sub-set of indicator IMF_LOG.1, but can be identical to this one in advanced organizations. IDBIndicators of this category provide information on the occurrence of incidents regarding internal deviant behaviours (including especially usurpation of rights or of identity). information-security-indicators:IDB="UID.1"User impersonation A person within the organization impersonates a registered user (employee, partner, contractor, external service provider) using identifier, passwords or authentication devices that had previously been obtained in an illicit manner (using a social engineering technique or not). This measures cases of usurpation for malicious purposes, and not ones that relate to user-friendly usage. Moreover, assumption is made that ID/Password is the main way of authentication information-security-indicators:IDB="RGH.1"Privilege escalation by exploitation of software or configuration vulnerability on an externally accessible server Exploited vulnerabilities are typically tied to the underlying OS that supports the Web application, exploited notably through injection of additional characters in URL links. This behaviour specifically involves external service providers and companys business partners that wish to access additional information or to launch unlawful actions (for example, service providers seeking information about their competitors). This type of behaviour is less frequent amongst employees, since it is often easier to get the same results by means of social engineering methods. information-security-indicators:IDB="RGH.2"Privilege escalation on a server or central application by social engineering It is often easier to get the same results by means of social engineering methods than with technical means. Help desk teams are often involved in this kind of behaviour. information-security-indicators:IDB="RGH.3"Use on a server or central application of administrator rights illicitly granted by an administrator Illicitly granting administrator privileges generally comes from simple errors or more worrisome negligence on the part of the administrators (malicious action is rarer). The case of forgotten temporary rights (see next indicator), is not included in this indicator. information-security-indicators:IDB="RGH.4"Use on a server or central application of time-limited granted rights after the planned period This indicator measures situations where time-limited user accounts (created for training, problem resolution, emergency access, test, etc.) are still in use after the initial planned period. information-security-indicators:IDB="RGH.5"Abuse of privileges by an administrator on a server or central application The motivation of rights usurpation by an administrator is often the desire to breach the confidentiality of sensitive data (for example, human resources data). This indicator is similar to the indicator IDB_RGH.6 (but with consequences that may be however often potentially more serious). information-security-indicators:IDB="RGH.6"Abuse of privileges by an operator or a plain user on a server or central application This indicator applies for example to authorized users having access to personal identifiable information aboutcelebrities with no real need for their job (thereby violating the "right to know"). information-security-indicators:IDB="RGH.7"Illicit use on a server or central application of rights not removed after departure or position change within the organization This indicator also takes into account the problem of generic accounts (whose password might have been changed each time a user knowing this password is leaving organization). information-security-indicators:IDB="MIS.1"Server resources misappropriation by an internal source This indicators measures misappropriation of on-line IT resources for ones own use (personal, association etc.). information-security-indicators:IDB="IAC.1"Access to hacking Website This indicator measures unauthorized access to a hacking Website from an internal workstation information-security-indicators:IDB="LOG.1"Deactivating of logs recording by an administrator This event is generally decided and deployed by an administrator in order to improve performance of the system under his/her responsibility (illicit voluntary stoppage). This indicator is a reduced subset of indicator IUS_RGH.5 IWHIndicators of this category are indicators that concern all categories of incidents. information-security-indicators:IWH="VNP.1"Exploitation of a software vulnerability without available patch This indicators measures security incidents that are the result of an exploitation of a disclosed software vulnerability that has no available patch (with or without an applied workaround measure). It is used to assess the intensity of the exploitation of recently disclosed software vulnerabilities (zero day or not). Patching here applies only to standard software (excluding bespoke software), and the scope is limited to workstations (OS, browsers and various add-ons and plug-ins, office automation standard software). information-security-indicators:IWH="VNP.2"Exploitation of a non-patched software vulnerability This indicators measures security incidents that are the result of the exploitation of a non-patched software vulnerability though a patch exists. It is used to assess effectiveness or application of patching-related organization and processes and tools (patching not launched). It is linked with indicator VOR_VNP.2 that is intended to assess problems of exceeding the "time limit for the window of exposure to risks". It has the same limitations as IWH_VNP.1 regarding scope. information-security-indicators:IWH="VNP.3"Exploitation of a poorly-patched software vulnerability This indicator measures security incidents that are the result of the exploitation of a poorly patched software vulnerability. It is used to assess effectiveness of patching-related organization and processes and tools (process launched but patch not operational - Cf. no reboot, etc.). It is linked with indicator VOR_VNP.1, IWH_VNP.1 and IWH_VNP.2. It has the same limitations as IWH_VNP.1 regarding scope. information-security-indicators:IWH="VCN.1"Exploitation of a configuration flaw This indicator measures security incidents that are the result of the exploitation of a configuration flaw on servers or workstations. A configuration flaw should be considered as a nonconformity against state-of-the-art security policy. information-security-indicators:IWH="UKN.1"Not categorized security incidents This indicator measures all types of incidents that are new and/or a complex combination of more basic incidents and cannot be fully qualified and therefore precisely categorized. information-security-indicators:IWH="UNA.1"Security incidents on non-inventoried and/or not managed assets This indicator measures security incidents tied to assets (on servers) non-inventoried and not managed by appointed teams. It is a key indicator insofar as a high percentage of incidents corresponds with this indicator on average in the profession (according to some public surveys). VBHIndicators of this category apply to the existence of abnormal behaviours that could lead to security incidents. information-security-indicators:VBH="PRC.1"Server accessed by an administrator with unsecure protocols This indicator measures the use of insecure protocols set up by an administrator to get access to organizationbased externally accessible servers making an external intrusion possible. Insecure protocol means unencrypted, without time-out, with poor authentication means etc. (for example Telnet). information-security-indicators:VBH="PRC.2"P2P client in a workstation This indicator measures the installation of P2P clients set up by a user on its professional workstation with the risk of partial or full sharing of the workstation content. It applies to workstations that are either connected to the organizations network from within the organization or directly connected to the public network from outside (notably home). There is a high risk of accidental sharing (in one quarter of all cases) of files that may host confidential company data. It is most often carried out through HTTP channel (proposed on all of these services). information-security-indicators:VBH="PRC.3"VoIP clients in a workstation This indicator measures VoIP clients installed by a user on his/hers own workstation in order to use a peer-to-peer service. It applies to workstations connected to an organizations network from within the organization or directly connected to the public network from outside (notably home). The associated risk is to exchange dangerous Office documents. It is most often carried out through HTTP channel (proposed on all of these services). information-security-indicators:VBH="PRC.4"Outbound connection dangerously set up This indicator measures outbound connection dangerously set up to get remote access to the companys internal network without using an inbound VPN link and a focal access point with possible exploitation by an external intruder. The outbound connection method consists for example in using a GoToMyPC software or a LogMeIn® software or a computer to computer connection in tunnel mode. information-security-indicators:VBH="PRC.5"Not compliant laptop computer used to establish a connection This indicator measures remote or local connection to the organizations internal network from a roaming laptop computer that is organization-owned and is configured with weak parameters. In this situation and in case of the existence of a software to check compliance of roaming computers, another related software blocks the connection in principle and prevents its continuation. information-security-indicators:VBH="PRC.6"Other unsecure protocols used This indicator measures other unsecure or dangerous protocols set up with similar behaviours. The other cases are the other than the 5 previous ones (VBH_PRC.1 to VBH_PRC.5). It relates to dangerous or abusive usages, i.e. situations where usages are not required and where other more secure solutions exist. information-security-indicators:VBH="IAC.1"Outbound controls bypassed to access Internet This indicator measures the detection of Internet access from the internal network by means that bypass the outbound security devices. It primarily relates to Internet accesses from a perimeter area or to tunnelling (SSL port 443) or to straight accesses (via an ADSL link or public Wi-Fi access points and the telephone network) or to accesses via Smartphones connected to the workstation. The main underlying motivation is to prevent user tracking. information-security-indicators:VBH="IAC.2"Anonymization site used to access Internet This indicator measures the detection of anonymous Internet access from an internal workstation through an anonymization site. The goal is to maintain free access and to avoid organizations filtering of accesses to forbidden websites. information-security-indicators:VBH="FTR.1"Files recklessly downloaded This indicator measures the download of files from an external website that is not known (no reputation) within the profession to an internal workstation. "No reputation" can be assessed by information provided by URL outbound filtering devices. information-security-indicators:VBH="FTR.2"Personal public instant messaging account used for business file exchanges This indicator measures the use of personal public instant messaging accounts for business exchanges with outside. This file exchange method has to be avoided due to network AV software bypassing and to identify lesser effectiveness of AV software. information-security-indicators:VBH="FTR.3"Personal public messaging account used for business file exchanges This indicator measures the use of personal public messaging accounts for business file exchanges with the exterior. The risk is to expose information to external attackers. information-security-indicators:VBH="WTI.1"Workstations accessed in administrator mode This indicator measures access to workstations in administrator mode without authorization. information-security-indicators:VBH="WTI.2"Personal storage devices used This indicator measures the use personal storage devices on a professional workstation to input or output information or software. Mobile or removable personal storage devices include USB tokens, smartphones, tablets, etc. It is not applicable to personal devices authorized by security policy (Cf. VBH_WTI.3 and BYOD). information-security-indicators:VBH="WTI.3"Personal devices used without compartmentalization (BYOD) This indicator measures the lack of or the removal of basic security measures meant to compartmentalize professional activities on personal devices. Personal devices (BYOD) include PCs, tablets, smartphones, etc. information-security-indicators:VBH="WTI.4"Not encrypted sensitive files exported This indicator measures the lack of encryption of sensitive files uploaded from a professional workstation to professional mobile or removable storage devices. information-security-indicators:VBH="WTI.5"Personal software used This indicator measures the presence of personal software on a professional workstation that does not comply with the corporate security policy. It corresponds with all types of local unauthorized software (with a user licence or not), such as common personal software (games, office automation etc.) or more dangerous ones (hacking etc.). It should be added that VBH_PRC.2 and VBH_PRC.3 are a share of this indicator, and that this indicator is a subset of VBH_WTI.1. information-security-indicators:VBH="WTI.6"Mailbox or Internet access with admin mode This indicator applies to users using their admin account on a workstation.to access their own mailbox or Internet. This behaviour is particularly dangerous since malware (through attached pieces on email or drive-by download on Web browser) are far easier to install on the workstation in this case. information-security-indicators:VBH="PSW.1"Weak passwords used The required strength of passwords depends on the organizations security policy, but usable general recommendations in ISO/IEC 27002 [2]. information-security-indicators:VBH="PSW.2"Passwords not changed This indicators measures password not changed in due periodic time (case of changes not periodically imposed). Situations in which changes are not periodically imposed by accessed systems themselves remain fairly frequent within organizations (apart from Active Directory), the figure being around 25 % of the cases on average. information-security-indicators:VBH="PSW.3"Administrator passwords not changed This indicators measures password not changed in due periodic time by an administrator in charge of an account used by automated applications and processes (case of changes not periodically imposed). Situations in which changes are not periodically imposed by accessed systems themselves remain fairly frequent within organizations (apart from Active Directory), the figure being around 25 % of the cases on average. information-security-indicators:VBH="RGH.1"Not compliant user rights granted illicitly by an administrator This indicator measures the granting of not compliant user rights by an administrator outside any official procedure. This vulnerability may originate with an error, negligence or malice. information-security-indicators:VBH="HUW.1"Human weakness exploited by a spear phishing message meant to entice or appeal to do something possibly harmful to the organization This vulnerability typically includes clicking on an Internet link or opening an attached document information-security-indicators:VBH="HUW.2"Human weakness exploited by exchanges meant to entice or appeal to tell some secrets to be used later This vulnerability applies to discussions through on-line media leading to leakage of personal identifiable information (PII) or various business details to be used later (notably for identity usurpation) VSWIndicators of this category apply to the existence of weaknesses in software that could be exploited and lead to security incidents. information-security-indicators:VSW="WSR.1"Web applications software vulnerabilities This indicators measures software vulnerabilities detected in Web applications running on externally accessible servers. information-security-indicators:VSW="OSW.1"OS software vulnerabilities regarding servers This indicators measures software vulnerabilities detected in OS running on externally accessible servers. information-security-indicators:VSW="WBR.1"Web browsers software vulnerabilities This indicators measures software vulnerabilities detected in Web browsers running on workstations. VCFIndicators of this category apply to the existence of weaknesses in the configuration of IT devices that could be exploited and lead to security incidents. information-security-indicators:VCF="DIS.1"Dangerous or illicit services on externally accessible servers This indicator measures the presence of illicit and dangerous system services running on an externally accessible server. information-security-indicators:VCF="LOG.1"Insufficient size of the space allocated for logs Such event could cause an overflow in case of quick series of unusual actions. information-security-indicators:VCF="FWR.1"Weak firewall filtering rules This indicator measures the gaps between the active firewall filtering rules and the security policy. information-security-indicators:VCF="WTI.1"Workstation wrongly configured This indicator measures the use of workstation with a disabled or lacking update AV and/or FW. The lack of update includes signature file older than x days (generally at least 6 days). information-security-indicators:VCF="WTI.2"Autorun feature enabled on workstations This indicator measures the presence of Autorun feature enabled on workstations. information-security-indicators:VCF="UAC.1"Access rights configuration not compliant with the security policy This indicator measures access rights configuration that are not compliant with corporate security policy. This indicator is more reliable in case of existence of a central repository of user rights within organization (and of an IAM achievement) information-security-indicators:VCF="UAC.2"Not compliant access rights on logs This indicator measures non-compliant access rights on logs in servers which are sensitive and/or subject to regulations. This situation representing a key weakness since the necessary high confidence in the produced logs has been reduced to nothing. This indicator is a subset of VCF_UAC.1. information-security-indicators:VCF="UAC.3"Generic and shared administrator accounts This indicator measures generic and shared administration accounts that are unnecessary or accounts that are necessary but without patronage. It concerns operating systems, databases and applications. information-security-indicators:VCF="UAC.4"Accounts without owners This indicator measures accounts without owners that have not been erased. These are accounts that have no more assigned users (for example after internal transfer or departure of the users from organization). information-security-indicators:VCF="UAC.5"Inactive accounts This indicator measures accounts inactive for at least 2 months that have not been disabled. These accounts are not used by their users due to prolonged but not definitive absence (long term illness, maternity, etc.), with the exclusion of messaging accounts (which should remain accessible to users from their home). VTCIndicators of this category measure the existence of weaknesses in the IT and physical architecture that could be exploited and lead to security incidents. information-security-indicators:VTC="BKP.1"Malfunction of server-hosted sensitive data safeguards On servers hosting sensitive data with respect to availability, it concerns malfunctions of safeguards due to lack of periodic testing. This kind of event may be very serious since usually put trust is betrayed in a critical function. information-security-indicators:VTC="IDS.1"Full unavailability of IDS/IPS Many causes are possible, including deliberate disconnection by a network administrator (to streamline operations or since IDS/IPS output is deemed too difficult to use), unwitting disconnection (error by a network administrator), breakdown, software malfunction, etc. information-security-indicators:VTC="WFI.1"Wi-Fi devices installed on the network without any official authorization Many causes are possible, including for example local decisions for easier access of mobile users, rogue user behaviours or workstations configured as access points. information-security-indicators:VTC="RAP.1"Remote access points used to gain unauthorized access This indicator is interesting to assess whether such accesses are localized (local areas, countries, etc.) or involve the whole organization or are increasing and spreading to whole organization. information-security-indicators:VTC="NRG.1"Devices or servers connected to the organizations network without being registered and managed According to some convergent studies, this event may be at the origin of some 70 % of all security incidents associated to malice. information-security-indicators:VTC="PHY.1"Not operational physical access control means This indicator includes access to protected internal areas. The 1st cause is the lack of effective control of users at software level. The 2nd cause is hardware breakdown of a component in the chain. VORIndicators of this category measure the existence of weaknesses in the organization that could be exploited and lead to security incidents. information-security-indicators:VOR="DSC.1"Discovery of attacks This indicator measures stealthy security incidents difficult to detect. As most studies show, the time to discovery is often several months, time frame especially used to steal sensitive data. Incidents taken into account here are IEX_INT.3, IEX_MLW.3 and IEX_MLW.4. This indicator give landmarks regarding what may be deemed excessive, i.e. with an assumption which is above one week. information-security-indicators:VOR="VNP.1"Excessive time of window of risk exposure This indicator measures situations in which the time of the window of risk exposure exceeds the time limit expressed in security policy. The window of risks exposure is the period of time between the public disclosure of a software vulnerability and the actual and checked application of a patch that corresponds with the vulnerabilitys remediation (independently of the time needed for the vendor to provide the patch). This indicator only applies to workstations (OS, application software and browsers), and to critical vulnerabilities (as publicly determined via the CVSS scale) that require an action as quickly as possible. information-security-indicators:VOR="VNP.2"Rate of not patched systems This indicator measures the rate of not patched systems for detected critical software vulnerabilities (see VOR_VNP.1 for criticality definition). Not patched systems to be taken into account are the ones which are not patched beyond the time limit defined in security policy. This indicator only applies to workstations (OS, application software and browsers). information-security-indicators:VOR="VNR.1"Rate of not reconfigured systems This indicator measures the rate of not reconfigured systems for detected critical configuration vulnerabilities. Configuration vulnerabilities are either non-conformities relative to a level 3 security policy, or discrepancies relative to a state-of-the-art available within the profession (and that can correspond with a configuration master produced by a vendor and applied within the organization). This indicator only applies to workstations (OS, application software and browsers). Not reconfigured systems to be taken into account are the ones which are not reconfigured beyond the time limit defined in security policy. information-security-indicators:VOR="RCT.1"Reaction plans launched without experience feedback This indicator applies to plans for responding to incidents formalized in security policy launched without experience feedback. information-security-indicators:VOR="RCT.2"Reaction plans unsuccessfully launched This indicator measures failure in the performance of plans, leading to non-recovery of incidents and to subsequent possible launch of an escalation procedure. information-security-indicators:VOR="PRT.1"Launch of new IT projects without information classification This indicator measures the launch of new IT projects without information classification. Availability of a classification model and scheme within the organization would make easier this task. information-security-indicators:VOR="PRT.2"Launch of new specific IT projects without risk analysis This indicator measures the launch of new specific IT projects without performing a full risk analysis. information-security-indicators:VOR="PRT.3"Launch of new IT projects of a standard type without identification of vulnerabilities and threats This indicator measures the launch of new IT projects of a standard type without identification of vulnerabilities and threats and of related security measures. For these IT projects, potential implementation of a simplified risk analysis method or of pre-defined security profiles can be applied. IMPIndicators as regards impact measurement. information-security-indicators:IMP="COS.1"Average cost to tackle a critical security incident The average cost taken into account includes the following kinds of overhead: disruption to business operations (increased operating costs, etc.), fraud (money, etc.) and incident recovery costs (technical individual time, asset replacement, etc.). It does not include possible (generally very heavy) breach notification costs to customers and enforcement bodies (according to US and recently EU laws or regulations). information-security-indicators:IMP="TIM.1"Average time of Websites downtime due to whole security incidents Applies to all 4 classes, but main security incidents concerned are malfunctions or breakdowns (software or hardware), DoS or DDoS attacks and Website defacements. information-security-indicators:IMP="TIM.2"Average time of Websites downtime due to successful malicious attacks This indicator is a subset of the previous one (IMP_TIM.1) focusing on 3 possible classes (IEX, IUS, IMD). information-security-indicators:IMP="TIM.3"Average time of Websites downtime due to malfunctions or unintentional security incidents This indicator is a subset of IMP_TIM.1 focusing on one class (IMF). interactive-cyber-training-audience
Describes the target of cyber training and education. sectorThe sector from which the audience comes determines the nature of the training. interactive-cyber-training-audience:sector="academic-school"Academic - School The focus is on the principles underlying cybersecurity, ranging from theoretical to applied, at school level. interactive-cyber-training-audience:sector="academic-university"Academic - University The focus is on the principles underlying cybersecurity, ranging from theoretical to applied, at university level. interactive-cyber-training-audience:sector="public-government"Public - Government In public sector such as government, Cybersecurity is seen as tool to protect the public interest. Hence, it emphasizes on developing policies and systems to implement laws and regulations. interactive-cyber-training-audience:sector="public-authorities"Public - Authorities In public sector such as authorities, Cybersecurity is seen as tool to protect the public interest. Hence, it emphasizes on developing policies and systems to implement laws and regulations. interactive-cyber-training-audience:sector="public-ngo"Public - NGO In public sector such as NGO, Cybersecurity is seen as tool to protect the public interest. Hence, it emphasizes on developing policies and systems to implement laws and regulations. interactive-cyber-training-audience:sector="public-military"Public - Military In public sector such as military sector, Cybersecurity is seen as tool to protect the public interest. Hence, it emphasizes on developing policies and systems to implement laws and regulations. interactive-cyber-training-audience:sector="private"Private The private sector and industry focuses more on protecting its investments. The effectiveness of security mechanisms and people are more important than principles they embody. purposePurpose answered the question for which reason trainings should be used. interactive-cyber-training-audience:purpose="awareness"Awareness This training should be used to raise the awareness in multiple and different security threats. interactive-cyber-training-audience:purpose="skills"Skills This training should be used to recognize the different skill levels of the participants so that can they be improved in a targeted manner. interactive-cyber-training-audience:purpose="collaboration"Collaboration This training should be used to improve the cooperation within a team or beyond. interactive-cyber-training-audience:purpose="communication"Communication This training should be used to increase the efficiency of internal and external communication in case of an incident. interactive-cyber-training-audience:purpose="leadership"Leadership This training should be used to improve the management and coordination of the responsible entities. proficiency-levelProficiency describes the knowledge of users and what they are able to do. interactive-cyber-training-audience:proficiency-level="beginner"Beginner The lowest level. Beginner are limited in abilities and knowledge. They have the possibility to use foundational conceptual and procedural knowledge in a controlled and limited environment. Beginners cannot solve critical tasks and need significant supervision. They are able to perform daily processing tasks. The focus is on learning. interactive-cyber-training-audience:proficiency-level="professional"Professional The mid level. Professionals have deeper knowledge and understanding in specific sectors. For these sectors they are able to complete tasks as requested. Sometimes supervision is needed but usually they perform independently. The focus is on enhancing and applying existing knowledge. interactive-cyber-training-audience:proficiency-level="expert"Expert The highest level. Experts have deeper knowledge and understanding in different sectors. They complete tasks self-dependent and have the possibilities to achieve goals in the most effective and efficient way. Experts have comprehensive understanding and abilities to lead and train others. The focus is on strategic action. target-audienceTarget audience describes the audience, which is targeted by the training. interactive-cyber-training-audience:target-audience="student-trainee"Student/Trainee Student and trainees have little to none practical knowledge. Training can be used for students and trainees, to enhance their knowledge and to practice theoretical courses. interactive-cyber-training-audience:target-audience="it-user"IT User IT users use the IT but have little to none knowledge about IT security. Users can get trained to understand principles of IT security and to grow awareness. interactive-cyber-training-audience:target-audience="it-professional"IT Professional Professionals have little to medium knowledge about IT security. Their professional focus is in specific sectors, therefore, they receive IT security knowledge for their sectors. interactive-cyber-training-audience:target-audience="it-specialist"IT Specialist Specialists already have a comprehensive knowledge in IT security. Therefore, the training is focussed on specific aspects. interactive-cyber-training-audience:target-audience="management"Management Management has little knowledge about IT security, but a broad overview. By the training, management can understand changed settings better. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup
The technical setup consists of environment structure, deployment, and orchestration. environment-structureThe environment structure refers to the basic characteristic of the event. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:environment-structure="tabletop-style"Tabletop Style A session that involves the movement of counters or other objects round a board or on a flat surface interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:environment-structure="online-collaboration-platform"Online Platform - Collaboration Platform The environment allows organizations to incorporate real-time communication capabilities and providing remote access to other systems. This includes the exchange of files and messages in text, audio, and video formats between different computers or users. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:environment-structure="online-e-learning-platform"Online Platform - E-Learning Platform A software application for the administration, documentation, tracking, reporting, and delivery of educational courses, training programs, or learning and development programs. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:environment-structure="hosting"Hosting A cyber training based on single hosts uses primarily a personal computer to providing tasks and challenges for a user. It allows a direct interaction with the systems. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:environment-structure="simulated-network-infrastructure"Network Infrastruture - Simulated Dependent of the realization type, a network-based environment consists of servers and clients, which are connected to each other in a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). A simulation copies the network components from the real world into a virtual environment. It provides an idea about how something works. It simulates the basic behavior but does not necessarily abide to all the rules of the real systems. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:environment-structure="emulated-network-infrastructure"Network Infrastruture - Emulated Dependent of the realization type, a network-based environment consists of servers and clients, which are connected to each other in a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). An emulator duplicates things exactly as they exist in real life. The emulation is effectively a complete imitation of the real thing. It operates in a virtual environment instead of the real world. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:environment-structure="real-network-infrastructure"Network Infrastruture - Real Dependent of the realization type, a network-based environment consists of servers and clients, which are connected to each other in a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). In a real network infrastructure, physical components are used to connect the systems and to setup a scenario. deploymentThe environment of cyber training can either be deployed on premise or on cloud infrastructures interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:deployment="physical-on-premise"On Premise - Physical The environment for the training run on physical machines. The data is stored locally and not on cloud; nor is a third party involved. The advantages of on premise solutions are the physical accessibility, which makes it possible to use the complete range of cyber challenges. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:deployment="virtual-on-premise"On Premise - Virtual The environment for the training run virtual machines. The data is stored locally and not on cloud; nor is a third party involved. The benefit of virtual machines is the maximum of configurability. The advantages of on premise solutions are the physical accessibility, which makes it possible to use the complete range of cyber challenges. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:deployment="cloud"Cloud Training setup deployed in the cloud has on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user. In contrast to on premise setups, cloud solutions are rapid elastic on request. So the training can be adapted flexible on a large amount of users and is easily usable world wide. orchestrationThe composition of parts and components of a pool of tasks. The goal is to setup a holistic scenario and integrate cyber training session. Furthermore, it includes a declarative description of the overall process in the form of a composite and harmonic collaboration. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:orchestration="none-automation"None Automation Specifies the automation of processes and the amount of human interaction with the system to maintain and administrate, especially for repetitive exercise; Here none automation is present. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:orchestration="partially-automation"Partially Automation Specifies the automation of processes and the amount of human interaction with the system to maintain and administrate, especially for repetitive exercise; Here partially automated. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:orchestration="complete-automation"Complete Automation Specifies the automation of processes and the amount of human interaction with the system to maintain and administrate, especially for repetitive exercise; Here full-automated. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:orchestration="portability-miscellaneous"Portability - Miscellaneous Miscellaneous approaches are used to ensure the possibility to exchange data, challenges, or entire scenarios to other environments or locations. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:orchestration="portability-exchangenable-format"Portability - Exchangenable Format Common data format (YALM, XML, JSON, ) is used to ensure the possibility to exchange data, challenges, or entire scenarios to other environments or locations. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:orchestration="maintainability-modifiability"Maintability - Modifiability Maintainability represents effectiveness and efficiency with which a session can be modified or adapted to changes. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:orchestration="maintainability-modularity"Maintability - Modularity A modular concept has advantages in reusability and combinability. interactive-cyber-training-technical-setup:orchestration="compatibility"Compatibility The Compatibility deals with the technical interaction possibilities via interfaces to other applications, data, and protocols. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment
The training environment details the environment around the training, consisting of training type and scenario. training-typeEducation in cybersecurity follows different approaches. The level of interaction and hands-on experience distinguishes different types of training. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="tabletop-game-speech"Tabletop Game - Speech Table Top training -here based on speech-only- are a lightweight, but intellectually intense exercise. In this setting, the involved teams or participants focus on opposing missions. On a theoretical basis, the teams develop different strategies and countermeasures to explore the offensive cyber effects on operations. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="tabletop-game-text"Tabletop Game - text Table Top training -here based on text-only- are a lightweight, but intellectually intense exercise. In this setting, the involved teams or participants focus on opposing missions. On a theoretical basis, the teams develop different strategies and countermeasures to explore the offensive cyber effects on operations. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="tabletop-game-multimedia"Tabletop Game - Multimedia Table Top training -here based on multimedia- are a lightweight, but intellectually intense exercise. In this setting, the involved teams or participants focus on opposing missions. On a theoretical basis, the teams develop different strategies and countermeasures to explore the offensive cyber effects on operations. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="capture-the-flag-quiz"Capture the Flag - Quiz Capture the Flag (CTF) is a well-known cybersecurity contest in which participants compete in real-time, which can exists as a quiz. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="capture-the-flag-jeopardy"Capture the Flag - Jeopardy Capture the Flag (CTF) is a well-known cybersecurity contest in which participants compete in real-time, which can exists as jeopardy. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="capture-the-flag-attack"Capture the Flag - Attack Capture the Flag (CTF) is a well-known cybersecurity contest in which participants compete in real-time, which can exists as an attack-only scenario. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="capture-the-flag-defence"Capture the Flag - Defence Capture the Flag (CTF) is a well-known cybersecurity contest in which participants compete in real-time, which can exists as an defence-only scenario. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="capture-the-flag-attack-defence"Capture the Flag - Attack-Defence Capture the Flag (CTF) is a well-known cybersecurity contest in which participants compete in real-time, which can exists as an attack-defence scenario. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="cyber-training-range-classroom-practice"Cyber Training Range - Classroom Practice A cyber range provides an environment to practice network operation skills. It should represent real-world scenarios and offer isolation from other networks to contain malicious activity. In this training type, complex attacks take place in a simulated environment. The participants perform divers educational hands-on activities according to their role. In these trainings the roles that are not covered by participants are simulated or covered by the instructors. Trainings can be classroom practice. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="cyber-training-range-single-team-training"Cyber Training Range - Single Team Training A cyber range provides an environment to practice network operation skills. It should represent real-world scenarios and offer isolation from other networks to contain malicious activity. In this training type, complex attacks take place in a simulated environment. The participants perform divers educational hands-on activities according to their role. In these trainings the roles that are not covered by participants are simulated or covered by the instructors. Trainings can be single team trainings. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="cyber-training-range-multiple-team-training"Cyber Training Range - Multiple Team Training A cyber range provides an environment to practice network operation skills. It should represent real-world scenarios and offer isolation from other networks to contain malicious activity. In this training type, complex attacks take place in a simulated environment. The participants perform divers educational hands-on activities according to their role. In these trainings the roles that are not covered by participants are simulated or covered by the instructors. Trainings can be multiple team trainings. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:training-type="project-approach"Project Approach In this type of training, hands-on projects are to be completed during the training. Thereby, the participants learn and understand the basic concepts of security. During the projects, the teachers can intervene and control the learning process. scenarioThe scenario is a main component of cybersecurity training. Scenarios are needed to reach the goal of the training. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="supervised"Supervision: Supervised Describes if the training is supervised. For instance, cyber range trainings are typically supervised. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="unsupervised"Supervision: Unsupervised Describes if the training is unsupervised. For instance, jeopardy CTF are usually unsupervised. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="free-multiple-choice"Style: Free-/Multiple Choice Decribes the challenges within the training as Free-/Multi Choice. (can be the case with CTFs) interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="problem-driven"Style: Problem-Driven Describes the challenge within the training as Problem-driven. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="storyline-driven"Style: Storyline-Driven Describes the challenge within the training as Storyline-driven. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-target-network"Challenges: Network Target The target in this challenge is network. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-target-host"Challenges: Host Target The target in this challenge is host. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-target-application"Challenges: Application Target The target in this challenge is application. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-target-protocol"Challenges: Protocol Target The target in this challenge is protocol. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-target-data"Challenges: Data Target The target in this challenge is data. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-target-person"Challenges: Person Target The target in this challenge is person. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-target-physical"Challenges: Physical Target The target in this challenge is physical. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-type-foot-printing"Challenges: Foot-printing Type Foot-printing is needed to solve this challenge. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-type-scanning"Challenges: Scanning Type Scanning is needed to solve this challenge. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-type-enumeration"Challenges: Enumeration Type Enumeration is needed to solve this challenge. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-type-pivoting"Challenges: Pivoting Type Pivoting is needed to solve this challenge. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-type-exploitation"Challenges: Exploitation Type Exploitation is needed to solve this challenge. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-type-privilege-escalation"Challenges: Privilege escalation Type Privilege escalation is needed to solve this challenge. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-type-covering-tracks"Challenges: Covering tracks Type Covering tracks is needed to solve this challenge. interactive-cyber-training-training-environment:scenario="challenges-type-maintaining"Challenges: maintaining Type Maintaining access is needed to solve this challenge. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup
The training setup further describes the training itself with the scoring, roles, the training mode as well as the customization level. scoringScoring is not only used in competition-oriented training like CTF but also to motivate participants, give feedback, track the progress. The scoring can be based, but is not limited to monitoring systems, defined objectives, or over-the-shoulder evaluation mechanisms. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:scoring="no-scoring"No Scoring The training have no type of scoring. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:scoring="assessment-static"Assessment: Static The scoring in this variant relies on the static setting of different scores for tasks and objectives, possibly incluing a degree of difficulty as well. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:scoring="assessment-dynamic"Assessment: Dynamic The scoring in this variant is set dynamically using mathematical functions or dynamic methods such as teh Elo Rating System. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:scoring="awarding-manual"Awarding: Manual Awards are given manually. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:scoring="awarding-automatic"Awarding: Automatic Awards are given automatically. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:scoring="awarding-mixed"Awarding: Mixed Awards are given manually and/or automatically. rolesParticipants in a training are split in different teams, according to their skills, role and tasks. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:roles="no-specific-role"No specific Role Individuals who do not fit into the defined teams can be assigned to this role. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:roles="transparent-team-observer-watcher"Transparent Team - Observer/Watcher Members of this team observe the training. Usually, these people have a defined purpose, but have no influence on the training itself. Possible purposes are learning about the training topic and roles, studying strategies of participants, or supervising employees. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:roles="white-team-trainer-instructor"White Team - Trainer/Instructor This team consists of instructors, referees, organizers, and training managers. They design the training scenario including objectives, rules, background story, and tasks. During the training, this team controls the progress and assigns tasks to the teams. These so-called injects also include simulated media, operation coordination, or law enforcement agencies. Giving hints for the training teams could also be part of this team. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:roles="green-team-organizer-admin"Green Team - Organizer/Admin The operators that are responsible for the exercise infrastructure build this team. Before a training, this team sets up and configures the environment and takes it down afterwards. During a training, it also monitors the environments health and handles problems that may arise. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:roles="red-team-attacker"Red Team - Attacker This team consists of people authorized and organized to model security adversaries. They are responsible to identify and exploit potential vulnerabilities present in the training environment. Depending on the training environment, the tasks can follow a predefined attack path. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:roles="blue-team-defender"Blue Team - Defender The group of individuals that is responsible for defending the training environment. They deal with the red teams attacks and secure the compromised networks. Guidelines for that team are the training rules and local cyber law. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:roles="gray-team-bystander"Gray Team - Bystander Bystanders of a training form this team. They do not necessarily have a specific intention or purpose, but an interest in the training event itself. It is also possible that this team interacts with participants and thereby unintentionally influences the training. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:roles="yellow-team-insider"Yellow Team - Insider Members of this team perform not only tasks like generating legitimate network traffic and user behavior but also perform erroneous actions that lead to vulnerabilities and attacks. This team can also include the regular system builders, like programmers, developers, and software engineers and architects. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:roles="purple-team-bridge"Purple Team - Bridge In a training, this team is a bridge between red and blue teams that helps to improve the performance of both. Through joint red-blue activities it improves the scope of the training participants. Goals are to maximize the Blue Teams capability and the effectiveness of Red Teams activities. training-modeDefines whether the training opposes singles persons, teams or groups. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:training-mode="single"Single A single player plays against others. Others can be real persons, butalso scripted opponents. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:training-mode="team"Team A team plays against others. In this alignments, each player can bring its expertise into the training, focussing on different aspects. Examples are Blue and Red Teams. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:training-mode="cross-group"Cross-Group A group plays against others. In this setting, the group members might not know each other. Example are CTF competitions and training for the entire organization in a breach scenario. customization-levelDefines the level of customization of the training. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:customization-level="general"General A general purpose training setup is not, or only little customized. This variant is suited for an entry level training or to learn about general processes without regard to the underlying setup. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:customization-level="specific"Specific The training setup can be customized for a specific training goal or target audience. Examples for this variant are specific trainings within the High School education or for the health sector. interactive-cyber-training-training-setup:customization-level="individual"Individual The most tailored variant is an individual customization. Hereby, the training setup corresponds to a real environment in the best possible way. Exemplary uses of this variant are the training of teams in their environment or the training of new expert-level employees. interception-method
The interception method used to intercept traffic. man-in-the-middleInterception where an attacker secretly relayed and possibly altered the communication between two parties. interception-method:man-in-the-middleMan-in-the-middle Interception where an attacker secretly relayed and possibly altered the communication between two parties. man-on-the-sideInterception where an attacker could read and send messages between two parties but not alter messages. interception-method:man-on-the-sideMan-on-the-side Interception where an attacker could read and send messages between two parties but not alter messages. passiveInterception where an attacker could read messages between two parties. interception-method:passivePassive Interception where an attacker could read messages between two parties. search-result-poisoningInterception where an attacker creates malicious websites intended to show up in search engine queries. interception-method:search-result-poisoningSearch result poisoning Interception where an attacker creates malicious websites intended to show up in search engine queries. dnsInterception where domain name resolution is altered to re-direct traffic to a malicious IP address. interception-method:dnsDns Interception where domain name resolution is altered to re-direct traffic to a malicious IP address. host-fileInterception where the HOSTS file is modified to re-direct traffic to a malicious IP address. interception-method:host-fileHost file Interception where the HOSTS file is modified to re-direct traffic to a malicious IP address. otherOther. interception-method:otherOther Other. ioc
An IOC classification to facilitate automation of malicious and non malicious artifacts artifact-stateioc:artifact-state="malicious"Malicious ioc:artifact-state="not-malicious"Not Malicious iot
Internet of Things taxonomy, based on IOT UK report https://iotuk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/IOT-Taxonomy-Report.pdf TComIoT projects vary tremendously in terms of their technical sophistication. Digital Catapult has developed a scale based on technology complexity (TCom) that enables us to understand the state of IoT in the UK, and to assess what is currently being researched, trialled or deployed in real-life implementations. iot:TCom="0"Unidentiable object Dumb/passive objects . Not connected, identified or monitored. Example: Any unconnected, unidentified object iot:TCom="1"Identifiable object Identifiable dumb/passive objects with a virtual existence that can meaningfully be counted/tracked by online systems. Examples: RFID Tags, barcoded or QR-coded objects iot:TCom="2"Connected object Connected objects . Objects linked to an IP network, with some means of reading, programming or controlling them . These should be counted as elements within the IoT universe, but they are often underused assets. Examples: Printers, doorbells, IP connected fire alarms or security systems iot:TCom="3"Connected homogeneous object Connected broadly homogeneous objects in a simple integrated system, whether the benefit of that system accrues to the end user or the system provider. Examples: Networks of multiple temperature sensors within a single building or campus . Environmental monitoring networks, wearable devices (such as Fitbit or other wellness technologies) iot:TCom="4"Connected heterogeneous objects Connected heterogeneous objects in a single, integrated system . This involves taking data from a variety of sensors of different types, all deployed for the same end user or organisation to help improve processes, make better decisions or change outcomes. Examples: The deployment of a range of sensors in a care home or hospital or the combination of parking, traffic volume and traffic control data in an urban road management system iot:TCom="5"Different objects in similar domain Different objects deployed across multiple interconnected systems for multiple organisations, in multiple locations, all within a similar domain .System supports analysis of aggregated data derived from all deployment locations. Examples: Partnering university campuses security cameras, fire alarms, temperature sensors, access control systems and energy monitoring systems integrated into a single unified control and monitoring solution iot:TCom="6"Different objects in multiple connected domains As for TCom 5, but where multiple domains are connected . This involves gathering data from a variety of sensor types, across a variety of systems and ecosystems, and creating combined views of the data that offer new sources of value (economic or social) or where there is a high degree of automation across homogeneous systems. Examples: Smart cities where multiple organisations, or different city departments and their partners, have built applications that draw on diverse sets of data from multiple sources to develop or improve services. Such applications might include the adjustment of street lighting in response to incoming data on night-time police activity levels, or the adjustment of traffic lights in response to real-time data sources about local environment data, or current people movement data based on mobile phone location data. Or, in the second case, the automated adjustment of environmental controls across a service providers care estate based on real-time data feeds from sensors deployed in those settings . iot:TCom="7"Involves multiple ecosystems and a high degree of automation As for TCom 6, but involving both multiple ecosystems and a high degree of automation. Examples: A smart city solution drawing data from multiple providers and sources, which is then used for automated traffic control and routing of emergency services, or the automated adjustment of traffic lights based on real-time mobile phone location data SSLA second characteristic of an IoT system concerns the inherent level of safety, privacy and security of that system. At one end of the spectrum, an IoT system may not gather data that is sensitive either in terms of safety or privacy, while at the other it may collect data about identifiable individuals or groups of individuals, involve financial transactions, or access to system data or have the ability to control objects that could compromise health, safety or security. iot:SSL="0"No data involved No data involved, no control of the system iot:SSL="1"No sensitive data involved No sensitive data involved, no control of the objects in the system. Example: Wireless doorbell iot:SSL="2"Anonymous or aggregated data System provides anonymous, aggregated statistics, no control of the system. Example: Remote temperature sensors iot:SSL="3"Sensitive data System generates sensitive data or supports some degree of remote control of the system objects. Examples: Biometric data, door actuation mechanisms iot:SSL="4"Connects with external systems System generates sensitive data, supports some degree of remote control of the system objects and connects with external systems. Examples: Integrated facilities management systems, tele-health monitoring, security and safety systems DSLA third characteristic of IoT systems concerns the degree of sharing of sensitive data between the object and the system, and subsequently between the system and the system operator(s) or participants, and third parties. Systems do not always need to share data, so IoT product, platform, service and system designers must be clear about when data is shared, what is shared and why.
iot:DSL="0"No data shared No data is shared. Examples: Simple point-to-point monitoring systems such as consumer weather stations and wireless doorbells iot:DSL="1"Sharing between two parties Basic sharing between two parties: agreed sharing of sensitive data between the customer/buyer/user and the seller or provider (whether that seller or provider operates in the commercial or public sector). Examples: Cloud-based security systems, remote cameras, home monitoring systems iot:DSL="2"Third-party sharing Third person sharing: sharing of sensitive data between the seller or provider and unrelated third parties in a commercial context. Examples: Person tracking information to support targeted marketing offers iot:DSL="3"Multi-domain sharing Multi-domain and third-party sharing: sharing of sensitive data between the customer/buyer/user and multiple sellers or providers involved in delivering services, where those providers come from different ecosystems (including the commercial and public sectors). Examples: The aggregation of parking, traffic and environmental data in an urban traffic management application iot:DSL="4"Open access to sensitive data Open access to sensitive data, including data generated through use of public finance or infrastructure. Examples: Integration of multiple security systems in a public safety context kill-chain
The Cyber Kill Chain, a phase-based model developed by Lockheed Martin, aims to help categorise and identify the stage of an attack. Reconnaissancekill-chain:ReconnaissanceResearch, identification and selection of targets, often represented as crawling Internet websites such as conference proceedings and mailing lists for email addresses, social relationships, or information on specific technologies. Weaponizationkill-chain:WeaponizationCoupling a remote access trojan with an exploit into a deliverable payload, typically by means of an automated tool (weaponizer). Increasingly, client application data files such as Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) or Microsoft Office documents serve as the weaponized deliverable. Deliverykill-chain:DeliveryTransmission of the weapon to the targeted environment. The three most prevalent delivery vectors for weaponized payloads by APT actors, as observed by the Lockheed Martin Computer Incident Response Team (LM-CIRT) for the years 2004-2010, are email attachments, websites, and USB removable media. Exploitationkill-chain:ExploitationAfter the weapon is delivered to victim host, exploitation triggers intruders' code. Most often, exploitation targets an application or operating system vulnerability, but it could also more simply exploit the users themselves or leverage an operating system feature that auto-executes code. Installationkill-chain:InstallationInstallation of a remote access trojan or backdoor on the victim system allows the adversary to maintain persistence inside the environment. Command and Controlkill-chain:Command and ControlTypically, compromised hosts must beacon outbound to an Internet controller server to establish a C2 channel. APT malware especially requires manual interaction rather than conduct activity automatically. Once the C2 channel establishes, intruders have 'hands on the keyboard' access inside the target environment. Actions on Objectiveskill-chain:Actions on ObjectivesOnly now, after progressing through the first six phases, can intruders take actions to achieve their original objectives. Typically, this objective is data exfiltration which involves collecting, encrypting and extracting information from the victim environment; violations of data integrity or availability are potential objectives as well. Alternatively, the intruders may only desire access to the initial victim box for use as a hop point to compromise additional systems and move laterally inside the network. maec-delivery-vectors
Vectors used to deliver malware based on MAEC 5.0 maec-delivery-vectormaec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="active-attacker"active Attacker maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="auto-executing-media"auto-executing-media maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="downloader"downloader maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="dropper"dropper maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="email-attachment"email-attachment maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="exploit-kit-landing-page"exploit-kit-landing-page maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="fake-website"fake-website maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="janitor-attack"janitor-attack maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="malicious-iframes"malicious-iframes maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="malvertising"malvertising maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="media-baiting"media-baiting maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="pharming"pharming maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="phishing"phishing maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="trojanized-link"trojanized-link maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="trojanized-software"trojanized-software maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="usb-cable-syncing"usb-cable-syncing maec-delivery-vectors:maec-delivery-vector="watering-hole"watering-hole maec-malware-behavior
Malware behaviours based on MAEC 5.0 maec-malware-behaviormaec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="access-premium-service"access-premium-service maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="autonomous-remote-infection"autonomous-remote-infection maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="block-security-websites"block-security-websites maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-camera-input"capture-camera-input maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-file-system-data"capture-file-system-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-gps-data"capture-gps-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-keyboard-input"capture-keyboard-input maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-microphone-input"capture-microphone-input maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-mouse-input"capture-mouse-input maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-printer-output"capture-printer-output maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-system-memory"capture-system-memory maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-system-network-traffic"capture-system-network-traffic maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-system-screenshot"capture-system-screenshot maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="capture-touchscreen-input"capture-touchscreen-input maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="check-for-payload"check-for-payload maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="click-fraud"click-fraud maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="compare-host-fingerprints"compare-host-fingerprints maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="compromise-remote-machine"compromise-remote-machinen maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="control-local-machine-via-remote-command"control-local-machine-via-remote-command maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="control-malware-via-remote-command"control-malware-via-remote-command maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="crack-passwords"crack-passwords maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="defeat-call-graph-generation"defeat-call-graph-generation maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="defeat-emulator"defeat-emulator maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="defeat-flow-oriented-disassembler"defeat-flow-oriented-disassembler maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="defeat-linear-disassembler"defeat-linear-disassembler maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="degrade-security-program"degrade-security-program maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="denial-of-service"denial-of-service maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="destroy-hardware"destroy-hardware maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="detect-debugging"detect-debugging maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="detect-emulator"detect-emulator maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="detect-installed-analysis-tools"detect-installed-analysis-tools maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="detect-installed-av-tools"detect-installed-av-tools maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="detect-sandbox-environment"detect-sandbox-environment maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="detect-vm-environment"detect-vm-environment maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="determine-host-ip-address"determine-host-ip-address maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="disable-access-rights-checking"disable-access-rights-checking maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="disable-firewall"disable-firewall maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="disable-kernel-patch-protection"disable-kernel-patch-protection maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="disable-os-security-alerts"disable-os-security-alerts maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="disable-privilege-limiting"disable-privilege-limiting maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="disable-service-pack-patch-installation"disable-service-pack-patch-installation maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="disable-system-file-overwrite-protection"disable-system-file-overwrite-protection maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="disable-update-services-daemons"disable-update-services-daemons maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="disable-user-account-control"disable-user-account-control maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="drop-retrieve-debug-log-file"drop-retrieve-debug-log-file maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="elevate-privilege"elevate-privilege maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="encrypt-data"encrypt-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="encrypt-files"encrypt-files maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="encrypt-self"encrypt-self maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="erase-data"erase-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="evade-static-heuristic"evade-static-heuristic maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="execute-before-external-to-kernel-hypervisor"execute-before-external-to-kernel-hypervisor maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="execute-non-main-cpu-code"execute-non-main-cpu-code maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="execute-stealthy-code"execute-stealthy-code maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="exfiltrate-data-via-covert channel"exfiltrate-data-via-covert channel maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="exfiltrate-data-viadumpster-dive"exfiltrate-data-via-dumpster-dives maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="exfiltrate-data-via-fax"exfiltrate-data-via-fax maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="exfiltrate-data-via-network"exfiltrate-data-via-network maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="exfiltrate-data-via-physical-media"exfiltrate-data-via-physical-media maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="exfiltrate-data-via-voip-phone"exfiltrate-data-via-voip-phone maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="feed-misinformation-during-physical-memory-acquisition"feed-misinformation-during-physical-memory-acquisition maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="file-system-instantiation"file-system-instantiation maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="fingerprint-host"fingerprint-host maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="generate-c2-domain-names"generate-c2-domain-names maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-arbitrary-virtual-memory"hide-arbitrary-virtual-memory maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-data-in-other-formats"hide-data-in-other-formats maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-file-system-artifacts"hide-file-system-artifacts maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-kernel-modules"hide-kernel-modules maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-network-traffic"hide-network-traffic maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-open-network-ports"hide-open-network-ports maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-processes"hide-processes maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-services"hide-services maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-threads"hide-threads maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="hide-userspace-libraries"hide-userspace-libraries maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="identify-file"identify-file maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="identify-os"identify-os maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="identify-target-machines"identify-target-machines maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="impersonate-user"impersonate-user maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="install-backdoor"install-backdoor maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="install-legitimate-software"install-legitimate-software maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="install-secondary-malware"install-secondary-malware maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="install-secondary-module"install-secondary-module maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="intercept-manipulate-network-traffic"intercept-manipulate-network-traffic maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="inventory-security-products"inventory-security-products maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="inventory-system-applications"inventory-system-applications maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="inventory-victims"inventory-victims maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="limit-application-type-version"limit-application-type-version maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="log-activity"log-activity maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="manipulate-file-system-data"manipulate-file-system-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="map-local-network"map-local-network maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="mine-for-cryptocurrency"mine-for-cryptocurrency maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="modify-file"modify-file maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="modify-security-software-configuration"modify-security-software-configuration maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="move-data-to-staging-server"move-data-to-staging-server maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="obfuscate-artifact-properties"obfuscate-artifact-properties maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="overload-sandbox"overload-sandbox maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="package-data"package-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="persist-after-hardware-changes"persist-after-hardware-changes maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="persist-after-os-changes"persist-after-os-changes maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="persist-after-system-reboot"persist-after-system-reboot maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-api-unhooking"prevent-api-unhooking maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-concurrent-execution"prevent-concurrent-execution maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-debugging"prevent-debugging maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-file-access"prevent-file-access maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-file-deletion"prevent-file-deletion maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-memory-access"prevent-memory-access maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-native-api-hooking"prevent-native-api-hooking maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-physical-memory-acquisition"prevent-physical-memory-acquisition maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-registry-access"prevent-registry-access maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-registry-deletion"prevent-registry-deletion maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="prevent-security-software-from-executing"prevent-security-software-from-executing maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="re-instantiate-self"re-instantiate-self maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="remove-self"remove-self maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="remove-sms-warning-messages"remove-sms-warning-messages maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="remove-system-artifacts"remove-system-artifacts maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="request-email-address-list"request-email-address-list maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="request-email-template"request-email-template maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="search-for-remote-machines"search-for-remote-machines maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="send-beacon"send-beacon maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="send-email-message"send-email-message maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="social-engineering-based-remote-infection"social-engineering-based-remote-infection maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-browser-cache"steal-browser-cache maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-browser-cookies"steal-browser-cookies maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-browser-history"steal-browser-history maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-contact-list-data"steal-contact-list-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-cryptocurrency-data"steal-cryptocurrency-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-database-content"steal-database-content maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-dialed-phone-numbers"steal-dialed-phone-numbers maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-digital-certificates"steal-digital-certificates maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-documents"steal-documents maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-email-data"steal-email-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-images"steal-images maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-password-hashes"steal-password-hashes maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-pki-key"steal-pki-key maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-referrer-urls"steal-referrer-urls maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-serial-numbers"steal-serial-numbers maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-sms-database"steal-sms-database maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="steal-web-network-credential"steal-web-network-credential maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="stop-execution-of-security-software"stop-execution-of-security-software maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="suicide-exit"suicide-exit maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="test-for-firewall"test-for-firewall maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="test-for-internet-connectivity"test-for-internet-connectivity maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="test-for-network-drives"test-for-network-drives maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="test-for-proxy"test-for-proxy maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="test-smtp-connection"test-smtp-connection maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="update-configuration"update-configuration maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="validate-data"validate-data maec-malware-behavior:maec-malware-behavior="write-code-into-file"write-code-into-file maec-malware-capabilities
Malware Capabilities based on MAEC 5.0 maec-malware-capabilitymaec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-behavioral-analysis"anti-behavioral-analysis maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-code-analysis"anti-code-analysis maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-detection"anti-detection maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-removal"anti-removal maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="availability-violation"availability-violation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="collection"collection maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="command-and-control"command-and-control maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="data-theft"data-theft maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="destruction"destruction maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="discovery"discovery maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="exfiltration"exfiltration maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="fraud"fraud maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="infection-propagation"infection-propagation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="integrity-violation"integrity-violation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="machine-access-control"machine-access-control maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="persistence"persistence maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="privilege-escalation"privilege-escalation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="secondary-operation"secondary-operation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="security-degradation"security-degradation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="access-control-degradation"access-control-degradation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-debugging"anti-debugging maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-disassembly"anti-disassembly maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-emulation"anti-emulation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-memory-forensics"anti-memory-forensics maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-sandbox"anti-sandbox maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-virus-evasion"anti-virus-evasion maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="anti-vm"anti-vm maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="authentication-credentials-theft"authentication-credentials-theft maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="clean-traces-of-infection"clean-traces-of-infection maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="communicate-with-c2-server"communicate-with-c2-server maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="compromise-data-availability"compromise-data-availability maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="compromise-system-availability"compromise-system-availability maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="consume-system-resources"consume-system-resources maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="continuous-execution"continuous-execution maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="data-integrity-violation"data-integrity-violation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="data-obfuscation"data-obfuscation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="data-staging"data-staging maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="determine-c2-server"determine-c2-server maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="email-spam"email-spam maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="ensure-compatibility"ensure-compatibility maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="environment-awareness"environment-awareness maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="file-infection"file-infection maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="hide-artifacts"hide-artifacts maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="hide-executing-code"hide-executing-code maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="hide-non-executing-code"hide-non-executing-code maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="host-configuration-probing"host-configuration-probing maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="information-gathering-for-improvement"information-gathering-for-improvement maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="input-peripheral-capture"input-peripheral-capture maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="install-other-components"install-other-components maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="local-machine-control"local-machine-control maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="network-environment-probing"network-environment-probing maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="os-security-feature-degradation"os-security-feature-degradation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="output-peripheral-capture"output-peripheral-capture maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="physical-entity-destruction"physical-entity-destruction maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="prevent-artifact-access"prevent-artifact-access maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="prevent-artifact-deletion"prevent-artifact-deletion maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="remote-machine-access"remote-machine-access maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="security-software-degradation"security-software-degradation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="security-software-evasion"security-software-evasion maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="self-modification"self-modification maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="service-provider-security-feature-degradation"service-provider-security-feature-degradation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="stored-information-theft"stored-information-theft maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="system-interface-data-capture"system-interface-data-capture maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="system-operational-integrity-violation"system-operational-integrity-violation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="system-re-infection"system-re-infection maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="system-state-data-capture"system-state-data-capture maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="system-update-degradation"system-update-degradation maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="user-data-theft"user-data-theft maec-malware-capabilities:maec-malware-capability="virtual-entity-destruction"virtual-entity-destruction maec-malware-obfuscation-methods
Obfuscation methods used by malware based on MAEC 5.0 maec-obfuscation-methodsmaec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="packing"packing maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="code-encryption"code-encryption maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="dead-code-insertion"dead-code-insertion maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="entry-point-obfuscation"entry-point-obfuscation maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="import-address-table-obfuscation"import-address-table-obfuscation maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="interleaving-code"interleaving-code maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="symbolic-obfuscation"symbolic-obfuscation maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="string-obfuscation"string-obfuscation maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="subroutine-reordering"subroutine-reordering maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="code-transposition"code-transposition maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="instruction-substitution"instruction-substitution maec-malware-obfuscation-methods:maec-obfuscation-methods="register-reassignment"register-reassignment malware_classification
Classification based on different categories. Based on https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/incident/malware-101-viruses-32848 malware-categorymalware_classification:malware-category="Virus"Virus malware_classification:malware-category="Worm"Worm malware_classification:malware-category="Trojan"Trojan malware_classification:malware-category="Ransomware"Ransomware malware_classification:malware-category="Rootkit"Rootkit malware_classification:malware-category="Downloader"Downloader malware_classification:malware-category="Adware"Adware malware_classification:malware-category="Spyware"Spyware malware_classification:malware-category="Botnet"Botnet obfuscation-techniquemalware_classification:obfuscation-technique="no-obfuscation"No obfuscation is used malware_classification:obfuscation-technique="encryption"encryption malware_classification:obfuscation-technique="oligomorphism"oligomorphism malware_classification:obfuscation-technique="metamorphism"metamorphism malware_classification:obfuscation-technique="stealth"stealth malware_classification:obfuscation-technique="armouring"armouring malware_classification:obfuscation-technique="tunneling"tunneling malware_classification:obfuscation-technique="XOR"XOR malware_classification:obfuscation-technique="BASE64"BASE64 malware_classification:obfuscation-technique="ROT13"ROT13 payload-classificationmalware_classification:payload-classification="no-payload"No payload malware_classification:payload-classification="non-destructive"Non-Destructive malware_classification:payload-classification="destructive"Destructive malware_classification:payload-classification="dropper"Dropper memory-classificationmalware_classification:memory-classification="resident"In memory malware_classification:memory-classification="temporary-resident"In memory temporarily malware_classification:memory-classification="swapping-mode"Only a part loaded in memory temporarily malware_classification:memory-classification="non-resident"Not in memory malware_classification:memory-classification="user-process"As a user level process malware_classification:memory-classification="kernel-process"As a process in the kernel misinformation-website-label
classification for the identification of type of misinformation among websites. Source:False, Misleading, Clickbait-y, and/or Satirical News Sources by Melissa Zimdars 2019 fake-newsSources that fabricate information, disseminate deceptive content, or grossly distort actual news reports satireSources that use humor, irony, exaggeration, ridicule, and false information to comment current events misinformation-website-label:satire="humor"Humor misinformation-website-label:satire="irony"Irony misinformation-website-label:satire="exaggeration"Exaggeration misinformation-website-label:satire="false-information"False information extreme-biasSources that come from a particular point of view and may rely on propaganda, decontextualized information, opinions distorded as facts misinformation-website-label:extreme-bias="propaganda"Propaganda misinformation-website-label:extreme-bias="decontextualized-information"Decontextualized Information misinformation-website-label:extreme-bias="opinions-distorded-as-facts"Opinions distorded as facts conspiracySources that are well-known promoters of kooky conspiracy theories. Ex: 9/11 conspiracies, chem-trails, lizard people in the sewer systems, birther rumors, flat earth theory fluoride as mind control, vaccines as mind control etc rumorSources that traffic in rumors, gossip, innuendo, unverified claims misinformation-website-label:rumor="rumors"Rumors misinformation-website-label:rumor="gossip"Gossip misinformation-website-label:rumor="innuendo"Innuendo misinformation-website-label:rumor="unverified-claims"Unverified Claims state-newsSources in repressive states operating under government sanction junk-sciencesSources that promotes pseudo-sciences, metaphysics, naturalistic fallacies, and other scientificallt dubious claims hate-newsSources that promote racism, misogyny, homophobia, and other forms of discrimination misinformation-website-label:hate-news="racism"Racism misinformation-website-label:hate-news="misogyny"Misogyny misinformation-website-label:hate-news="homophobia"Homophobia misinformation-website-label:hate-news="discrimination-other"Discrimination other clickbaitSources that provide generally credible content, but use exaggerated, misleading, OR questionable headlines, social media descriptions, and/or images. These sources may also use sensational language to generate interest, clickthroughs, and shares, but their content is typically verifiable proceed-with-cautionSources that may be reliable but whose contents require further verification or to be read in conjunction with other sources politicalSources that provide generally verifiable information in support of certain points of view or political orientations credibleSources that circulate news and information in a manner consistent with traditional and ethical practices in journalism unknownSources that have not yet been analyzed (many of these were suggested by readers/users or are found on other lists and resources). misp
MISP taxonomy to infer with MISP behavior or operation. uimisp:ui="hide"tag to hide from the user-interface. apimisp:api="hide"tag to hide from the API. expansionExpansion tag incluencing the MISP behavior using expansion modules misp:expansion="block"block contributormisp:contributor="pgpfingerprint"OpenPGP Fingerprint confidence-level
misp:confidence-level="completely-confident"Completely confident Associated numerical value="100" misp:confidence-level="usually-confident"Usually confident Associated numerical value="75" misp:confidence-level="fairly-confident"Fairly confident Associated numerical value="50" misp:confidence-level="rarely-confident"Rarely confident Associated numerical value="25" misp:confidence-level="unconfident"Unconfident misp:confidence-level="confidence-cannot-be-evaluated"Confidence cannot be evaluated Associated numerical value="50" threat-level
misp:threat-level="no-risk"No risk Harmless information. (CEUS threat level) misp:threat-level="low-risk"Low risk Low risk which can include mass-malware. (CEUS threat level) Associated numerical value="25" misp:threat-level="medium-risk"Medium risk Medium risk which can include targeted attacks (e.g. APT). (CEUS threat level) Associated numerical value="50" misp:threat-level="high-risk"High risk High risk which can include highly sophisticated attacks or 0-day attack. (CEUS threat level) Associated numerical value="100" automation-level
misp:automation-level="unsupervised"Generated automatically without human verification misp:automation-level="reviewed"Generated automatically but verified by a human Associated numerical value="50" misp:automation-level="manual"Output of human analysis Associated numerical value="100" should-not-syncEvent with this tag should not be synced to other MISP instances toolTool associated with the information taggged misp:tool="misp2stix"misp2stix misp:tool="misp2yara"misp2yara misp2yara
misp:misp2yara="generated"generated misp:misp2yara="as-is"as-is misp:misp2yara="valid"valid misp:misp2yara="invalid"invalid event-typemisp:event-type="observation"observation misp:event-type="incident"incident misp:event-type="report"report misp:event-type="collection"collection misp:event-type="analysis"analysis misp:event-type="automatic-analysis"automatic-analysis idsmisp:ids="force"force Force the IDS flag to be the one from the tag. misp:ids="true"true Overwrite the current IDS flag of the information tag by IDS true. misp:ids="false"false Overwrite the current IDS flag of the information tag by IDS false. monarc-threat
MONARC Threats Taxonomy compromise-of-functionsmonarc-threat:compromise-of-functions="error-in-use"Error in use A person commits an operating error, input error or utilisation error on hardware or software. monarc-threat:compromise-of-functions="forging-of-rights"Forging of rights A person assumes the identity of a different person in order to use his/her access rights to the information system, misinform the recipient, commit a fraud, etc. monarc-threat:compromise-of-functions="eavesdropping"Eavesdropping Someone connected to communication equipment or media or located inside the transmission coverage boundaries of a communication. monarc-threat:compromise-of-functions="denial-of-actions"Denial of actions A person or entity denies being involved in an exchange with a third party or carrying out an operation. monarc-threat:compromise-of-functions="abuse-of-rights"Abuse of rights Someone with special rights (network administration, computer specialists, etc.) modifies the operating characteristics of the resources. monarc-threat:compromise-of-functions="breach-of-personnel-availability"Breach of personnel availability Absence of qualified or authorised personnel to execute the usual operations. unauthorised-actionsmonarc-threat:unauthorised-actions="fraudulent-copying-or-use-of-counterfeit-software"Fraudulent copying or use of counterfeit software Someone inside the organisation makes fraudulent copies (also called pirated copies) of package software or in-house software. monarc-threat:unauthorised-actions="corruption-of-data"Corruption of data Someone gains access to the communication equipment of the information system and corrupts transmission of information (by intercepting, inserting, destroying, etc.) or repeatedly attempts access until successful. monarc-threat:unauthorised-actions="illegal-processing-of-data"Illegal processing of data A person carries out information processing that is forbidden by the law or a regulation. compromise-of-informationmonarc-threat:compromise-of-information="remote-spying"Remote spying Personnel actions observable from a distance. Visual observation with or without optical equipment, for example observation of a user entering a code or password on a keyboard. monarc-threat:compromise-of-information="tampering-with-hardware"Tampering with hardware Someone with access to a communication medium or equipment installs an interception or destruction device in it. monarc-threat:compromise-of-information="interception-of-compromising-interference-signals"Interception of compromising interference signals Interfering signals from an electromagnetic source emitted by the equipment (by conduction on the electrical power supply cables or earth wires or by radiation in free space). Capture of these signals depends on the distance to the targeted equipment or the possibility of connecting to cables or any other conductor passing close to the equipment (coupling phenomenon). monarc-threat:compromise-of-information="theft-or-destruction-of-media-documents-or-equipment"Theft or destruction of media, documents or equipment Media, documents or equipment can be accessed by foreigners either internally or externally. It can be damaged or stolen. monarc-threat:compromise-of-information="retrieval-of-recycled-or-discarded media"Retrieval of recycled or discarded media Retrieval of electronic media (hard discs, floppy discs, back-up cartridges, USB keys, ZIP discs, removable hard discs, etc.) or paper copies (lists, incomplete print-outs, messages, etc.) intended for recycling and containing retrievable information. monarc-threat:compromise-of-information="malware-infection"Malware infection Unwanted software that is doing operations seeking to harm the company. monarc-threat:compromise-of-information="data-from-untrustworthy-sources"Data from untrustworthy sources Receiving false data or unsuitable equipment from outside sources and using them in the organisation. monarc-threat:compromise-of-information="disclosure"Disclosure Person who voluntarily or negligently disclosure information. loss-of-essential-servicesmonarc-threat:loss-of-essential-services="failure-of-telecommunication-equipment"Failure of telecommunication equipment Disturbance, shutdown or incorrect sizing of telecommunications services (telephone, Internet access, Internet network). monarc-threat:loss-of-essential-services="loss-of-power-supply"Loss of power supply Failure, shutdown or incorrect sizing of the power supply to the assets arising either from the suppliers service or from the internal distribution system. monarc-threat:loss-of-essential-services="failure-of-air-conditioning"Failure of air-conditioning Failure, shutdown or inadequacy of the air-conditioning service may cause assets requiring cooling or ventilation to shut down, malfunction or fail completely. technical-failuresmonarc-threat:technical-failures="software-malfunction"Software malfunction Design error, installation error or operating error committed during modification causing incorrect execution. monarc-threat:technical-failures="equipment-malfunction-or-failure"Equipment malfunction or failure Logical or physical event causing hardware malfunctions or failures. monarc-threat:technical-failures="saturation-of-the-information-system"Saturation of the information system A person or resource of a hardware, software or network type simulating an intense demand on resources by setting up continuous bombardment. monarc-threat:technical-failures="breach-of-information-system-maintainability"Breach of information system maintainability Lack of expertise in the system making retrofitting and upgrading impossible physical-damagemonarc-threat:physical-damage="destruction-of-equipment-or-supports"Destruction of equipment or supports Event causing destruction of equipment or media. monarc-threat:physical-damage="fire"Fire Any situation that could facilitate the conflagration of premises or equipment. monarc-threat:physical-damage="water-damage"Water damage Situation facilitating the water hazard on equipment (floods, water leak, cellars, etc.) monarc-threat:physical-damage="major-accident"Major accident Any event that can physically destroy the premises monarc-threat:physical-damage="pollution"Pollution Presence of dust, vapours, corrosive or toxic gases in the ambient air. monarc-threat:physical-damage="environmental-disaster"Environmental disaster (fire, flood, dust, dirt, etc.) Any event that can physically ruin the premises ms-caro-malware
Malware Type and Platform classification based on Microsofts implementation of the Computer Antivirus Research Organization (CARO) Naming Scheme and Malware Terminology. Based on https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/portal/mmpc/shared/malwarenaming.aspx, https://www.microsoft.com/security/portal/mmpc/shared/glossary.aspx, https://www.microsoft.com/security/portal/mmpc/shared/objectivecriteria.aspx, and http://www.caro.org/definitions/index.html. Malware families are extracted from Microsoft SIRs since 2008 based on https://www.microsoft.com/security/sir/archive/default.aspx and https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/portal/threat/threats.aspx. Note that SIRs do NOT include all Microsoft malware families. malware-typems-caro-malware:malware-type="Adware"Adware - Software that shows you extra promotions that you cannot control as you use your PC ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Backdoor"A type of trojan that gives a malicious hacker access to and control of your PC ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Behavior"A type of detection based on file actions that are often associated with malicious activity ms-caro-malware:malware-type="BroswerModifier"A program than makes changes to your Internet browser without your permission ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Constructor"A program that can be used to automatically create malware files ms-caro-malware:malware-type="DDoS"When a number of PCs are made to access a website, network or server repeatedly within a given time period. The aim of the attack is to overload the target so that it crashes and cant respond ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Dialer"A program that makes unauthorized telephone calls. These calls may be charged at a premium rate and cost you a lot of money ms-caro-malware:malware-type="DoS"When a target PC or server is deliberately overloaded so that it doesnt work for any visitors anymore ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Exploit"A piece of code that uses software vulnerabilities to access information on your PC or install malware ms-caro-malware:malware-type="HackTool"A type of tool that can be used to allow and maintain unauthorized access to your PC ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Joke"A program that pretends to do something malicious but actually doesnt actually do anything harmful. For example, some joke programs pretend to delete files or format disks ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Misleading"The program that makes misleading or fraudulent claims about files, registry entries or other items on your PC ms-caro-malware:malware-type="MonitoringTool"A commercial program that monitors what you do on your PC. This can include monitoring what keys you press; your email or instant messages; your voice or video conversations; and your banking details and passwords. It can also take screenshots as you use your PC ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Program"Software that you may or may not want installed on your PC ms-caro-malware:malware-type="PUA"Potentially Unwanted Applications. Characteristics of unwanted software can include depriving users of adequate choice or control over what the software does to the computer, preventing users from removing the software, or displaying advertisements without clearly identifying their source. ms-caro-malware:malware-type="PWS"A type of malware that is used steal your personal information, such as user names and passwords. It often works along with a keylogger that collects and sends information about what keys you press and websites you visit to a malicious hacker ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Ransom"A detection for malicious programs that seize control of the computer on which they are installed. This trojan usually locks the screen and prevents the user from using the computer. It usually displays an alert message. ms-caro-malware:malware-type="RemoteAccess"A program that gives someone access to your PC from a remote location. This type of program is often installed by the computer owner ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Rogue"Software that pretends to be an antivirus program but doesnt actually provide any security. This type of software usually gives you a lot of alerts about threats on your PC that dont exist. It also tries to convince you to pay for its services ms-caro-malware:malware-type="SettingsModifier"A program that changes your PC settings ms-caro-malware:malware-type="SoftwareBundler"A program that installs unwanted software on your PC at the same time as the software you are trying to install, without adequate consent ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Spammer"A trojan that sends large numbers of spam emails. It may also describe the person or business responsible for sending spam ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Spoofer"A type of trojan that makes fake emails that look like they are from a legitimate source ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Spyware"A program that collects your personal information, such as your browsing history, and uses it without adequate consent ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Tool"A type of software that may have a legitimate purpose, but which may also be abused by malware authors ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Trojan"A trojan is a program that tries to look innocent, but is actually a malicious application. Unlike a virus or a worm , a trojan doesnt spread by itself. Instead they try to look innocent to convince you to download and install them. Once installed, a trojan can steal your personal information, download more malware, or give a malicious hacker access to your PC ms-caro-malware:malware-type="TrojanClicker"A type of trojan that can use your PC to click on websites or applications. They are usually used to make money for a malicious hacker by clicking on online advertisements and making it look like the website gets more traffic than it does. They can also be used to skew online polls, install programs on your PC, or make unwanted software appear more popular than it is ms-caro-malware:malware-type="TrojanDownloader"A type of trojan that installs other malicious files, including malware, onto your PC. It can download the files from a remote PC or install them directly from a copy that is included in its file. ms-caro-malware:malware-type="TrojanDropper"A type of trojan that installs other malicious files, including malware, onto your PC. It can download the files from a remote PC or install them directly from a copy that is included in its file. ms-caro-malware:malware-type="TrojanNotifier"A type of trojan that sends information about your PC to a malicious hacker. It is similar to a password stealer ms-caro-malware:malware-type="TrojanProxy"A type of trojan that installs a proxy server on your PC. The server can be configured so that when you use the Internet, any requests you make are sent through a server controlled by a malicious hacker. ms-caro-malware:malware-type="TrojanSpy"A program that collects your personal information, such as your browsing history, and uses it without adequate consent. ms-caro-malware:malware-type="VirTool"A detection that is used mostly for malware components, or tools used for malware-related actions, such as rootkits. ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Virus"A type of malware. Viruses spread on their own by attaching their code to other programs, or copying themselves across systems and networks. ms-caro-malware:malware-type="Worm"A type of malware that spreads to other PCs. Worms may spread using one or more of the following methods: Email programs, Instant messaging programs, File-sharing programs, Social networking sites, Network shares, Removable drives with Autorun enabled, Software vulnerabilities malware-platformms-caro-malware:malware-platform="AndroidOS"Android operating system ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="DOS"MS-DOS platform ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="EPOC"Psion devices ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="FreeBSD"FreeBSD platform ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="iPhoneOS"iPhone operating system ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Linux"Linux platform ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="MacOS"MAC 9.x platform or earlier ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="MacOS_X"MacOS X or later ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="OS2"OS2 platform ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Palm"Palm operating system ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Solaris"System V-based Unix platforms ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="SunOS"Unix platforms 4.1.3 or earlier ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="SymbOS"Symbian operatings system ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Unix"General Unix platforms ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Win16"Win16 (3.1) platform ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Win2K"Windows 2000 platform ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Win32"Windows 32-bit platform ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Win64"Windows 64-bit platform ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Win95"Windows 95, 98 and ME platforms ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Win98"Windows 98 platform only ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="WinCE"Windows CE platform ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="WinNT"WinNT ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="ABAP"Advanced Business Application Programming scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="ALisp"ALisp scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="AmiPro"AmiPro script ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="ANSI"American National Standards Institute scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="AppleScript"compiled Apple scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="ASP"Active Server Pages scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="AutoIt"AutoIT scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="BAS"Basic scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="BAT"Basic scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="CorelScript"Corelscript scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="HTA"HTML Application scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="HTML"HTML Application scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="INF"Install scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="IRC"mIRC/pIRC scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Java"Java binaries (classes) ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="JS"Javascript scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="LOGO"LOGO scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="MPB"MapBasic scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="MSH"Monad shell scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="MSIL"ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Perl"Net intermediate language scripts Perl scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="PHP"Hypertext Preprocessor scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Python"Python scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="SAP"SAP platform scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="SH"Shell scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="VBA"Visual Basic for Applications scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="VBS"Visual Basic scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="WinBAT"Winbatch scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="WinHlp"Windows Help scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="WinREG"Windows registry scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="A97M"Access 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="HE"macro scripting ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="O97M"Office 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros - those that affect Word, Excel, and Powerpoint ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="PP97M"PowerPoint 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="V5M"Visio5 macros ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="W1M"Word1Macro ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="W2M"Word2Macro ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="W97M"Word 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="WM"Word 95 macros ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="X97M"Excel 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="XF"Excel formulas ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="XM"Excel 95 macros ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="ASX"XML metafile of Windows Media .asf files ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="HC"HyperCard Apple scripts ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="MIME"MIME packets ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="Netware"Novell Netware files ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="QT"Quicktime files ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="SB"StarBasic (Staroffice XML) files ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="SWF"Shockwave Flash files ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="TSQL"MS SQL server files ms-caro-malware:malware-platform="XML"XML files ms-caro-malware-full
Malware Type and Platform classification based on Microsofts implementation of the Computer Antivirus Research Organization (CARO) Naming Scheme and Malware Terminology. Based on https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/portal/mmpc/shared/malwarenaming.aspx, https://www.microsoft.com/security/portal/mmpc/shared/glossary.aspx, https://www.microsoft.com/security/portal/mmpc/shared/objectivecriteria.aspx, and http://www.caro.org/definitions/index.html. Malware families are extracted from Microsoft SIRs since 2008 based on https://www.microsoft.com/security/sir/archive/default.aspx and https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/portal/threat/threats.aspx. Note that SIRs do NOT include all Microsoft malware families. malware-typems-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Adware"Adware - Software that shows you extra promotions that you cannot control as you use your PC ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Backdoor"A type of trojan that gives a malicious hacker access to and control of your PC ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Behavior"A type of detection based on file actions that are often associated with malicious activity ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="BroswerModifier"A program than makes changes to your Internet browser without your permission ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Constructor"A program that can be used to automatically create malware files ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="DDoS"When a number of PCs are made to access a website, network or server repeatedly within a given time period. The aim of the attack is to overload the target so that it crashes and cant respond ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Dialer"A program that makes unauthorized telephone calls. These calls may be charged at a premium rate and cost you a lot of money ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="DoS"When a target PC or server is deliberately overloaded so that it doesnt work for any visitors anymore ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Exploit"A piece of code that uses software vulnerabilities to access information on your PC or install malware ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="HackTool"A type of tool that can be used to allow and maintain unauthorized access to your PC ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Joke"A program that pretends to do something malicious but actually doesnt actually do anything harmful. For example, some joke programs pretend to delete files or format disks ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Misleading"The program that makes misleading or fraudulent claims about files, registry entries or other items on your PC ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="MonitoringTool"A commercial program that monitors what you do on your PC. This can include monitoring what keys you press; your email or instant messages; your voice or video conversations; and your banking details and passwords. It can also take screenshots as you use your PC ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Program"Software that you may or may not want installed on your PC ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="PUA"Potentially Unwanted Applications. Characteristics of unwanted software can include depriving users of adequate choice or control over what the software does to the computer, preventing users from removing the software, or displaying advertisements without clearly identifying their source. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="PWS"A type of malware that is used steal your personal information, such as user names and passwords. It often works along with a keylogger that collects and sends information about what keys you press and websites you visit to a malicious hacker ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Ransom"A detection for malicious programs that seize control of the computer on which they are installed. This trojan usually locks the screen and prevents the user from using the computer. It usually displays an alert message. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="RemoteAccess"A program that gives someone access to your PC from a remote location. This type of program is often installed by the computer owner ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Rogue"Software that pretends to be an antivirus program but doesnt actually provide any security. This type of software usually gives you a lot of alerts about threats on your PC that dont exist. It also tries to convince you to pay for its services ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="SettingsModifier"A program that changes your PC settings ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="SoftwareBundler"A program that installs unwanted software on your PC at the same time as the software you are trying to install, without adequate consent ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Spammer"A trojan that sends large numbers of spam emails. It may also describe the person or business responsible for sending spam ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Spoofer"A type of trojan that makes fake emails that look like they are from a legitimate source ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Spyware"A program that collects your personal information, such as your browsing history, and uses it without adequate consent ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Tool"A type of software that may have a legitimate purpose, but which may also be abused by malware authors ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Trojan"A trojan is a program that tries to look innocent, but is actually a malicious application. Unlike a virus or a worm , a trojan doesnt spread by itself. Instead they try to look innocent to convince you to download and install them. Once installed, a trojan can steal your personal information, download more malware, or give a malicious hacker access to your PC ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="TrojanClicker"A type of trojan that can use your PC to click on websites or applications. They are usually used to make money for a malicious hacker by clicking on online advertisements and making it look like the website gets more traffic than it does. They can also be used to skew online polls, install programs on your PC, or make unwanted software appear more popular than it is ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="TrojanDownloader"A type of trojan that installs other malicious files, including malware, onto your PC. It can download the files from a remote PC or install them directly from a copy that is included in its file. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="TrojanDropper"A type of trojan that installs other malicious files, including malware, onto your PC. It can download the files from a remote PC or install them directly from a copy that is included in its file. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="TrojanNotifier"A type of trojan that sends information about your PC to a malicious hacker. It is similar to a password stealer ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="TrojanProxy"A type of trojan that installs a proxy server on your PC. The server can be configured so that when you use the Internet, any requests you make are sent through a server controlled by a malicious hacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="TrojanSpy"A program that collects your personal information, such as your browsing history, and uses it without adequate consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="VirTool"A detection that is used mostly for malware components, or tools used for malware-related actions, such as rootkits. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Virus"A type of malware. Viruses spread on their own by attaching their code to other programs, or copying themselves across systems and networks. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-type="Worm"A type of malware that spreads to other PCs. Worms may spread using one or more of the following methods: Email programs, Instant messaging programs, File-sharing programs, Social networking sites, Network shares, Removable drives with Autorun enabled, Software vulnerabilities malware-platformms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="AndroidOS"Android operating system ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="DOS"MS-DOS platform ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="EPOC"Psion devices ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="FreeBSD"FreeBSD platform ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="iPhoneOS"iPhone operating system ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Linux"Linux platform ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="MacOS"MAC 9.x platform or earlier ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="MacOS_X"MacOS X or later ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="OS2"OS2 platform ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Palm"Palm operating system ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Solaris"System V-based Unix platforms ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="SunOS"Unix platforms 4.1.3 or earlier ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="SymbOS"Symbian operatings system ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Unix"General Unix platforms ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Win16"Win16 (3.1) platform ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Win2K"Windows 2000 platform ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Win32"Windows 32-bit platform ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Win64"Windows 64-bit platform ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Win95"Windows 95, 98 and ME platforms ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Win98"Windows 98 platform only ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="WinCE"Windows CE platform ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="WinNT"WinNT ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="ABAP"Advanced Business Application Programming scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="ALisp"ALisp scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="AmiPro"AmiPro script ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="ANSI"American National Standards Institute scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="AppleScript"compiled Apple scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="ASP"Active Server Pages scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="AutoIt"AutoIT scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="BAS"Basic scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="BAT"Basic scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="CorelScript"Corelscript scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="HTA"HTML Application scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="HTML"HTML Application scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="INF"Install scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="IRC"mIRC/pIRC scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Java"Java binaries (classes) ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="JS"Javascript scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="LOGO"LOGO scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="MPB"MapBasic scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="MSH"Monad shell scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="MSIL"ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Perl"Net intermediate language scripts Perl scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="PHP"Hypertext Preprocessor scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Python"Python scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="SAP"SAP platform scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="SH"Shell scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="VBA"Visual Basic for Applications scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="VBS"Visual Basic scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="WinBAT"Winbatch scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="WinHlp"Windows Help scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="WinREG"Windows registry scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="A97M"Access 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="HE"macro scripting ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="O97M"Office 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros - those that affect Word, Excel, and Powerpoint ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="PP97M"PowerPoint 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="V5M"Visio5 macros ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="W1M"Word1Macro ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="W2M"Word2Macro ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="W97M"Word 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="WM"Word 95 macros ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="X97M"Excel 97, 2000, XP, 2003, 2007, and 2010 macros ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="XF"Excel formulas ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="XM"Excel 95 macros ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="ASX"XML metafile of Windows Media .asf files ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="HC"HyperCard Apple scripts ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="MIME"MIME packets ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="Netware"Novell Netware files ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="QT"Quicktime files ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="SB"StarBasic (Staroffice XML) files ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="SWF"Shockwave Flash files ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="TSQL"MS SQL server files ms-caro-malware-full:malware-platform="XML"XML files malware-familyms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Zlob"2008 - A family of trojans that often pose as downloadable media codecs. When installed, Win32/Zlob displays frequent pop-up advertisements for rogue security software ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Vundo"2008 - A multiplecomponent family of programs that deliver pop-up advertisements and may download and execute arbitrary files. Vundo is often installed as a browser helper object (BHO) without a users consent ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Virtumonde"2008 - multi-component malware family that displays pop-up advertisements for rogue security software ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bancos"2008 - A data-stealing trojan that captures online banking credentials and relays them to the attacker. Most variants target customers of Brazilian banks. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Cutwail"2008 - A trojan that downloads and executes arbitrary files, usually to send spam. Win32/Cutwail has also been observed to transmit Win32/Newacc ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Oderoor"2008 - a backdoor trojan that allows an attacker access and control of the compromised computer. This trojan may connect with remote web sites and SMTP servers. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Newacc"2008 - An attacker tool that automatically registers new e-mail accounts on Hotmail, AOL, Gmail, Lycos and other account service providers, using a Web service to decode CAPTCHA protection. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Captiya"2008 - A trojan that transmits CAPTCHA images to a botnet, in what is believed to be an effort to improve the botnets ability to detect characters and break CAPTCHAs more successfully ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Taterf"2008 - A family of worms that spread through mapped drives in order to steal login and account details for popular online games. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Frethog"2008 - A large family of password-stealing trojans that target confidential data, such as account information, from massively multiplayer online games ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tilcun"2008 - A family of trojans that steals online game passwords and sends this captured data to remote sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ceekat"2008 - A collection of trojans that steal information such as passwords for online games, usually by reading information directly from running processes in memory. Different variants target different processes. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Corripio"2008 - a loosely-related family of trojans that attempt to steal passwords for popular online games. Detections containing the name Win32/Corripio are generic, and hence may be reported for a large number of different malicious password-stealing trojans that are otherwise behaviorally dissimilar. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Zuten"2008 - A family of malware that steals information from online games. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Lolyda"2008 - A family of trojans that sends account information from popular online games to a remote server. They may also download and execute arbitrary files. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Storark"2008 - A family of trojans that steals online game passwords and sends this captured data to remote sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Renos"2008 - A family of trojan downloaders that installs rogue security software. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="ZangoSearchAssistant"2008 - Adware that monitors the users Web-browsing activity and displays pop-up advertisements related to the Internet sites the user is viewing. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="ZangoShoppingReports"2008 - Adware that displays targeted advertising to affected users while they browse the Internet, based on search terms entered into search engines. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeXPA"2008 - A rogue security software family that claims to scan for malware and then demands that the user pay to remove nonexistent threats. Some variants unlawfully use Microsoft logos and trademarks. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeSecSen"2008 - A rogue security software family that claims to scan for malware and then demands that the user pay to remove non-existent threats. It appears to be based on Win32/SpySheriff ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Hotbar"2008 - Adware that displays a dynamic toolbar and targeted pop-up ads based on its monitoring of Web-browsing activity. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Agent"2008 - A generic detection for a number of trojans that may perform different malicious functions. The behaviors exhibited by this family are highly variable ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Wimad"2008 - A detection for malicious Windows Media files that can be used to encourage users to download and execute arbitrary files on an affected machine. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BaiduSobar"2008 - A Chinese language Web browser toolbar that delivers pop-up and contextual advertisements, blocks certain other advertisements, and changes the Internet Explorer search page ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="VB"2008 - A detection for various threats written in the Visual Basic programming language. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Antivirus2008"2008 - A program that displays misleading security alerts in order to convince users to purchase rogue security software. It may be installed by Win32/Renos or manually by a computer user. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Playmp3z"2008 - An adware family that may display advertisements in connection with the use of a 'free music player' from the site 'PlayMP3z.biz.' ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tibs"2008 - a family of Trojans that may download and run other malicious software or may steal user data and send it to the attacker via HTTP POST or email. The Win32/Tibs family frequently downloads Trojans belonging to the Win32/Harnig and Win32/Passalert families, both of which are families of Trojan downloaders which may in turn download and run other malicious software ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SeekmoSearchAssistant"2008 - Adware that displays targeted search results and pop-up advertisements based on terms that the user enters for Web searches. The pop-up advertisements may include adult content. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="RJump"2008 - a worm that attempts to spread by copying itself to newly attached media (such as USB memory devices or network drives). It also contains backdoor functionality that allows an attacker unauthorized access to an affected computer ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SpywareSecure"2008 - A program that displays misleading warning messages in order to convince users to purchase a product that removes spyware ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Winfixer"2008 - A program that locates various registry entries, Windows prefetch content, and other types of data, identifies them as privacy violations, and urges the user to purchase the product to fix them. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="C2Lop"2008 - a trojan that modifies Web browser settings, adds Web browser bookmarks to advertisements, updates itself and delivers pop-up and contextual advertisements. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Matcash"2008 - a multicomponent family of trojans that downloads and executes arbitrary files. Some variants of this family may install a toolbar. observed to use the Win32/Slenfbot worm as a means of distribution. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Horst"2008 - CAPTCHA Breaker typically delivered through an executable application that masquerades as an illegal software crack or key generator ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Slenfbot"2008 - A family of worms that can spread via instant messaging programs, and may spread via removable drives. They also contain backdoor functionality that allows unauthorized access to an affected machine. This worm does not spread automatically upon installation but must be ordered to spread by a remote attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rustock"2008 - A multicomponent family of rootkitenabled backdoor trojans, developed to aid in the distribution of spam. Recent variants appear to be associated with the incidence of rogue security programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Gimmiv"2008 - a family of trojans that are sometimes installed by exploits of a vulnerability documented in Microsoft Security Bulletin MS08-067. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Yektel"2008 - A family of trojans that display fake warnings of spyware or malware in an attempt to lure the user into installing or paying money to register rogue security products such as Win32/FakeXPA. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Roron"2008 - This virus spreads by attaching its code to other files on your PC or network. Some of the infected programs might no longer run correctly. Attempts to send personal information to a remote address. It may spread via e-mail, network shares, or peer-to-peer file sharing. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Swif"2008 - A trojan that exploits a vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player to download malicious files. Adobe has published security bulletin APSB08-11 addressing the vulnerability. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mult"2008 - A group of threats, written in JavaScript, that attempt to exploit multiple vulnerabilities on affected computers in order to download, execute or otherwise run arbitrary code. The malicious JavaScript may be hosted on compromised or malicious websites, embedded in specially crafted PDF files, or could be called by other malicious scripts. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Wukill"2008 - a family of mass-mailing e-mail and network worms. The Win32/Wukill worm spreads to root directories on certain local and mapped drives. The worm also spreads by sending a copy of itself as an attachment to e-mail addresses found on the infected computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Objsnapt"2008 - A detection for a Javascript file that exploits a known vulnerability in the Microsoft Access Snapshot Viewer ActiveX Control. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Redirector"2008 - The threat is a piece of JavaScript code that is inserted on bad or hacked websites. It can direct your browser to a website you dont want to go to. You might see the detection for this threat if you visit a bad or hacked website, or if you open an email message. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Xilos"2008 - a detection for a proof-of-concept JavaScript obfuscation technique, which was originally published in 2002 in the sixth issue of 29A, an early online magazine for virus creators ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Decdec"2008 - A detection for certain malicious JavaScript code injected in HTML pages. The virus will execute on user computers that visit compromised websites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BearShare"2008 - A P2P file-sharing client that uses the decentralized Gnutella network. Free versions of BearShare have come bundled with advertising supported and other potentially unwanted software. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BitAccelerator"2008 - A program that redirects Web search results to other Web sites and may display various advertisements to users while browsing Web sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Blubtool"2008 - An Internet browser search toolbar that may be installed by other third-party software, such as a peer-to-peer file sharing application. It may modify Internet explorer search settings and display unwanted advertisements. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="RServer"2008 - Commercial remote administration software that can be used to control a computer. These programs are typically installed by the computer owner or administrator and should only be removed if unexpected ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="UltraVNC"2008 - A remote access program that can be used to control a computer. This program is typically installed by the computer owner or administrator, and should only be removed if unexpected. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="GhostRadmin"2008 - A remote administration tool that can be used to control a computer. These programs are typically installed by the computer owner or administrator and should only be removed if unexpected ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="TightVNC"2008 - A remote control program that allows full control of the computer. These programs are typically installed by the computer owner or administrator and should only be removed if unexpected ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="DameWareMiniRemoteControl"2008 - A detection for the DameWare Mini Remote Control tools. This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.147.1889.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. Microsoft has released definition 1.147.1889.0 which no longer detects this program. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SeekmoSearchAssistant_Repack"2008 - A detection that is triggered by modified (that is, edited and re-packed) remote control programs based on DameWare Mini Remote Control, a commercial software product ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Nbar"2008 - A program that may display advertisements and redirect user searches to a certain website. It may also download malicious or unwanted content into the system without user consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Chir"2008 - A family with a worm component and a virus component. The worm component spreads by email and by exploiting a vulnerability addressed by Microsoft Security Bulletin MS01-020. The virus component may infect .exe, .scr, and HTML files. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sality"2008 - A family of polymorphic file infectors that target executable files with the extensions .scr or .exe. They may execute a damaging payload that deletes files with certain extensions and terminates security-related processes and services. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Obfuscator"2008 - A detection for programs that use a combination of obfuscation techniques to hinder analysis or detection by antivirus scanners ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="ByteVerify"2008 - a detection of malicious code that attempts to exploit a vulnerability in the Microsoft Virtual Machine (VM). This flaw enables attackers to execute arbitrary code on a users machine such as writing, downloading and executing additional malware. This vulnerability is addressed by update MS03-011, released in 2003. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Autorun"2008 - A family of worms that spreads by copying itself to the mapped drives of an infected computer. The mapped drives may include network or removable drives. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Hamweq"2008 - A worm that spreads through removable drives, such as USB memory sticks. It may contain an IRC-based backdoor enabling the computer to be controlled remotely by an attacker ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Brontok"2008 - a family of mass-mailing e-mail worms. The worm spreads by sending a copy of itself as an e-mail attachment to e-mail addresses that it gathers from files on the infected computer. It can also copy itself to USB and pen drives. Win32/Brontok can disable antivirus and security software, immediately terminate certain applications, and cause Windows to restart immediately when certain applications run. The worm may also conduct denial of service (DoS) attacks against certain Web sites ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SpywareProtect"2008 - A rogue security software family that may falsely claim that the users computer is infected and encourages the user to buy a product for cleaning the alleged malware from the computer ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Cbeplay"2008 - A trojan that may upload computer operating system details to a remote Web site, download additional malware, and terminate debugging utilities ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="InternetAntivirus"2008 - A program that displays false and misleading malware alerts to convince users to purchase rogue security software. This program also displays a fake Windows Security Center message ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Nuwar"2008 - A family of trojan droppers that install a distributed P2P downloader trojan. This downloader trojan in turn downloads an e-mail worm component. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rbot"2008 - A family of backdoor trojans that allows attackers to control the computer through an IRC channel ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="IRCbot"2008 - A large family of backdoor trojans that drops malicious software and connects to IRC servers via a backdoor to receive commands from attackers. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SkeemoSearchAssistant"2008 - A program that displays targeted search results and pop-up advertisements based on terms that the user enters for Web searches. The pop-up advertisements may include adult content ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="RealVNC"2008 - A management tool that allows a computer to be controlled remotely. It can be installed for legitimate purposes, but can also be installed from a remote location by an attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="MoneyTree"2008 - A family of software that provides the ability to search for adult content on local disk. It may also install other potentially unwanted software, such as programs that display pop-up ads. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tracur"2008 - A trojan that downloads and executes arbitrary files. It is sometimes distributed by ASX/Wimad. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Meredrop"2008 - This is a generic detection for trojans that install and run malware on your PC. These trojans have been deliberately created in a complex way to hide their purpose and make them difficult to analyze. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Banker"2008 - A family of data-stealing trojans that captures banking credentials such as account numbers and passwords from computer users and relays them to the attacker. Most variants target customers of Brazilian banks; some variants target customers of other banks. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ldpinch"2008 - a family of password-stealing trojans. This trojan gathers private user data such as passwords from the host computer and sends the data to the attacker at a preset e-mail address. The Win32/Ldpinch trojans use their own Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) engine or a web-based proxy for sending the e-mail, thus copies of the sent e-mail will not appear in the affected users e-mail client. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Advantage"2008 - a family of adware that displays pop-up advertisements and contacts a remote server to download updates ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Parite"2008 - a family of polymorphic file infectors that targets computers running Microsoft Windows. The virus infects .exe and .scr executable files on the local file system and on writeable network shares. In turn, the infected executable files perform operations that cause other .exe and .scr files to become infected. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="PossibleHostsFileHijack"2008 - an indicator that the computers HOSTS file may have been modified by malicious or potentially unwanted software ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Alureon"2008 - A data-stealing trojan that gathers confidential information such as user names, passwords, and credit card data from incoming and outgoing Internet traffic. It may also download malicious data and modify DNS settings. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="PowerRegScheduler"2008 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.159.567.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. Microsoft has released definition 1.159.567.0 which no longer detects this program. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="APSB08-11"2008 - A trojan that attempts to exploit a vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player. In the wild, this trojan has been used to download and execute arbitrary files, including other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="ConHook"2008 - A family of Trojans that installs themselves as Browser Helper Objects (BHOs), and connects to the Internet without user consent. They also terminate specific security services, and download additional malware to the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Starware"2008 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.159.567.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. Microsoft has released definition 1.159.567.0 which no longer detects this program. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="WinSpywareProtect"2008 - A program that may falsely claim that the users system is infected and encourages the user to buy a promoted product for cleaning the alleged malware from the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="MessengerSkinner"2008 - A program, that may be distributed in the form of a freeware application, that displays advertisements, downloads additional files, and uses stealth to hide its presence ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Skintrim"2008 - A trojan that downloads and executes arbitrary files. It may be distributed by as a Microsoft Office Outlook addon used to display emoticons or other animated icons within e-mail messages. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="AdRotator"2008 - delivers advertisements, and as the name suggests, rotates advertisements among sponsors. AdRotator contacts remote Web sites in order to deliver updated content. This application also displays fake error messages that encourage users to download and install additional applications. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Wintrim"2008 - A family of trojans that display pop-up advertisements depending on the users keywords and browsing history. Its variants can monitor the users activities, download applications, and send system information back to a remote server. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Busky"2008 - A family of Trojans that monitor and redirect Internet traffic, gather system information and download unwanted software such as Win32/Renos and Win32/SpySheriff. Win32/Busky may be installed by a Web browser exploit or other vulnerability when visiting a malicious Web site. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="WhenU"2008 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.173.303.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mobis"2008 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.2037.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sogou"2008 - Detected by definitions prior to 1.155.995.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. Microsoft has released definition 1.155.995.0 which no longer detects this program. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sdbot"2008 - A family of backdoor trojansthatallows attackerstocontrol infectedcomputers. After a computer is infected, the trojan connects to an internet relay chat (IRC) server and joins a channel to receive commands from attackers. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="DelfInject"2008 - This threat can download and run files on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Vapsup"2008 - This threat can perform a number of actions of a malicious hackers choice on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BrowsingEnhancer"2008 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.1834.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Jeefo"2008 - virus infects executable files, such as files with a .exe extension. When an infected file runs, the virus tries to run the original content of the file while it infects other executable files on your PC. This threat might have got on your PC if you inserted a removable disk or accessed a network connection that was infected. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sezon"2008 - An adware that redirects web browsing to advertising or search sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="RuPass"2008 - a DLL component which may be utilized by adware or malicious programs in order to monitor an affected users Internet usage and to capture sensitive information. Win32/RuPass has been distributed as a 420,352 byte DLL file, with the file name 'ConnectionServices.dll'. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="OneStepSearch"2008 - Modifies the users browser to deliver targeted advertisements when the user enters search keywords. It may also replace or override web browser error pages that would otherwise be displayed when unresolvable web addresses are entered into the browsers address bar. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="GameVance"2008 - Software that displays advertisements and tracks anonymous usage information in exchange for a free online gaming experience at the Web address 'gamevance.com.' ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="E404"2008 - is a browser helper object (BHO) that takes advantage of invalid or mistyped URLs entered in the address bar by redirecting the browser to Web sites containing adware ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mirar"2008 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.2037.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Fotomoto"2008 - A Trojan that lowers security settings, delivers advertisements, and sends system and network configuration details to a remote Web site. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ardamax"2008 - The tool can capture your activity on your PC (such as the keys you press when typing in passwords) and might send this information to a hacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Hupigon"2008 - A family of trojans that uses a dropper to install one or more backdoor files and sometimes installs a password stealer or other malicious programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CNNIC"2008 - enables Chinese keyword searching in Internet Explorer and adds support for other applications to use Chinese domain names that registered with CNNIC. Also contains a kernel driver that protects its files and registry settings from being modified or deleted ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="MotePro"2008 - May display advertisement pop-ups, and download programs from predefined Web sites. When installed, Win32/MotePro runs as a Web Browser Helper Object (BHO). ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CnsMin"2008 - Installs a browser helper object (BHO) that redirects Internet Explorer searches to a Chinese search portal. CnsMin may be installed without adequate user consent. It may prevent its files from being removed or restore files that have been previously removed. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BaiduIebar"2008 - A detection for an address line search tool. This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.153.956.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. Microsoft has released definition 1.153.956.0 which no longer detects this program. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ejik"2008 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.1915.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="AlibabaIEToolBar"2008 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.1834.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BDPlugin"2008 - a DLL file which is usually introduced to an affected system as a component of BrowserModifier:Win32/BaiduSobar. It may display unwanted pop-ups and advertisements on the affected system. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Adialer"2008 - A trojan dialer program that connects to a premium number, or attempts to connect to adult websites via particular phone numbers without your permission, connects to remote hosts without user consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="EGroupSexDial"2008 - A dialer program that may attempt to dial a premium number, thus possibly resulting in international phone charges for the user. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Zonebac"2008 - A family of backdoor Trojans that allows a remote attacker to download and run arbitrary programs, and which may upload computer configuration information and other potentially sensitive data to remote Web sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Antinny"2008 - A family of worms that targets certain versions of Microsoft Windows. The worm spreads using a Japanese peer-to-peer file-sharing application named Winny. The worm creates a copy of itself with a deceptive file name in the Winny upload folder so that it can be downloaded by other Winny users. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="RewardNetwork"2008 - A program that monitors an affected users Internet usage and reports this usage to a remote server. Win32/RewardNetwork may be visible as an Internet Explorer toolbar. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Virut"2008 - A family of file infecting viruses that target and infect .exe and .scr files accessed on infected systems. Win32/Virut also opens a backdoor by connecting to an IRC server ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Allaple"2008 - A multi-threaded, polymorphic network worm capable of spreading to other computers connected to a local area network (LAN) and performing denial-of-service (DoS) attacks against targeted remote Web sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="VKit_DA"2008 - This virus spreads by attaching its code to other files on your PC or network. Some of the infected programs might no longer run correctly. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Small"2008 - A generic detection for a variety of threats. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Netsky"2008 - A mass-mailing worm that spreads by e-mailing itself to addresses found on an infected computer. Some variants contain a backdoor component and perform DoS attacks. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Luder"2008 - A virus that spreads by infecting executable files, by inserting itself into .RAR archive files, and by sending a copy of itself as an attachment to e-mail addresses found on the infected computer. This virus has a date-activated, file damaging payload, and may connect to a remote server and accept commands from an attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="IframeRef"2008 - A generic detection for specially formed IFrame tags that point to remote websites that contain malicious content. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Lovelorn"2008 - This threat is classified as a mass-mailing worm. A mass mailing email worm is self-contained malicious code that propagates by sending itself through e-mail. Typically, a mass mailing email worm uses its own SMTP engine to send itself, thus copies of the sent worm will not appear in the infected users outgoing or sent email folders. Technical details are currently not available. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Cekar"2008 - This threat downloads and installs other programs, including other malware, onto your PC without your consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Dialsnif"2008 - This threat can perform a number of actions of a malicious hackers choice on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Conficker"2008 - A worm that spreads by exploiting a vulnerability addressed by Security Bulletin MS08-067. Some variants also spread via removable drives and by exploiting weak passwords. It disables several important system services and security products and downloads arbitrary files. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="LoveLetter"2009 - A family of mass-mailing worms that targets computers running certain versions of Windows. It can spread as an e-mail attachment and through an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel. The worm can download, overwrite, delete, infect, and run files on the infected computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="VBSWGbased"2009 - A generic detection for VBScript code that is known to be automatically generated by a particular malware tool. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Slammer"2009 - A memory resident worm that spreads through a vulnerability present in computers running either MSDE 2000 or SQL Server that have not applied Microsoft Security Bulletin MS02-039. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Msblast"2009 - A family of network worms that exploit a vulnerability addressed by security bulletin MS03-039. The worm may attempt Denial of Service (DoS) attacks on some server sites or create a backdoor on the infected system ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sasser"2009 - A family of network worms that exploit a vulnerability fixed by security bulletin MS04-011. The worm spreads by randomly scanning IP addresses for vulnerable machines and infecting any that are found ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Nimda"2009 - A family of worms that spread by exploiting a vulnerability addressed by Microsoft Security Bulletin MS01-020. The worm compromises security by sharing the C drive and creating a Guest account with administrator permissions. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mydoom"2009 - A family of massmailing worms that spread through e-mail. Some variants also spread through P2P networks. It acts as a backdoor trojan and can sometimes be used to launch DoS attacks against specific Web sites ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bagle"2009 - A worm that spreads by e-mailing itself to addresses found on an infected computer. Some variants also spread through peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. Bagle acts as a backdoor trojan and can be used to distribute other malicious software. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Winwebsec"2009 - A family of rogue security software programs that have been distributed with several different names. The user interface varies to reflect each variants individual branding ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Koobface"2009 - A multicomponent family of malware used to compromise computers and use them to perform various malicious tasks. It spreads through the internal messaging systems of popular social networking sites ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pdfjsc"2009 - a family of specially crafted PDF files that exploits vulnerabilities in Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader. The files contain malicious JavaScript that executes when opened with a vulnerable program. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pointfree"2009 - a browser modifier that redirects users when invalid Web site addresses or search terms are entered in the Windows Internet Explorer address bar ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Chadem"2009 - A trojan that steals password details from an infected computer by monitoring network traffic associated with FTP connections. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeIA"2009 - A rogue security software family that impersonates the Windows Security Center. It may display product names or logos in an apparently unlawful attempt to impersonate Microsoft products ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Waledac"2009 - A trojan that is used to send spam. It also has the ability to download and execute arbitrary files, harvest e-mail addresses from the local machine, perform denial-of-service attacks, proxy network traffic, and sniff passwords ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Provis"2009 - This threat can perform a number of actions of a malicious hackers choice on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Prolaco"2009 - A family of worms that spreads via email, removable drives, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and network shares. This worm may also drop and execute other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mywife"2009 - A mass-mailing network worm that targets certain versions of Microsoft Windows. The worm spreads through e-mail attachments and writeable network shares. It is designed to corrupt the content of specific files on the third day of every month. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Melissa"2009 - A macro worm that spreads via e-mail and by infecting Word documents and templates. It is designed to work in Word 97 and Word 2000, and it uses Outlook to reach new targets through e-mail ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rochap"2009 - A family of multicomponent trojans that download and execute additional malicious files. While downloading, some variants display a video from the Web site 'youtube.com' presumably to distract the user ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Gamania"2009 - A family of trojans that steals online game passwords and sends them to remote sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mabezat"2009 - a polymorphic virus that infects Windows executable files. Apart from spreading through file infection, it also attempts to spread through e-mail attachments, network shares, removable drives and by CD-burning. It also contains a date-based payload that encrypts files with particular extensions. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Helpud"2009 - A family of trojans that steals login information for popular online games. The gathered information is then sent to remote websites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="PrivacyCenter"2009 - a family of programs that claims to scan for malware and displays fake warnings of 'malicious programs and viruses'. They then inform the user that they need to pay money to register the software in order to remove these non-existent threats. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeRean"2009 - This family of rogue security programs pretend to scan your PC for malware, and often report lots of infections. The program will say you have to pay for it before it can fully clean your PC. However, the program hasnt really detected any malware at all and isnt really an antivirus or antimalware scanner. It just looks like one so youll send money to the people who made the program. Some of these programs use product names or logos that unlawfully impersonate Microsoft products. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bredolab"2009 - A downloader that can access and execute arbitrary files from a remote host. Bredolab has been observed to download several other malware families to infected computers ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rugzip"2009 - A trojan that downloads other malware from predefined Web sites. Rugzip may itself be installed by other malware. Once it has performed its malicious routines, it deletes itself to avoid detection. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Fakespypro"2009 - A rogue security family that falsely claims that the affected computer is infected with malware and encourages the user to buy a promoted product it claims will clean the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Buzuz"2009 - A trojan that downloads malware known as 'SpywareIsolator' a rogue security software program. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="PoisonIvy"2009 - A family of backdoor trojans that allow unauthorized access to and control of an affected machine. Poisonivy attempts to hide by injecting itself into other processes ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="AgentBypass"2009 - A detection for files that attempt to inject possibly malicious code into the explorer.exe process. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Enfal"2009 - This threat can perform a number of actions of a malicious hackers choice on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SystemHijack"2009 - A generic detection that uses advanced heuristics in the Microsoft Antivirus engine to detect malware that displays particular types of malicious behavior. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="ProcInject"2009 - This threat can perform a number of actions of a malicious hackers choice on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Malres"2009 - A trojan that drops another malware, detected as Virtool:WinNT/Malres.A, into the system. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Kirpich"2009 - a trojan that drops malicious code into the system. It also infects two system files; the infected files are detected as Virus:Win32/Kirpich.A, in the system. This does not constitute virus behavior for the trojan as it does not infect any other files and therefore does not have any conventional replication routines. TrojanDropper:Win32/Kirpich.A also disables Data Execution Protection and steals specific system information. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Malagent"2009 - A generic detection for a variety of threats. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bumat"2009 - A generic detection for a variety of threats. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bifrose"2009 - Abackdoor trojan thatallows a remoteattacker to access the compromised computer and injects its processes into the Windows shell andInternet Explorer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ripinip"2009 - This threat can give a hacker unauthorized access and control of your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Riler"2009 - This threat can perform a number of actions of a malicious hackers choice on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Farfli"2009 - A trojan that drops various files detected as malware into a system. It also has backdoor capabilities that allow it to contact a remote attacker and wait for instructions. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="PcClient"2009 - A backdoor trojan family with several components including a key logger, backdoor, and a rootkit. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Veden"2009 - A name used for backdoor trojan detections that have been added to Microsoft signatures after advanced automated analysis. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Banload"2009 - A family of trojans that download other malware. Banload usually downloads Win32/Banker, which steals banking credentials and other sensitive data and sends it back to a remote attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Microjoin"2009 - a tool that is used to deploy malware without being detected. It is used to bundle multiple files, consisting of a clean file and malware files, into a single executable. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Killav"2009 - a trojan that terminates a large number of security-related processes, including those for antivirus, monitoring, or debugging tools, and may install certain exploits for the vulnerability addressed by Microsoft Security Bulletin MS08-067 ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Cinmus"2009 - This threat can perform a number of actions of a malicious hackers choice on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="MessengerPlus"2009 - A non-Microsoft add-on for Microsofts Windows Live Messenger, called Messenger Plus!. It comes with an optional sponsor program installation, detected as Spyware:Win32/C2Lop. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Haxdoor"2009 - a backdoor trojan that allows remote control of the machine over the Internet. The trojan is rootkit-enabled, allowing it to hide processes and files related to the threat. Haxdoor lowers security settings on the computer and gathers user and system information to send to a third party ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Nieguide"2009 - a detection for a DLL file that connects to a Web site and may display advertisements or download other programs ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ithink"2009 - displays pop-up advertisements; it is usually bundled with other applications ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pointad"2009 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.2145.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Webdir"2009 - A Web Browser Helper Object (BHO) used to collect user information and display targeted advertisings using Internet Explorer browser. Webdir attempts to modify certain visited urls to include affiliate IDs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Microbillsys"2009 - a program that processes payments made to a billing Web site. It is considered potentially unwanted software because it cannot be removed from the Add/Remove Programs list in Control Panel; rather, a user requires an 'uninstall code' before the program can be removed. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Kerlofost"2009 - a browser helper object (BHO) that may modify browsing behavior; redirect searches; report user statistics, behavior, and searches back to a remote server; and display pop-up advertisements. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Zwangi"2009 - A program that runs as a service in the background and modifies Web browser settings to visit a particular Web site ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="DoubleD"2009 - an adware program that displays pop-up advertising, runs at each system start and is installed as an Internet Explorer toolbar. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="ShopAtHome"2009 - A browser redirector that monitors Web-browsing behavior and online purchases. It claims to track points for ShopAtHome rebates when the user buys products directly from affiliated merchant Web sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeVimes"2009 - a downloading component of Win32/FakeVimes - a family of programs that claims to scan for malware and displays fake warnings of 'malicious programs and viruses'. They then inform the user that they need to pay money to register the software in order to remove these non-existent threats. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeCog"2009 - This threat claims to scan your PC for malware and then shows you fake warnings. They try to convince you to pay to register the software to remove the non-existent threats. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeAdPro"2009 - a program that may display false and misleading alerts regarding errors and malware to entice users to purchase it. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeSmoke"2009 - a family of trojans consisting of a fake Security Center interface and a fake antivirus program. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeBye"2009 - A rogue security software family that uses a Korean-language user interface. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Hiloti"2009 - a generic detection for a trojan that interferes with an affected users browsing habits and downloads and executes arbitrary files. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tikayb"2009 - A trojan that attempts to establish a secure network connection to various Web sites without the users consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ursnif"2009 - A family of trojans that steals sensitive information from an affected computer ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rimecud"2009 - A family of worms with multiple components that spreads via fixed and removable drives and via instant messaging. It also contains backdoor functionality that allows unauthorized access to an affected system ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Lethic"2009 - A trojan that connects to remote servers, which may lead to unauthorized access to an affected system. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CeeInject"2009 - This threat has been 'obfuscated', which means it has tried to hide its purpose so your security software doesnt detect it. The malware that lies underneath this obfuscation can have almost any purpose. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Cmdow"2009 - a detection for a command-line tool and violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Yabector"2009 - This trojan can use your PC to click on online advertisements without your permission or knowledge. This can earn money for a malicious hacker by making a website or application appear more popular than it is. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Renocide"2009 - a family of worms that spread via local, removable, and network drives and also using file sharing applications. They have IRC-based backdoor functionality, which may allow a remote attacker to execute commands on the affected computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Liften"2009 - a trojan that is used to stop affected users from downloading security updates. It is downloaded by Trojan:Win32/FakeXPA. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="ShellCode"2009 - A generic detection for JavaScript-enabled objects that contain exploit code and may exhibit suspicious behavior. Malicious websites and malformed PDF documents may contain JavaScript that attempts to execute code without the affected users consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FlyAgent"2009 - A backdoor trojan program that is capable of performing several actions depending on the commands of a remote attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Psyme"2009 - This threat downloads and installs other programs, including other malware, onto your PC without your consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Orsam"2009 - A generic detection for a variety of threats. A name used for trojans that have been added to MS signatures after advanced automated analysis. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="AgentOff"2009 - This threat can perform a number of actions of a malicious hackers choice on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Nuj"2009 - a worm that copies itself to fixed, removable or network drives. Some variants of this worm may also terminate antivirus-related processes. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sohanad"2009 - Worms automatically spread to other PCs. They can do this in a number of ways, including by copying themselves to removable drives, network folders, or spreading through email. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="I2ISolutions"2009 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.2037.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Dpoint"2009 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.1915.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Silly_P2P"2009 - Worms automatically spread to other PCs. They can do this in a number of ways, including by copying themselves to removable drives, network folders, or spreading through email. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Vobfus"2009 - This family of worms can download other malware onto your PC, including: Win32/Beebone, Win32/Fareit, Win32/Zbot. Vobfus worms can be downloaded by other malware or spread via removable drives, such as USB flash drives. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Daurso"2009 - a family of trojans that attempts to steal sensitive information, including passwords and FTP authentication details from affected computers. This family targets particular FTP applications and also attempts to steal data from Protected Storage. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="MyDealAssistant"2009 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.2037.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Adsubscribe"2009 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.1834.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="MyCentria"2009 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.2037.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Fierads"2009 - This program was detected by definitions prior to 1.175.2037.0 as it violated the guidelines by which Microsoft identified unwanted software. Based on analysis using current guidelines, the program does not have unwanted behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="VBInject"2009 - This is a generic detection for malicious files that are obfuscated using particular techniques to prevent their detection or analysis. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="PerfectKeylogger"2009 - a commercial monitoring program that monitors user activity, such as keystrokes typed. MonitoringTool:Win32/PerfectKeylogger is available for purchase at the companys website. It may also have been installed without user consent by a Trojan or other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="AgoBot"2010 VOL09 - A backdoor that communicates with a central server using IRC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bubnix"2010 VOL09 - A generic detection for a kernel-mode driver installed by other malware that hides its presence on an affected computer by blocking registry and file access to itself. The trojan may report its installation to a remote server and download and distribute spam email messages and could download and execute arbitrary files. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Citeary"2010 VOL09 - A kernel mode driver installed by Win32/Citeary, a worm that spreads to all available drives including the local drive, installs device drivers and attempts to download other malware from a predefined website. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Fakeinit"2010 VOL09 - A rogue security software family distributed under the names Internet Security 2010, Security Essentials 2010, and others. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Oficla"2010 VOL09 - A familyof trojansthat attemptto injectcode intorunning processesin orderto downloadand executearbitrary files. It may download rogue security programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pasur"2010 VOL09 - a name used for backdoor trojan detections that have been added to Microsoft signatures after advanced automated analysis. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="PrettyPark"2010 VOL09 - A worm that spreads via email attachments. It allows backdoor access and control of an infected computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Prorat"2010 VOL09 - A trojan that opens random ports that allow remote access from an attacker to the affected computer. This backdoor may download and execute other malware from predefined websites and may terminate several security applications or services. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pushbot"2010 VOL09 - A detection for afamily of malware that spreads via MSN Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger,and AIMwhen commanded by a remote attacker. It contains backdoor functionality that allows unauthorized access and control of an affected machine. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Randex"2010 VOL09 - A worm that scans randomly generated IP addresses to attempt to spread to network shares with weak passwords. After the worm infects a computer, it connects to an IRC server to receive commands from the attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SDBot"2010 VOL09 - A family of backdoor trojansthatallows attackerstocontrol infectedcomputers over an IRC channel. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Trenk"2010 VOL09 - a name used for backdoor trojan detections that have been added to Microsoft signatures after advanced automated analysis. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tofsee"2010 VOL09 - A multi-component family of backdoor trojansthat actas a spam and traffic relay. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ursap"2010 VOL09 - a name used for backdoor trojan detections that have been added to Microsoft signatures after advanced automated analysis. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Zbot"2010 VOL09 - A family of password stealing trojans that also contains backdoor functionality allowing unauthorized access and control of an affected machine. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ciucio"2010 VOL10 - A family of trojans that connect to certain websites in order to download arbitrary files. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="ClickPotato"2010 VOL10 - A program that displays popup and notification-style advertisements based on the users browsing habits. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2010-0806"2010 VOL10 - A detection for malicious JavaScript that attempts to exploit the vulnerability addressed by Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-018. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Delf"2010 VOL10 - A detection for various threats written in the Delphi programming language. The behaviors displayed by this malware family are highly variable. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakePAV"2010 VOL10 - A rogue security software family that masquerades as Microsoft Security Essentials. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Keygen"2010 VOL10 - A generic detection for tools that generate product keys for illegally obtained versions of various software products. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Onescan"2010 VOL10 - A Korean-language rogue security software family distributed under the names One Scan, Siren114, EnPrivacy, PC Trouble, My Vaccine, and others. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pornpop"2010 VOL10 - A generic detection for specially-crafted JavaScript-enabled objects that attempt to display pop-under advertisements, usually with adult content. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Startpage"2010 VOL10 - A detection for various threats that change the configured start page of the affected users web browser, and may also perform other malicious actions. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Begseabug"2011 VOL11 - A trojan that downloads and executes arbitrary files on an affected computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2010-0840"2011 VOL11 - A detection for a malicious and obfuscated Java class that exploits a vulnerability described in CVE-2010-0840. Oracle Corporation addressed the vulnerability with a security update in March 2010. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Cycbot"2011 VOL11 - A backdoor trojan that allows attackers unauthorized access and control of an affected computer. After a computer is infected, the trojan connects to a specific remote server to receive commands from attackers. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="DroidDream"2011 VOL11 - A malicious program that affects mobile devices running the Android operating system. It may be bundled with clean applications, and is capable of allowing a remote attacker to gain access to the mobile device. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeMacdef"2011 VOL11 - A rogue security software family that affects Apple Mac OS X. It has been distributed under the names MacDefender, MacSecurity, MacProtector, and possibly others. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="GameHack"2011 VOL11 - Malware that is often bundled with game applications. It commonly displays unwanted pop-up advertisements and may be installed as a web browser helper object. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Loic"2011 VOL11 - An open-source network attack tool designed to perform denial-ofservice (DoS) attacks. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Lotoor"2011 VOL11 - A detection for specially crafted Android programs that attempt to exploit vulnerabilities in the Android operating system to gain root privilege. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Nuqel"2011 VOL11 - A worm that spreads via mapped drives and certain instant messaging applications. It may modify system settings, connect to certain websites, download arbitrary files, or take other malicious actions. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="OfferBox"2011 VOL11 - A program that displays offers based on the users web browsing habits. Some versions may display advertisements in a pop-under window. Win32/OfferBox may be installed without adequate user consent by malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="OpenCandy"2011 VOL11 - An adware program that may be bundled with certain thirdparty software installation programs. Some versions may send user-specific information, including a unique machine code, operating system information, locale, and certain other information to a remote server without obtaining adequate user consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pameseg"2011 VOL11 - A fake program installer that requires the user to send SMS messages to a premium number to successfully install certain programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pramro"2011 VOL11 - A trojan that creates a proxy on the infected computer for email and HTTP traffic, and is used to send spam email. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ramnit"2011 VOL11 - A family of multi-component malware that infects executable files, Microsoft Office files, and HTML files. Win32/Ramnit spreads to removable drives and steals sensitive information such as saved FTP credentials and browser cookies. It may also open a backdoor to await instructions from a remote attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rlsloup"2011 VOL11 - A family of trojans that are used to send spam email. Rlsloup consists of several components, including an installation trojan component and a spamming payload component. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="ShopperReports"2011 VOL11 - Adware that displays targeted advertising to affected users while browsing the Internet, based on search terms entered into search engines. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sinowal"2011 VOL11 - A family of password-stealing and backdoor trojans. It may try to install a fraudulent SSL certificate on the computer. Sinowal may also capture user data such as banking credentials from various user accounts and send the data to Web sites specified by the attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Stuxnet"2011 VOL11 - A multi-component family that spreads via removable volumes by exploiting the vulnerability addressed by Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-046. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Swimnag"2011 VOL11 - A worm that spreads via removable drives and drops a randomly-named DLL in the Windows system folder. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tedroo"2011 VOL11 - A trojan that sends spam email messages. Some variants may disable certain Windows services or allow backdoor access by a remote attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Yimfoca"2011 VOL11 - A worm family that spreads via common instant messaging applications and social networking sites. It is capable of connecting to a remote HTTP or IRC server to receive updated configuration data. It also modifies certain system and security settings. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bamital"2011 VOL12 - A family of malware that intercepts web browser traffic and prevents access to specific security-related websites by modifying the Hosts file. Bamital variants may also modify specific legitimate Windows files in order to execute their payload. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Blacole"2011 VOL12 - An exploit pack, also known as Blackhole, that is installed on a compromised web server by an attacker and includes a number of exploits that target browser software. If a vulnerable computer browses a compromised website containing the exploit pack, various malware may be downloaded and run. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bulilit"2011 VOL12 - A trojan that silently downloads and installs other programs without consent. Infection could involve the installation of additional malware or malware components to an affected computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Dorkbot"2011 VOL12 - A worm that spreads via instant messaging and removable drives. It also contains backdoor functionality that allows unauthorized access and control of the affected computer. Win32/Dorkbot may be distributed from compromised or malicious websites using PDF or browser exploits. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="EyeStye"2011 VOL12 - A trojan that attempts to steal sensitive data using a method known as form grabbing, and sends it to a remote attacker. It may also download and execute arbitary files and use a rootkit component to hide its activities. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeSysdef"2011 VOL12 - A rogue security software family that claims to discover nonexistent hardware defects related to system memory, hard drives, and overall system performance, and charges a fee to fix the supposed problems. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Helompy"2011 VOL12 - A worm that spreads via removable drives and attempts to capture and steal authentication details for a number of different websites or online services, including Facebook and Gmail. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Malf"2011 VOL12 - A generic detection for malware that drops additional malicious files. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rugo"2011 VOL12 - A program that installs silently on the users computer and displays advertisements. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sirefef"2011 VOL12 - A rogue security software family distributed under the name Antivirus 2010 and others. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sisproc"2011 VOL12 - A generic detection for a group of trojans that have been observed to perform a number of various and common malware behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Swisyn"2011 VOL12 - A trojan that drops and executes arbitrary files on an infected computer. The dropped files may be potentially unwanted or malicious programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BlacoleRef"2012 VOL13 - An obfuscated script, often found inserted into compromised websites, that uses a hidden inline frame to redirect the browser to a Blacole exploit server. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2012-0507"2012 VOL13 - A detection for a malicious Java applet that exploits the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) vulnerability described in CVE-2012-0507, addressed by an Oracle security update in February 2012. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Flashback"2012 VOL13 - A trojan that targets Java JRE vulnerability CVE-2012-0507 on Mac OS X to enroll the infected computer in a botnet. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Gendows"2012 VOL13 - A tool that attempts to activate Windows 7 and Windows Vista operating system installations. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="GingerBreak"2012 VOL13 - A program that affects mobile devices running the Android operating system. It drops and executes an exploit that, if run successfully, gains administrator privileges on the device. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="GingerMaster"2012 VOL13 - A malicious program that affects mobile devices running the Android operating system. It may be bundled with clean applications, and is capable of allowing a remote attacker to gain access to the mobile device. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mult_JS"2012 VOL13 - A generic detection for various exploits written in the JavaScript language. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Patch"2012 VOL13 - A family of tools intended to modify, or 'patch' programs that may be evaluation copies, or unregistered versions with limited features for the purpose of removing the limitations. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Phoex"2012 VOL13 - A malicious script that exploits the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) vulnerability discussed in CVE-2010-4452. If run in a computer running a vulnerable version of Java, it downloads and executes arbitrary files. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pluzoks"2012 VOL13 - A trojan that silently downloads and installs other programs without consent. This could include the installation of additional malware or malware components. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Popupper"2012 VOL13 - A detection for a particular JavaScript script that attempts to display pop-under advertisements. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Wizpop"2012 VOL13 - Adware that may track user search habits and download executable programs without user consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Wpakill"2012 VOL13 - A family of tools that attempt to disable or bypass WPA (Windows Product Activation), WGA (Windows Genuine Advantage) checks, or WAT (Windows Activation Technologies), by altering Windows operating system files, terminating processes, or stopping services. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Yeltminky"2012 VOL13 - A family of worms that spreads by making copies of itself on all available drives and creating an autorun.inf file to execute that copy. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Aimesu"2013 VOL15 - A threat that exploits vulnerabilities in unpatched versions of Java, Adobe Reader, or Flash Player. It then installs other malare on the computer, including components of the Blackhole and Cool exploit kits. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bdaejec"2013 VOL15 - A trojan that allows unauthorized access and control of an affected computer, and that may download and install other programs without consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bursted"2013 VOL15 - A virus written in the AutoLISP scripting language used by the AutoCAD computer-aided design program. It infects other AutoLISP files with the extension .lsp. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Colkit"2013 VOL15 - A detection for obfuscated, malicious JavaScript code that redirects to or loads files that may exploit a vulnerable version of Java, Adobe Reader, or Adobe Flash, possibly in an attempt to load malware onto the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Coolex"2013 VOL15 - A detection for scripts from an exploit pack known as the Cool Exploit Kit. These scripts are often used in ransomware schemes in which an attacker locks a victims computer or encrypts the users data and demands money to make it available again. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CplLnk"2013 VOL15 - A generic detection for specially crafted malicious shortcut files that attempt to exploit the vulnerability addressed by Microsoft Security Bulletin MS10-046, CVE-2010-2568. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2011-1823"2013 VOL15 - A detection for specially crafted Android programs that attempt to exploit a vulnerability in the Android operating system to gain root privilege. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2012-1723"2013 VOL15 - A family of malicious Java applets that attempt to exploit vulnerability CVE-2012-1723 in the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) to download and install files of an attackers choice onto the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="DealPly"2013 VOL15 - Adware that displays offers related to the users web browsing habits. It may be bundled with certain third-party software installation programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Fareit"2013 VOL15 - A malware family that has multiple components: a password stealing component that steals sensitive information and sends it to an attacker, and a DDoS component that could be used against other computers. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FastSaveApp"2013 VOL15 - An adware program that displays offers related to the users web browsing habits. It may use the name 'SaveAs' or 'SaveByClick'. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FindLyrics"2013 VOL15 - An adware program that displays ads related to the users web browsing habits. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Gamarue"2013 VOL15 - A worm that is commonly distributed via exploit kits and social engineering. Variants have been observed stealing information from the local computer and communicating with command-and-control (C&C) servers managed by attackers. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Gisav"2013 VOL15 - An adware program that displays offers related to the users web browsing habits. It can be downloaded from the programs website, and can be bundled with some third-party software installation programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="InfoAtoms"2013 VOL15 - An adware program that displays advertisements related to the users web browsing habits and inserts advertisements into websites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Perl/IRCbot.E"2013 VOL15 - A backdoor trojan that drops other malicious software and connects to IRC servers to receive commands from attackers. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Javrobat"2013 VOL15 - An exploit that tries to check whether certain versions of Adobe Acrobat or Adobe Reader are installed on the computer. If so, it tries to install malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Kraddare"2013 VOL15 - Adware that displays Korean-language advertisements. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="PriceGong"2013 VOL15 - An adware program that shows certain deals related to the search terms entered on any web page. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Protlerdob"2013 VOL15 - A software installer with a Portuguese language user interface. It presents itself as a free movie download but bundles with it a number of programs that may charge for services. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Qhost"2013 VOL15 - A generic detection for trojans that modify the HOSTS file on the computer to redirect or limit Internet traffic to certain sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Reveton"2013 VOL15 - A ransomware family that targets users from certain countries or regions. It locks the computer and displays a location-specific webpage that covers the desktop and demands that the user pay a fine for the supposed possession of illicit material. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rongvhin"2013 VOL15 - A family of malware that perpetrates click fraud. It might be delivered to the computer via hack tools for the game CrossFire. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Seedabutor"2013 VOL15 - A JavaScript trojan that attempts to redirect the browser to another website. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SMSer"2013 VOL15 - A ransomware trojan that locks an affected users computer and requests that the user send a text message to a premium-charge number to unlock it. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tobfy"2013 VOL15 - A family of ransomware trojans that targets users from certain countries. It locks the computer and displays a localized message demanding the payment of a fine for the supposed possession of illicit material. Some variants may also take webcam screenshots, play audio messages, or affect certain processes or drivers. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Truado"2013 VOL15 - A trojan that poses as an update for certain Adobe software. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Urausy"2013 VOL15 - A family of ransomware trojans that locks the computer and displays a localized message, supposedly from police authorities, demanding the payment of a fine for alleged criminal activity. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Wecykler"2013 VOL15 - A family of worms that spread via removable drives, such as USB drives, that may stop security processes and other processes on the computer, and log keystrokes that are later sent to a remote attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Weelsof"2013 VOL15 - A family of ransomware trojans that targets users from certain countries. It locks the computer and displays a localized message demanding the payment of a fine for the alleged possession of illicit material. Some variants may take steps that make it difficult to run or update virus protection. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Yakdowpe"2013 VOL15 - A family of trojans that connect to certain websites to silently download and install other programs without consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Anogre"2013 VOL16 - A threat that exploits a vulnerability addressed by Microsoft Security Bulletin MS11-087. This vulnerability can allow a hacker to install programs, view, change, or delete data or create new accounts with full administrative privileges. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Brantall"2013 VOL16 - A family of trojans that download and install other programs, including Win32/Sefnit and Win32/Rotbrow. Brantall often pretends to be an installer for other, legitimate programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Comame"2013 VOL16 - A generic detection for a variety of threats. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Crilock"2013 VOL16 - A ransomware family that encrypts the computers files and displays a webpage that demands a fee to unlock them. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2011-3874"2013 VOL16 - A threat that attempts to exploit a vulnerability in the Android operating system to gain access to and control of the device Java/CVE-2012-1723. A family of malicious Java applets that attempt to exploit vulnerability CVE-2012-1723 in the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) in order to download and install files of an attackers choice onto the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Deminnix"2013 VOL16 - A trojan that uses the computer for Bitcoin mining and changes the home page of the web browser. It can accidentally be downloaded along with other files from torrent sites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Detplock"2013 VOL16 - A generic detection for a variety of threats. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Dircrypt"2013 VOL16 - Ransomware that encrypts the users files and demands payment to release them. It is distributed through spam email messages and can be downloaded by other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="DonxRef"2013 VOL16 - A generic detection for malicious JavaScript objects that construct shellcode. The scripts may try to exploit vulnerabilities in Java, Adobe Flash Player, and Windows. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Faceliker"2013 VOL16 - A malicious script that likes content on Facebook without the users knowledge or consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeAlert"2013 VOL16 - A malicious script that falsely claims that the computer is infected with viruses and that additional software is needed to disinfect it. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Jenxcus"2013 VOL16 - A worm that gives an attacker control of the computer. It is spread by infected removable drives, like USB flash drives. It can also be downloaded within a torrent file. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Loktrom"2013 VOL16 - Ransomware that locks the computer and displays a full-screen message pretending to be from a national police force, demanding payment to unlock the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Miposa"2013 VOL16 - A trojan that downloads and runs malicious Windows Scripting Host (.wsh) files. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Nitol"2013 VOL16 - A family of trojans that perform DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks, allow backdoor access and control, download and run files, and perform a number of other malicious activities on the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Oceanmug"2013 VOL16 - A trojan that silently downloads and installs other programs without consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Proslikefan"2013 VOL16 - A worm that spreads through removable drives, network shares, and P2P programs. It can lower the computers security settings and disable antivirus products. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rotbrow"2013 VOL16 - A trojan that installs browser add-ons that claim to offer protection from other add-ons. Rotbrow can change the browsers home page, and can install the trojan Win32/Sefnit. It is commonly installed by Win32/Brantall. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sefnit"2013 VOL16 - A family of trojans that can allow backdoor access, download files, and use the computer and Internet connection for click fraud. Some variants can monitor web browsers and hijack search results. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Urntone"2013 VOL16 - A webpage component of the Neutrino exploit kit. It checks the version numbers of popular applications installed on the computer, and attempts to install malware that targets vulnerabilities in the software. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Wysotot"2013 VOL16 - A threat that can change the start page of the users web browser, and may download and install other files to the computer. It is installed by software bundlers that advertise free software or games. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="AddLyrics"2014 VOL17 - A browser add-on that displays lyrics for songs on YouTube, and displays advertisements in the browser window. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Adpeak"2014 VOL17 - Adware that displays extra ads as the user browses the Internet, without revealing where the ads are coming from. It may be bundled with some third-party software installation programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Axpergle"2014 VOL17 - A detection for the Angler exploit kit, which exploits vulnerabilities in recent versions of Internet Explorer, Silverlight, Adobe Flash Player, and Java to install malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bepush"2014 VOL17 - A family of trojans that download and install add-ons for the Firefox and Chrome browsers that post malicious links to social networking sites, track browser usage, and redirect the browser to specific websites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BetterSurf"2014 VOL17 - Adware that displays unwanted ads on search engine results pages and other websites. It may be included with software bundles that offer free applications or games. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bladabindi"2014 VOL17 - A family of backdoors created by a malicious hacker tool called NJ Rat. They can steal sensitive information, download other malware, and allow backdoor access to an infected computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Caphaw"2014 VOL17 - A family of backdoors that spread via Facebook, YouTube, Skype, removable drives, and drive-by download. They can make Facebook posts via the users account, and may steal online banking details. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Clikug"2014 VOL17 - A threat that uses a computer for click fraud. It has been observed using as much as a gigabyte of bandwidth per hour. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2014-0322"This threat uses a vulnerability MS14-012, CVE-2014-0322 in Internet Explorer 9 and 10 to download and run files on your PC, including other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2013-0422"2014 VOL17 - A detection for a malicious Java applet that exploits the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) vulnerability described in CVE-2013-0422, addressed by an Oracle security update in January 2013. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Dowque"2014 VOL17 - A generic detection for malicious files that are capable of installing other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Fashack"2014 VOL17 - A detection for the Safehack exploit kit, also known as Flashpack. It uses vulnerabilities in Adobe Flash Player, Java, and Silverlight to install malware on a computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Feven"2014 VOL17 - A browser add-on for Internet Explorer, Firefox, or Chrome that displays ads on search engine results pages and other websites, and redirects the browser to specific websites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Fiexp"2014 VOL17 - A detection for the Fiesta exploit kit, which attempts to exploit Java, Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Reader, Silverlight, and Internet Explorer to install malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Filcout"2014 VOL17 - An application that offers to locate and download programs to run unknown files. It has been observed installing variants in the Win32/Sefnit family. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Genasom"2014 VOL17 - A ransomware family that locks a computer and demands money to unlock it. It usually targets Russian-language users, and may open pornographic websites. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Kegotip"2014 VOL17 - A password-stealing trojan that can steal email addresses, personal information, or user account information for certain programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Krypterade"2014 VOL17 - Ransomware that fraudulently claims a computer has been used for unlawful activity, locks it, and demands that the user pay to unlock it. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Lecpetex"2014 VOL17 - A family of trojans that steal sensitive information, such as user names and passwords. It can also use a computer for Litecoin mining, install other malware, and post malicious content via the users Facebook account. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Lollipop"2014 VOL17 - Adware that may be installed by third-party software bundlers. It displays ads based on search engine searches, which can differ by geographic location and may be pornographic. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Meadgive"2014 VOL17 - A detection for the Redkit exploit kit, also known as Infinity and Goon. It attempts to exploit vulnerabilities in programs such as Java and Silverlight to install other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Neclu"2014 VOL17 - A detection for the Nuclear exploit kit, which attempts to exploit vulnerabilities in programs such as Java and Adobe Reader to install other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ogimant"2014 VOL17 - A threat that claims to help download items from the Internet, but actually downloads and runs files that are specified by a remote attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="OptimizerElite"2014 VOL17 - A misleading program that uses legitimate files in the Prefetch folder to claim that the computer is damaged, and offers to fix the damage for a price. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pangimop"2014 VOL17 - A detection for the Magnitude exploit kit, also known as Popads. It attempts to exploit vulnerabilities in programs such as Java and Adobe Flash Player to install other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Phish"2014 VOL17 - A password-stealing malicious webpage, known as a phishing page, that disguises itself as a page from a legitimate website. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Prast"2014 VOL17 - A generic detection for various password stealing trojans. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Slugin"2014 VOL17 - A file infector that infects .exe and .dll files. It may also perform backdoor actions. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Spacekito"2014 VOL17 - A threat that steals information about the computer and installs browser add-ons that display ads. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tranikpik"This threat is a backdoor that can give a hacker unauthorized access and control of your PC ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Wordinvop"2014 VOL17 - A detection for a specially-crafted Microsoft Word file that attempts to exploit the vulnerability CVE-2006-6456, addressed by Microsoft Security Bulletin MS07-014. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Zegost"2014 VOL17 - A backdoor that allows an attacker to remotely access and control a computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Archost"2014 VOL18 - A downloader that installs other programs on the computer without the users consent, including other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Balamid"2014 VOL18 - A trojan that can use the computer to click on online advertisements without the users permission or knowledge. This can earn money for a malicious hacker by making a website or application appear more popular than it is. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BeeVry"2014 VOL18 - A trojan that modifies a number of settings to prevent the computer from accessing security-related websites, and lower the computers security. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bondat"2014 VOL18 - A family of threats that collects information about the computer, infects removable drives, and tries to stop the user from accessing files. It spreads by infecting removable drives, such as USB thumb drives and flash drives. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bregent"2014 VOL18 - A downloader that injects malicious code into legitimate processes such as explorer.exe and svchost.exe, and downloads other malware onto the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Brolo"2014 VOL18 - A ransomware family that locks the web browser and displays a message, often pretending to be from a law enforcement agency, demanding money to unlock the browser. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CostMin"2014 VOL18 - An adware family that installs itself as a browser extension for Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome, and displays advertisements as the user browses the Internet. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CouponRuc"2014 VOL18 - A browser modifier that changes browser settings and may also modify some computer and Internet settings. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Crastic"2014 VOL18 - A trojan that sends sensitive information to a remote attacker, such as user names, passwords and information about the computer. It can also delete System Restore points, making it harder to recover the computer to a pre-infected state. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Crowti"2014 VOL18 - A ransomware family that encrypts files on the computer and demands that the user pay a fee to decrypt them, using Bitcoins. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2013-1488"2014 VOL18 - A detection for threats that use a Java vulnerability to download and run files on your PC, including other malware. Oracle addressed the vulnerability with a security update in April 2013. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="DefaultTab"2014 VOL18 - A browser modifier that redirects web browser searches and prevents the user from changing browser settings. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Ippedo"2014 VOL18 - A worm that can send sensitive information to a malicious hacker. It spreads through infected removable drives, such as USB flash drives. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Kilim"2014 VOL18 - A trojan that hijacks the users Facebook, Twitter, or YouTube account to promote pages. It may post hyperlinks or like pages on Facebook, post comments on YouTube videos, or follow profiles and send direct messages on Twitter without permission. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mofin"2014 VOL18 - A worm that can steal files from your PC and send them to a malicious hacker. It spreads via infected removable drives, such as USB flash drives. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="MpTamperSrp"2014 VOL18 - A generic detection for an attempt to add software restriction policies to restrict Microsoft antimalware products, such as Microsoft Security Essentials and Windows Defender, from functioning properly. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mujormel"2014 VOL18 - A password stealer that can steal personal information, such as user names and passwords, and send the stolen information to a malicious hacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="PennyBee"2014 VOL18 - Adware that shows ads as the user browses the web. It can be installed from the programs website or bundled with some third-party software installation programs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Phdet"2014 VOL18 - A family of backdoor trojans that is used to perform distributed denial-of service (DDoS) attacks against specified targets. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Rimod"2014 VOL18 - A generic detection for files that change various security settings in the computer Win32/Rotbrow. A trojan that installs browser add-ons that claim to offer protection from other add-ons. Rotbrow can change the browsers home page, and can install the trojan Win32/Sefnit. It is commonly installed by Win32/Brantall. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sigru"2014 VOL18 - A virus that can stop some files from working correctly in Windows XP and earlier operating systems. It spreads by infecting the master boot record (MBR) on connected hard disks and floppy disks. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SimpleShell"2014 VOL18 - A backdoor that can give a malicious hacker unauthorized access to and control of the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Softpulse"2014 VOL18 - A software bundler that no longer meets Microsoft detection criteria for unwanted software following a program update in September of 2014. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SquareNet"2014 VOL18 - A software bundler that installs other unwanted software, including adware and click-fraud malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tugspay"2014 VOL18 - A downloader that spreads by posing as an installer for legitimate software, such as a Java update, or through other malware. When installed, it downloads unwanted software to the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tupym"2014 VOL18 - A worm that copies itself to the system folder of the affected computer, and attempts to contact remote hosts. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Vercuser"2014 VOL18 - A worm that typically spreads via drive-by download. It also receives commands from a remote server, and has been observed dropping other malware on the infected computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Adnel"2015 VOL19 - A family of macro malware that can download other threats to the computer, including TrojanDownloader:Win32/Drixed. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Adodb"2015 VOL19 - A generic detection for script trojans that exploit a vulnerability in Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC) that allows remote code execution. Microsoft released Security Bulletin MS06-014 in April 2006 to address the vulnerability. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="AlterbookSP"2015 VOL19 - A browser add-on that formerly displayed behaviors of unwanted software. Recent versions of the add-on no longer meet Microsoft detection criteria, and are no longer considered unwanted software. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="BrobanDel"2015 VOL19 - A family of trojans that can modify boletos bancários, a common payment method in Brazil. They can be installed on the computer when a user opens a malicious spam email attachment. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CompromisedCert"2015 VOL19 - A detection for the Superfish VisualDiscovery advertising program that was preinstalled on some Lenovo laptops sold in 2014 and 2015. It installs a compromised trusted root certificate on the computer, which can be used to conduct man-in-the-middle attacks on the computer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CouponRuc_new"2015 VOL19 - A browser modifier that changes browser settings and may also modify some computer and Internet settings. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CVE-2014-6332"2015 VOL19 - This threat uses a Microsoft vulnerability MS14-064 to download and run files on your PC, including other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Dyzap"2015 VOL19 - A threat that steals login credentials for a long list of banking websites using man-in-the-browser (MITB) attacks. It is usually installed on the infected computer by TrojanDownloader:Win32/Upatre. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="EoRezo"2015 VOL19 - Adware that displays targeted advertising to affected users while browsing the Internet, based on downloaded pre-configured information. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="FakeCall"2015 VOL19 - This threat is a webpage that claims your PC is infected with malware. It asks you to phone a number to receive technical support to help remove the malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Foosace"2015 VOL19 - A threat that creates files on the compromised computer and contacts a remote host. Observed in the STRONTIUM APT. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="IeEnablerCby"2015 VOL19 - A browser modifier that installs additional browser addons without the users consent. It bypasses the normal prompts or dialogs that ask for consent to install add-ons. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="InstalleRex"2015 VOL19 - A software bundler that installs unwanted software, including Win32/CouponRuc and Win32/SaverExtension. It alters its own 'Installed On' date in Programs and Features to make it more difficult for a user to locate it and remove it. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="JackTheRipper"2015 VOL19 - A virus that can stop some files from working correctly in Windows XP and earlier operating systems. It spreads by infecting the master boot record (MBR) on connected hard disks and floppy disks. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Kenilfe"2015 VOL19 - A worm written in AutoCAD Lisp that only runs if AutoCAD is installed on the computer or network. It renames and deletes certain AutoCAD files, and may download and execute arbitrary files from a remote host. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="KipodToolsCby"2015 VOL19 - A browser modifier that installs additional browser addons without the users consent. It bypasses the normal prompts or dialogs that ask for consent to install add-ons. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Macoute"2015 VOL19 - A worm that can spread itself to removable USB drives, and may communicate with a remote host. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="NeutrinoEK"2015 VOL19 - This threat is a webpage that spreads the exploit kit known as Neutrino. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Peaac"2015 VOL19 - A generic detection for various threats that display trojan characteristics. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Peals"2015 VOL19 - A generic detection for various threats that display trojan characteristics. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Radonskra"2015 VOL19 - A family of threats that perform a variety of malicious acts, including stealing information about the computer, showing extra advertisements as the user browses the web, performing click fraud, and downloading other programs without consent. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SaverExtension"2015 VOL19 - A browser add-on that shows ads in the browser without revealing their source, and prevents itself from being removed normally. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sdbby"2015 VOL19 - A threat that exploits a bypass to gain administrative privileges on a machine without going through a User Access Control prompt. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Simda"2015 VOL19 - A threat that can give an attacker backdoor access and control of an infected computer. It can then steal passwords and gather information about the computer to send to the attacker. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Skeeyah"2015 VOL19 - A generic detection for various threats that display trojan characteristics. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Wordjmp"2015 VOL19 - An exploit that targets a vulnerability in Word 2002 and 2003 that could allow an attacker to remotely execute arbitrary code. Microsoft released Security Bulletin MS06-027 in June 2006 to address the vulnerability. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Bayads"2015 VOL20 - A program that displays ads as the user browses the web. It can be bundled with other software. It may call itself bdraw, delta, dlclient, Pay-ByAds, or pricehorse in Programs and Features. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="CandyOpen"2015 VOL20 - This application can also affect the quality of your computing experience. We have seen this leading to the following potentially unwanted behaviors on PCs: Adds files that run at startup, Modifies boot configuration data, Modifies file associations, Injects into other processes on your system, Changes browser settings, Adds a local proxy, Modifies your system DNS settings, Stops Windows Update, Disables User Access Control (UAC), These applications are most commonly software bundlers or installers for applications such as toolbars, adware, or system optimizers. We have observed this application installing software that you might not have intended on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Colisi"2015 VOL20 - Behavioral detection of certain files acting in a malicious way. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Creprote"2015 VOL20 - These programs are most commonly software bundlers or installers for software such as toolbars, adware, or system optimizers. The software might modify your homepage, your search provider, or perform other actions that you might not have intended. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Diplugem"2015 VOL20 - A browser modifier that installs browser add-ons without obtaining the users consent. The add-ons show extra advertisements as the user browses the web, and can inject additional ads into web search results pages. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Dipsind"2015 VOL20 - A threat that is often used in targeted attacks. It can give an attacker access to the computer to download and run files, steal domain credentials, and perform other malicious actions. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Donoff"2015 VOL20 - A threat that uses an infected Microsoft Office file to download other malware onto the computer. It can arrive as a spam email attachment, usually as a Word file (.doc). ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Dorv"2015 VOL20 - A trojan is a type of malware that cant spread on its own. It relies on you to run them on your PC by mistake, or visit a hacked or malicious webpage. They can steal your personal information, download more malware, or give a malicious hacker access to your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Dowadmin"2015 VOL20 - A software bundler that does not provide the user with the option to decline installation of unwanted software. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Fourthrem"2015 VOL20 - A program that installs unwanted software without adequate consent on the computer at the same time as the software the user is trying to install. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Hao123"2015 VOL20 - This threat is a modified Internet Explorer shortcut that changes your Internet Explorer homepage. It might arrive on your PC through bundlers that offer free software. The threat will run a separate threat-related file that changes the Internet Explorer. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mizenota"2015 VOL20 - This program is a software bundler that installs unwanted software on your PC at the same time as the software you are trying to install. It may install one of the following: BrowserModifier:Win32/SupTab, BrowserModifier:Win32/Sasquor, BrowserModifier:Win32/Smudplu, SoftwareBundler:Win32/Pokavampo, BrowserModifier:Win32/Shopperz, Adware:Win32/EoRezo ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Mytonel"2015 VOL20 - A program that downloads and installs other programs onto the computer without the users consent, including other malware. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="OutBrowse"2015 VOL20 - A software bundler that installs additional unwanted programs alongside software that the user wishes to install. It can remove or hide the installers close button, leaving no way to decline the additional applications. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Peapoon"2015 VOL20 - An adware program that shows users ads that they cannot control as they browse the web. It may identify itself as Coupon in Programs and Features. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Pokki"2015 VOL20 - A browser add-on that formerly displayed behaviors of unwanted software. Recent versions of the add-on no longer meet Microsoft detection criteria, and are no longer considered unwanted software. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Putalol"2015 VOL20 - An adware program that shows users ads that they cannot control as they browse the web. It may identify itself as Lolliscan in Programs and Features. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SpigotSearch"2015 VOL20 - This application can affect the quality of your computing experience. For example, some potentially unwanted applications can: Install additional bundled software, Modify your homepage, Modify your search provider. These applications are most commonly software bundlers or installers for applications such as toolbars, adware, or system optimizers. We have observed this application installing software that you might not have intended on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Spursint"2015 VOL20 - This threat has been detected as one of the executable malware that are distributed through URLs. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sulunch"2015 VOL20 - A generic detection for a group of trojans that perform a number of common malware behaviors. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="SupTab"2015 VOL20 - A browser modifier that installs itself and changes the browsers default search provider, without obtaining the users consent for either action. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Sventore"2015 VOL20 - This trojan can install other malware or unwanted software onto your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Tillail"2015 VOL20 - A software bundler that installs unwanted software alongside the software the user is trying to install. It has been observed to install the browser modifier Win32/SupTab. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="VOPackage"2015 VOL20 - This application can also affect the quality of your computing experience. We have seen this leading to the following potentially unwanted behaviors on PCs: Adds files that run at startup, Installs a driver, Injects into other processes on your system, Injects into browsers, Changes browser settings, Changes browser shortcuts, Installs browser extensions, Adds a local proxy, Tampers with root certificate trust, Modifies the system hosts file, Modifies your system DNS settings, Disables anti-virus products, Tampers with system Group Policy settings, These applications are most commonly software bundlers or installers for applications such as toolbars, adware, or system optimizers. We have observed this application installing software that you might not have intended on your PC. ms-caro-malware-full:malware-family="Xiazai"2015 VOL20 - A program that installs unwanted software on the computer at the same time as the software the user is trying to install, without adequate consent. mwdb
Malware Database (mwdb) Taxonomy - Tags used across the platform location_typeType of malicious URL. mwdb:location_type="cnc"CNC C&C server, usually administrated by criminals. Malware connects to it (usually with a custom protocol) to get new commands and updates. mwdb:location_type="download_url"Download URL Download url. Used to download more malware samples. Sometimes just a hacked legitimate website. mwdb:location_type="panel"Panel Malware panel. HTTP service used by criminals to manage the botnet. mwdb:location_type="peer"Peer Peer. IP/port of infected machine of a legitimate computer user. mwdb:location_type="other"Other Other kind of URL found in the malware. familymwdb:family="agenttesla"agenttesla mwdb:family="andromeda"andromeda mwdb:family="anubis"anubis mwdb:family="avemaria"avemaria mwdb:family="azorult"azorult mwdb:family="brushaloader"brushaloader mwdb:family="bublik"bublik mwdb:family="bunitu"bunitu mwdb:family="cerber"cerber mwdb:family="chthonic"chthonic mwdb:family="citadel"citadel mwdb:family="corebot"corebot mwdb:family="cryptomix"cryptomix mwdb:family="cryptoshield"cryptoshield mwdb:family="cryptowall"cryptowall mwdb:family="danabot"danabot mwdb:family="danaloader"danaloader mwdb:family="dridex"dridex mwdb:family="dridex-worker"dridex-worker mwdb:family="dyre"dyre mwdb:family="emotet"emotet mwdb:family="emotet5_upnp"emotet5_upnp mwdb:family="emotet_doc"emotet_doc mwdb:family="emotet_spam"emotet_spam mwdb:family="emotet_upnp"emotet_upnp mwdb:family="evil-pony"evil-pony mwdb:family="flokibot"flokibot mwdb:family="formbook"formbook mwdb:family="gandcrab"gandcrab mwdb:family="get2"get2 mwdb:family="globeimposter"globeimposter mwdb:family="gluedropper"gluedropper mwdb:family="gootkit"gootkit mwdb:family="h2n1"h2n1 mwdb:family="hancitor"hancitor mwdb:family="hawkeye"hawkeye mwdb:family="icedid"icedid mwdb:family="iceid"iceid mwdb:family="iceix"iceix mwdb:family="isfb"isfb mwdb:family="jaff"jaff mwdb:family="kbot"kbot mwdb:family="kegotip"kegotip mwdb:family="kins"kins mwdb:family="kovter"kovter mwdb:family="kpot"kpot mwdb:family="kronos"kronos mwdb:family="locky"locky mwdb:family="lokibot"lokibot mwdb:family="madlocker"madlocker mwdb:family="madness_pro"madness_pro mwdb:family="maoloa"maoloa mwdb:family="mirai"mirai mwdb:family="mmbb"mmbb mwdb:family="nanocore"nanocore mwdb:family="necurs"necurs mwdb:family="netwire"netwire mwdb:family="neutrino"neutrino mwdb:family="njrat"njrat mwdb:family="nymaim"nymaim mwdb:family="odinaff"odinaff mwdb:family="onliner"onliner mwdb:family="ostap"ostap mwdb:family="panda"panda mwdb:family="phorpiex"phorpiex mwdb:family="pony"pony mwdb:family="pushdo"pushdo mwdb:family="qadars"qadars mwdb:family="qakbot"qakbot mwdb:family="quantloader"quantloader mwdb:family="quasarrat"quasarrat mwdb:family="ramnit"ramnit mwdb:family="remcos"remcos mwdb:family="retefe"retefe mwdb:family="ruckguv"ruckguv mwdb:family="sage"sage mwdb:family="sendsafe"sendsafe mwdb:family="shifu"shifu mwdb:family="slave"slave mwdb:family="smokeloader"smokeloader mwdb:family="systembc"systembc mwdb:family="teslacrypt"teslacrypt mwdb:family="test"test mwdb:family="testmod"testmod mwdb:family="tinba"tinba mwdb:family="tinba_dga"tinba_dga mwdb:family="tinynuke"tinynuke mwdb:family="tofsee"tofsee mwdb:family="torment"torment mwdb:family="torrentlocker"torrentlocker mwdb:family="trickbot"trickbot mwdb:family="troldesh"troldesh mwdb:family="unknown"unknown mwdb:family="vawtrak"vawtrak mwdb:family="vjworm"vjworm mwdb:family="vmzeus"vmzeus mwdb:family="vmzeus2"vmzeus2 mwdb:family="wannacry"wannacry mwdb:family="xagent"xagent mwdb:family="zeus"zeus mwdb:family="zloader"zloader nato
NATO classification markings.
classificationnato:classification="CTS"COSMIC TOP SECRET nato:classification="CTS-B"COSMIC TOP SECRET BOHEMIA nato:classification="NS"NATO SECRET nato:classification="NC"NATO CONFIDENTIAL nato:classification="NR"NATO RESTRICTED nato:classification="NU"NATO UNCLASSIFIED nato:classification="CTS-A"COSMIC TOP SECRET ATOMAL nato:classification="NS-A"SECRET ATOMAL nato:classification="NC-A"CONFIDENTIAL ATOMAL nis
The taxonomy is meant for large scale cybersecurity incidents, as mentioned in the Commission Recommendation of 13 September 2017, also known as the blueprint. It has two core parts: The nature of the incident, i.e. the underlying cause, that triggered the incident, and the impact of the incident, i.e. the impact on services, in which sector(s) of economy and society. impact-sectors-impactedThe impact on services, in the real world, indicating the sectors of the society and economy, where there is an impact on the services. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="energy"Energy The impact is in the Energy sector and its subsectors such as electricity, oil, or gas, for example, impacting electricity suppliers, power plants, distribution system operators, transmission system operators, oil transmission, natural gas distribution, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="transport"Transport The impact is in the transport sector and subsectors such as air, rail, water, road, for example, impacting air traffic control systems, railway companies, maritime port authorities, road traffic management systems, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="banking"Banking The impact is in the Banking sector, for example impacting banks, online banking, credit services, payment services, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="financial"Financial The impact is in the Financial market infrastructure sector, for example, impacting traders, trading platforms, clearing services, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="health"Health The impact is in the Health sector, for example, impacting hospitals, medical devices, medicine supply, pharmacies, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="drinking-water"Drinking water The impact is in the Drinking water supply and distribution sector, for example impacting drinking water supply, drinking water distribution systems, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="digital-infrastructure"Digital infrastructure The impact is in the Digital infrastructure sector, for example impacting internet exchange points, domain name systems, top level domain registries, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="communications"Communications The impact is in the Electronic communications sector, for example,impacting mobile network services, fixed telephone lines, satellite communications, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="digital-services"Digital services The impact is in the digital services sector, for example, impacting cloud services, online market places, online search engines, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="trust-and-identification-services"Trust and identification services The impact is in the electronic trust and identification services, for example, impacting certificate authorities, electronic identity systems, smartcards, etc. nis:impact-sectors-impacted="government"Government The impact is in the government sector, for example, impacting the functioning of public administrations, elections, or emergency services impact-severityThe severity of the impact, nationally, in the real world, for society and/or the economy, i.e. the level of disruption for the country or a large region of the country, the level of risks for health and/or safety, the level of physical damages and/or financial costs.
nis:impact-severity="red"Red Very large impact nis:impact-severity="yellow"Yellow Large impact. nis:impact-severity="green"Green Minor impact. nis:impact-severity="white"White No impact. impact-outlookThe outlook for the incident, the prognosis, for the coming hours, considering the impact in the real world, the impact on services, for the society and/or the economy
nis:impact-outlook="improving"Improving Severity of impact is expected to decrease in the next 6 hours. nis:impact-outlook="stable"Stable Severity of impact is expected to remain the same in the 6 hours. nis:impact-outlook="worsening"Worsening Severity of impact is expected to increase in the next 6 hours. nature-root-causeThe Root cause category is used to indicate what type event or threat triggered the incident.
nis:nature-root-cause="system-failures"System failures The incident is due to a failure of a system, i.e. without external causes. For example a hardware failure, software bug, a flaw in a procedure, etc. triggered the incident. nis:nature-root-cause="natural-phenomena"Natural phenomena The incident is due to a natural phenomenon. For example a storm, lightning, solar flare, flood, earthquake, wildfire, etc. triggered the incident. nis:nature-root-cause="human-errors"Human errors The incident is due to a human error, i.e. system worked correctly, but was used wrong. For example, a mistake, or carelessness triggered the incident. nis:nature-root-cause="malicious-actions"Malicious actions The incident is due to a malicious action. For example, a cyber-attack or physical attack, vandalism, sabotage, insider attack, theft, etc., triggered the incident. nis:nature-root-cause="third-party-failures"Third party failures The incident is due to a disruption of a third party service, like a utility. For example a power cut, or an internet outage, etc. triggered the incident. nature-severityThe severity of the threat is used to indicate, from a technical perspective, the potential impact, the risk associated with the threat. For example, the severity is high if an upcoming storm is exceptionally strong, if an observed DDoS attack is exceptionally powerful, or if a software vulnerability is easily exploited and present in many different systems. For example, in certain situations a critical software vulnerability would require concerted and urgent work by different organizations.
nis:nature-severity="high"High High severity, potential impact is high. nis:nature-severity="medium"Medium Medium severity, potential impact is medium. nis:nature-severity="low"Low Low severity, potential impact is low. testA test predicate meant to test interoperability between tools. Tags contained within this predicate are to be ignored. nis:test="test"Test Test value meant for testing interoperability. Tags with this value are to be ignored. open_threat
Open Threat Taxonomy v1.1 base on James Tarala of SANS http://www.auditscripts.com/resources/open_threat_taxonomy_v1.1a.pdf, https://files.sans.org/summit/Threat_Hunting_Incident_Response_Summit_2016/PDFs/Using-Open-Tools-to-Convert-Threat-Intelligence-into-Practical-Defenses-James-Tarala-SANS-Institute.pdf, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rdGOOFC_yE, and https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/str-r04_using-an-open-source-threat-model-for-prioritized-defense-final.pdf threat-categoryopen_threat:threat-category="Physical"Threats to the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information systems that are physical in nature. These threats generally describe actions that could lead to the theft, harm, or destruction of information systems. open_threat:threat-category="Resource"Threats to the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information systems that are the result of a lack of resources required by the information system. These threats often cause failures of information systems through a disruption of resources required for operations. open_threat:threat-category="Personal"Threats to the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information systems that are the result of failures or actions performed by an organizations personnel. These threats can be the result of deliberate or accidental actions that cause harm to information systems. open_threat:threat-category="Technical"Threats to the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information systems that are technical in nature. These threats are most often considered when identifying threats and constitute the technical actions performed by a threat actor that can cause harm to an information system. threat-nameopen_threat:threat-name="PHY-001"Loss of Property - Rating: 5.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-002"Theft of Property - Rating: 5.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-003"Accidental Destruction of Property - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-004"Natural Destruction of Property - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-005"Intentional Destruction of Property - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-006"Intentional Sabotage of Property - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-007"Intentional Vandalism of Property - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-008"Electrical System Failure - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-009"Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC) Failure - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-010"Structural Facility Failure - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-011"Water Distribution System Failure - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-012"Sanitation System Failure - Rating: 1.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-013"Natural Gas Distribution Failure - Rating: 1.0 open_threat:threat-name="PHY-014"Electronic Media Failure - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-001"Disruption of Water Resources - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-002"Disruption of Fuel Resources - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-003"Disruption of Materials Resources - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-004"Disruption of Electrical Resources - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-005"Disruption of Transportation Services - Rating: 1.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-006"Disruption of Communications Services - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-007"Disruption of Emergency Services - Rating: 1.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-008"Disruption of Governmental Services - Rating: 1.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-009"Supplier Viability - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-010"Supplier Supply Chain Failure - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-011"Logistics Provider Failures - Rating: 1.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-012"Logistics Route Disruptions - Rating: 1.0 open_threat:threat-name="RES-013"Technology Services Manipulation - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="PER-001"Personnel Labor / Skills Shortage - Rating: 5.0 open_threat:threat-name="PER-002"Loss of Personnel Resources - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="PER-003"Disruption of Personnel Resources - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="PER-004"Social Engineering of Personnel Resources - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="PER-005"Negligent Personnel Resources - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="PER-006"Personnel Mistakes / Errors - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="PER-007"Personnel Inaction - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-001"Organizational Fingerprinting via Open Sources - Rating: open_threat:threat-name="TEC-002"System Fingerprinting via Open Sources - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-003"System Fingerprinting via Scanning - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-004"System Fingerprinting via Sniffing - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-005"Credential Discovery via Open Sources - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-006"Credential Discovery via Scanning - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-007"Credential Discovery via Sniffing - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-008"Credential Discovery via Brute Force - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-009"Credential Discovery via Cracking - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-010"Credential Discovery via Guessing - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-011"Credential Discovery via Pre-Computational Attacks - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-012"Misuse of System Credentials - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-013"Escalation of Privilege - Rating: 5.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-014"Abuse of System Privileges - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-015"Memory Manipulation - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-016"Cache Poisoning - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-017"Physical Manipulation of Technical Device - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-018"Manipulation of Trusted System - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-019"Cryptanalysis - Rating: 1.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-020"Data Leakage / Theft - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-021"Denial of Service - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-022"Maintaining System Persistence - Rating: 5.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-023"Manipulation of Data in Transit / Use - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-024"Capture of Data in Transit / Use via Sniffing - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-025"Capture of Data in Transit / Use via Debugging - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-026"Capture of Data in Transit / Use via Keystroke Logging - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-027"Replay of Data in Transit / Use - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-028"Misdelivery of Data - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-029"Capture of Stored Data - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-030"Manipulation of Stored Data - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-031"Application Exploitation via Input Manipulation - Rating: 5.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-032"Application Exploitation via Parameter Injection - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-033"Application Exploitation via Code Injection - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-034"Application Exploitation via Command Injection - Rating: 4.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-035"Application Exploitation via Path Traversal - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-036"Application Exploitation via API Abuse - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-037"Application Exploitation via Fuzzing - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-038"Application Exploitation via Reverse Engineering - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-039"Application Exploitation via Resource Location Guessing - Rating: 2.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-040"Application Exploitation via Source Code Manipulation - Rating: 3.0 open_threat:threat-name="TEC-041"Application Exploitation via Authentication Bypass - Rating: 2.0 osint
Open Source Intelligence - Classification (MISP taxonomies) source-typeosint:source-type="blog-post"Blog post osint:source-type="microblog-post"Microblog post like Twitter osint:source-type="technical-report"Technical or analysis report osint:source-type="presentation"Presentation or slidedeck osint:source-type="news-report"News report osint:source-type="pastie-website"Pastie-like website osint:source-type="electronic-forum"Electronic forum osint:source-type="mailing-list"Mailing-list osint:source-type="block-or-filter-list"Block or Filter List osint:source-type="source-code-repository"Source code repository osint:source-type="accessible-evidence"Infrastructure allowing the gathering of the evidences such as open directories, public web services or left over on public services osint:source-type="expansion"Expansion osint:source-type="automatic-analysis"Automatic analysis including dynamic analysis or sandboxes output osint:source-type="automatic-collection"Automatic collection including honeypots, spamtraps or equivalent technologies osint:source-type="manual-analysis"Manual analysis or investigation osint:source-type="manual-collection"Manual collection from crawlers, honeypots, spamtraps, gathering tools or equivalent technologies osint:source-type="unknown"Unknown osint:source-type="other"Other source not specified in this list lifetimeosint:lifetime="perpetual"Perpetual Information available publicly on long-term osint:lifetime="ephemeral"Ephemeral Information available publicly on short-term certaintyosint:certainty="100"Certainty (probability equals 1 - 100%) Certainty Associated numerical value="100" osint:certainty="93"Almost certain (probability equals 0.93 - 93%) Almost certain Associated numerical value="93" osint:certainty="75"Probable (probability equals 0.75 - 75%) Probable Associated numerical value="75" osint:certainty="50"Chances about even (probability equals 0.50 - 50%) Chances about even Associated numerical value="50" osint:certainty="30"Probably not (probability equals 0.30 - 30%) Probably not Associated numerical value="30" osint:certainty="7"Almost certainly not (probability equals 0.07 - 7%) Almost certainly not Associated numerical value="7" osint:certainty="0"Impossibility (probability equals 0 - 0%) Impossibility pandemic
Pandemic covid-19pandemic:covid-19="health"Health Information tagged about COVID-19 and related to health pandemic:covid-19="cyber"Cyber Information tagged about COVID-19 and related to cybersecurity pandemic:covid-19="disinformation"Disinformation Information tagged about COVID-19 and related to disinformation pandemic:covid-19="geostrategy"Geostrategy Information tagged about COVID-19 and related to geostrategy or geopolitics passivetotal
Tags from RiskIQs PassiveTotal service sinkholedpassivetotal:sinkholed="yes"Yes passivetotal:sinkholed="no"No ever-compromisedpassivetotal:ever-compromised="yes"Yes passivetotal:ever-compromised="no"No dynamic-dnspassivetotal:dynamic-dns="yes"Yes passivetotal:dynamic-dns="no"No classpassivetotal:class="malicious"Malicious passivetotal:class="suspicious"Suspicious passivetotal:class="non-malicious"Non Malicious passivetotal:class="unknown"Unknown pentest
Penetration test (pentest) classification. approachThis is group is dealing with differents types of pentest pentest:approach="blackbox"Blackbox penetration test requires no prior information about the target network or application and is actually performed keeping it as a real world hacker attack scenario. (https://www.evolution-sec.com/en/products/blackbox-penetration-testing) pentest:approach="greybox"Gray box testing lies between black and white. Testers will have knowledge of some areas but not others. These areas are defined at the start of an engagement.(https://www.intelisecure.com/security-assessments-pen-testing/approaches/) pentest:approach="whitebox"White box, or authenticated tests, target the security of your underlying technology with full knowledge of your IT department. Information typically shared with the tester includes: network diagrams, IP addresses, system configurations and access credentials.(https://www.intelisecure.com/security-assessments-pen-testing/approaches/) pentest:approach="vulnerability_scanning"Vulnerability scanning is a security technique used to identify security weaknesses in a computer system. (https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4160/vulnerability-scanning) pentest:approach="redteam"A red team is an group that challenges an organization to improve its effectiveness by assuming an adversarial role or point of view without any predefined scope. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_team) scanAutomated tool that perform network checks pentest:scan="vertical"A scan against multiple ports of a single IP. pentest:scan="horizontal"A scan against a group of IPs for a single port. pentest:scan="network_scan"It is the discovery of networks and machines with services. pentest:scan="vulnerability"Vulnerability scanning is a security technique used to identify security weaknesses in a computer system. (https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4160/vulnerability-scanning) exploitExploitation of a vulnerability pentest:exploit="type confusion"When a piece of code doesnt verify the type of object that is passed to it, and uses it blindly without type-checking, it leads to type confusion. (https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2015/06/17/understanding-type-confusion-vulnerabilities-cve-2015-0336/) pentest:exploit="format_strings"The format string exploit occurs when the submitted data of an input string leads to arbitrary read or write in the memory. In this way, the attacker could execute code, read the stack, or cause a segmentation fault in the running application, causing new behaviors that could compromise the security or the stability of the system. (https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Format_string_attack) pentest:exploit="stack_overflow"In software, a stack overflow is type of buffer overflow that occurs if the call stack pointer exceeds the stack bound. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_overflow) pentest:exploit="heap_overflow"A heap overflow is a type of buffer overflow that occurs in the heap data area. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_overflow) pentest:exploit="heap_spraying"Heap spraying is a technique used in exploits to facilitate arbitrary code execution. In general, code that sprays the heap attempts to put a certain sequence of bytes at a predetermined location in the memory of a target process by having it allocate (large) blocks on the processs heap and fill the bytes in these blocks with the right values. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_spraying) pentest:exploit="fuzzing"Fuzzing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzing) pentest:exploit="ROP"The Return-Oriented Programming (ROP) is a computer security exploit technique in which the attacker uses control of the call stack to indirectly execute cherry-picked machine instructions or groups of machine instructions immediately prior to the return instruction in subroutines within the existing program code, in a way similar to the execution of a threaded code interpreter. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming) pentest:exploit="null_pointer_dereference"A NULL pointer dereference occurs when the application dereferences a pointer that it expects to be valid, but is NULL, typically causing a crash or exit. (https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/476.html) post_exploitationUtilizing post exploitation techniques will ensure that a penetration tester maintains some level of access and can potentially lead to deeper footholds into the targets trusted infrastructure. (https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/msf-post-exploitation/) pentest:post_exploitation="privilege_escalation"Privilege escalation is the act of exploiting a bug, design flaw or configuration oversight in an operating system or software application to gain elevated access to resources that are normally protected from an application or user. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation) pentest:post_exploitation="pivoting"Pivoting refers to a method used by penetration testers that uses the compromised system to attack other systems on the same network to avoid restrictions such as firewall configurations, which may prohibit direct access to all machines. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)#Pivoting) pentest:post_exploitation="password_cracking"Password cracking is the process of recovering passwords from data that have been stored in or transmitted by a computer system. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking) pentest:post_exploitation="persistence"The persistence is when a penetration tester let him a way to keep its exploitation on a machine or a domain even if the system is rebooted. pentest:post_exploitation="data_exfiltration"After an exploitation of a machine, a penetration tester will try to exfiltrate sensitive data. webThis is group is dealing with web vulnerabilities pentest:web="injection"Code injection is the exploitation of a computer bug that is caused by processing invalid data. Injection is used by an attacker to introduce (or "inject") code into a vulnerable computer program and change the course of execution. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_injection) pentest:web="SQLi"An SQL injection is a computer attack in which malicious code is embedded in a poorly-designed application and then passed to the SQL backend database. The malicious data then produces database query results or actions that should never have been executed.(https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4126/sql-injection) pentest:web="NoSQLi"An NoSQL injection is a computer attack in which malicious code is embedded in a poorly-designed application and then passed to the NoSQL backend database. The malicious data then produces database query results or actions that should never have been executed. pentest:web="XML injection"XML Injection is an attack technique used to manipulate or compromise the logic of an XML application or service. The injection of unintended XML content and/or structures into an XML message can alter the intend logic of the application. Further, XML injection can cause the insertion of malicious content into the resulting message/document.(http://projects.webappsec.org/w/page/13247004/XML%20Injection) pentest:web="CSRF"Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an attack that forces an end user to execute unwanted actions on a web application in which theyre currently authenticated. CSRF attacks specifically target state-changing requests, not theft of data, since the attacker has no way to see the response to the forged request.(https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-Site_Request_Forgery_(CSRF)) pentest:web="SSRF"Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) refers to an attack where in an attacker is able to send a crafted request from a vulnerable web application. SSRF is usually used to target internal systems behind firewalls that are normally inaccessible to an attacker from the external network. (https://www.acunetix.com/blog/articles/server-side-request-forgery-vulnerability/) pentest:web="XSS"Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a security breach that takes advantage of dynamically generated Web pages. In an XSS attack, a Web application is sent with a script that activates when it is read by an unsuspecting users browser or by an application that has not protected itself against cross-site scripting. (https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/X/XSS.html) pentest:web="file_inclusion"The File Inclusion vulnerability allows an attacker to include a file, usually exploiting a "dynamic file inclusion" mechanisms implemented in the target application. The vulnerability occurs due to the use of user-supplied input without proper validation. (https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_Local_File_Inclusion) pentest:web="web_tree_discovery"A web tree discovery is a brute force directories and files names on web/application server pentest:web="bruteforce"A brute-force attack consists of an attacker trying many passwords or passphrases with the hope of eventually guessing correctly. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_attack) pentest:web="fuzzing"Fuzzing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzing) networkThis is group is dealing with network vulnerabilities pentest:network="sniffing"Sniffing involves capturing, decoding, inspecting and interpreting the information inside a network packet on a TCP/IP network. (http://www.valencynetworks.com/articles/cyber-security-attacks-network-sniffing.html) pentest:network="spoofing"Spoofing, in general, is a fraudulent or malicious practice in which communication is sent from an unknown source disguised as a source known to the receiver. Spoofing is most prevalent in communication mechanisms that lack a high level of security. (https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5398/spoofing) pentest:network="man_in_the_middle"man-in-the-middle attack (MITM) is an attack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack) pentest:network="network_discovery"It is the discovery of networks and machines with services. social_engineeringSocial engineering is an attack vector that relies heavily on human interaction and often involves tricking people into breaking normal security procedures. (https://krashconsulting.com/index.php/services/sea/) pentest:social_engineering="phishing"Phishing is the attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and money), often for malicious reasons, by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing) pentest:social_engineering="malware"Malware, short for malicious software, is an umbrella term used to refer to a variety of forms of harmful or intrusive software, including computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, scareware, and other malicious programs. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware) vulnerabilityThis is group is dealing with the classification of weaknesses and vulnerabilities pentest:vulnerability="CWE"Targeted to developers and security practitioners, the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) is a formal list of software weakness types. (https://cwe.mitre.org/about/) pentest:vulnerability="CVE"Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) is a dictionary-type list of standardized names for vulnerabilities and other information related to security exposures. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures) phishing
Taxonomy to classify phishing attacks including techniques, collection mechanisms and analysis status. techniquesPhishing techniques used. phishing:techniques="fake-website"Social engineering fake website Adversary controls a fake website to phish for credentials or information. phishing:techniques="email-spoofing"Social engineering email spoofing Adversary sends email with domains related to target. Adversary controls the domains used. phishing:techniques="clone-phishing"Clone phishing Adversary clones an email to target potential victims with duplicated content. phishing:techniques="voice-phishing"Voice phishing Adversary uses voice-based techniques to trick a potential victim to give credentials or sensitive information. This is also known as vishing. phishing:techniques="search-engines-abuse"Social engineering search engines abuse Adversary controls the search engine result to get an advantage phishing:techniques="sms-phishing"SMS phishing Adversary sends an SMS to a potential victims to gather sensitive information or use another phishing technique at a later stage. phishing:techniques="business email compromise"Business Email Compromise Adversary sends an email containing a malicious artefact from a legitimate business email address which has connections to you as an individual or your organisation. distributionHow the phishing is distributed. phishing:distribution="spear-phishing"Spear phishing Adversary attempts targeted phishing to a user or a specific group of users based on knowledge known by the adversary. phishing:distribution="bulk-phishing"Bulk phishing Adversary attempts to target a large group of potential targets without specific knowledge of the victims. phishing:distribution="whaling"Whaling phishing Adversary attempts to target executives and high-level employees (like public spokespersons). report-typeHow the phishing information was reported. phishing:report-type="manual-reporting"Manual reporting Phishing reported by a human (e.g. tickets, manual reporting). phishing:report-type="automatic-reporting"Automatic reporting Phishing collected by automatic reporting (e.g. phishing report tool, API). report-originOrigin or source of the phishing information such as tools or services. phishing:report-origin="url-abuse"url-abuse CIRCL url-abuse service. phishing:report-origin="lookyloo"lookyloo CIRCL lookyloo service. phishing:report-origin="phishtank"Phishtank Phishtank service. phishing:report-origin="spambee"Spambee C-3 Spambee service. actionAction(s) taken related to the phishing tagged with this taxonomy. phishing:action="take-down"Take down Take down notification sent to the operator where the phishing infrastructure is hosted. phishing:action="pending-law-enforcement-request"Pending law enforcement request Law enforcement requests are ongoing on the phishing infrastructure. phishing:action="pending-dispute-resolution"Pending dispute resolution Dispute resolution sent to competent authorities (e.g. domain authority, trademark dispute). stateState of the phishing.
phishing:state="unknown"Phishing state is unknown or cannot be evaluated Associated numerical value="50" phishing:state="active"Phishing state is active and actively used by the adversary Associated numerical value="100" phishing:state="down"Phishing state is known to be down psychological-acceptabilityQuality of the phishing by its level of acceptance by the target.
phishing:psychological-acceptability="unknown"Phishing acceptance rate is unknown. phishing:psychological-acceptability="low"Phishing acceptance rate is low. Associated numerical value="25" phishing:psychological-acceptability="medium"Phishing acceptance rate is medium. Associated numerical value="50" phishing:psychological-acceptability="high"Phishing acceptance rate is high. Associated numerical value="75" principle-of-persuasionThe principle of persuasion used during the attack to higher psychological acceptability. phishing:principle-of-persuasion="authority"Society trains people not to question authority so they are conditioned to respond to it. People usually follow an expert or pretense of authority and do a great deal for someone they think is an authority. phishing:principle-of-persuasion="social-proof"People tend to mimic what the majority of people do or seem to be doing. People let their guard and suspicion down when everyone else appears to share the same behaviours and risks. In this way, they will not be held solely responsible for their actions. phishing:principle-of-persuasion="liking-similarity-deception"People prefer to abide to whom (they think) they know or like, or to whom they are similar to or familiar with, as well as attracted to. phishing:principle-of-persuasion="commitment-reciprocation-consistency"People feel more confident in their decision once they commit (publically) to a specific action and need to follow it through until the end. This is true whether in the workplace, or in a situation when their action is illegal. People have tendency to believe what others say and need, and they want to appear consistent in what they do, for instance, when they owe a favour. There is an automatic response of repaying a favour. phishing:principle-of-persuasion="distraction"People focus on one thing and ignore other things that may happen without them noticing; they focus attention on what they can gain, what they need, what they can lose or miss out on, or if that thing will soon be unavailable, has been censored, restricted or will be more expensive later. These distractions can heighten peoples emotional state and make them forget other logical facts to consider when making decisions. political-spectrum
A political spectrum is a system to characterize and classify different political positions in relation to one another. ideologyPolitical ideologies are one of the major organizing features of political parties, and parties often officially align themselves with specific ideologies. political-spectrum:ideology="agrarianism"Agrarianism political and social philosophy that has promoted subsistence agriculture, smallholdings, egalitarianism, with agrarian political parties normally supporting the rights and sustainability of small farmers and poor peasants against the wealthy in society. political-spectrum:ideology="anarchism"Anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. political-spectrum:ideology="centrism"Centrism Centrism is a political outlook or position that involves acceptance and/or support of a balance of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy, while opposing political changes which would result in a significant shift of society strongly to either the left or the right. political-spectrum:ideology="christian-democracy"Christian Democracy combination of modern democratic ideas and traditional Christian values, incorporating social justice as well as the social teachings espoused by the Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Pentecostal and other denominational traditions of Christianity in various parts of the world. After World War II, Catholic and Protestant movements of neo-scholasticism and the Social Gospel, respectively, played a role in shaping Christian democracy. political-spectrum:ideology="communism"Communism Communism is a philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, namely a socioeconomic order structured upon the ideas of common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. political-spectrum:ideology="conservatism"Conservatism Conservatism is an aesthetic, cultural, social, and political philosophy, which seeks to promote and to preserve traditional social institutions. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the traditional values or practices of the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture, conservatives seek to preserve a range of institutions such as organized religion, parliamentary government, and property rights. Adherents of conservatism often oppose modernism and seek a return to traditional values. political-spectrum:ideology="democratic-socialism"Democratic socialism Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that supports political democracy within a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-management within a market socialist economy, or an alternative form of decentralised planned socialist economy. political-spectrum:ideology="fascism"Fascism Fascism is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and of the economy, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete. They regard the complete mobilization of society under a totalitarian one-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties. political-spectrum:ideology="feminism"Feminism Feminism is a range of social movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that societies prioritize the male point of view, and that women are treated unjustly within those societies. Efforts to change that include fighting against gender stereotypes and establishing educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities and outcomes for women that are equal to those for men. political-spectrum:ideology="green-politics"Green politics Green politics, or ecopolitics, is a political ideology that aims to foster an ecologically sustainable society often, but not always, rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice and grassroots democracy. political-spectrum:ideology="islamism"Islamism Islamism (also often called political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism) is a political ideology which posits that modern states and regions should be reconstituted in constitutional, economic and judicial terms, in accordance with what is conceived as a revival or a return to authentic Islamic practice in its totality. political-spectrum:ideology="liberalism"Liberalism Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the law. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but they generally support individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), democracy, secularism, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion and a market economy. political-spectrum:ideology="libertarianism"Libertarianism Libertarianism is a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core principle. Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism and voluntary association. Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power, but some libertarians diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing economic and political systems. political-spectrum:ideology="monarchism"Monarchism Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. political-spectrum:ideology="pacifism"Pacifism Pacifism covers a spectrum of views, including the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved, calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military and war, opposition to any organization of society through governmental force (anarchist or libertarian pacifism), rejection of the use of physical violence to obtain political, economic or social goals, the obliteration of force, and opposition to violence under any circumstance, even defence of self and others. political-spectrum:ideology="social-democracy"Social democracy Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocating economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal-democratic polity and a capitalist-oriented mixed economy. political-spectrum:ideology="socialism"Socialism Socialism is a political, social, and economic philosophy encompassing a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production. It includes the political theories and movements associated with such systems. Social ownership can be public, collective, cooperative, or of equity. While no single definition encapsulates the many types of socialism, social ownership is the one common element. left-right-spectrumThe leftright political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions characteristic of left-right politics, ideologies and parties with emphasis placed on issues of social equality and social hierarchy. political-spectrum:left-right-spectrum="far-left"Far-left There are different definitions of the far-left. It could represent the left of social democraty, or also limited to the left of communist parties. Sometimes it is also associated with some forms of anarchism and communims, or groupsthat advocate for revolutionary anti-capitalism and anti-globalization. political-spectrum:left-right-spectrum="centre-left"Centre-left Also refered as moderate-left politics. Believes in working within the established systems to improve social justice. Promotes a degree of social equality that it believes is achievable through promoting equal opportunity. Emphasizes that the achievement of equality requires personal responsibility in areas in control by the individual person through their abilities and talents as well as social responsibility in areas outside control by the person in their abilities or talents. political-spectrum:left-right-spectrum="radical-centre"Radical centre The radical in the term refers to a willingness on the part of most radical centrists to call for fundamental reform of institutions.[ The centrism refers to a belief that genuine solutions require realism and pragmatism, not just idealism and emotion. Radical centrists borrow ideas from the left and the right, often melding them together. political-spectrum:left-right-spectrum="centre-right"Centre-right Also referred to as moderate-right politics. Ideologies characterised as centre-right include liberal conservatism and some variants of liberalism and Christian democracy, among others. political-spectrum:left-right-spectrum="far-right"Far-right Referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism. Are usually described as anti-communist, authoritarian, ultranationalist, and having nativist ideologies and tendencies. Today far-right politics include neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, the Third Position, the alt-right, racial supremacism, and other ideologies or organizations that feature aspects of ultranationalist, chauvinist, xenophobic, theocratic, racist, homophobic, transphobic, or reactionary views. priority-level
After an incident is scored, it is assigned a priority level. The six levels listed below are aligned with NCCIC, DHS, and the CISS to help provide a common lexicon when discussing incidents. This priority assignment drives NCCIC urgency, pre-approved incident response offerings, reporting requirements, and recommendations for leadership escalation. Generally, incident priority distribution should follow a similar pattern to the graph below. Based on https://www.us-cert.gov/NCCIC-Cyber-Incident-Scoring-System.
emergencyAn Emergency priority incident poses an imminent threat to the provision of wide-scale critical infrastructure services, national government stability, or the lives of U.S. persons. priority-level:emergencyEmergency An Emergency priority incident poses an imminent threat to the provision of wide-scale critical infrastructure services, national government stability, or the lives of U.S. persons. 100 severeA Severe priority incident is likely to result in a significant impact to public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, or civil liberties. priority-level:severeSevere A Severe priority incident is likely to result in a significant impact to public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, or civil liberties. 90 highA High priority incident is likely to result in a demonstrable impact to public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. priority-level:highHigh A High priority incident is likely to result in a demonstrable impact to public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. 85 mediumA Medium priority incident may affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. priority-level:mediumMedium A Medium priority incident may affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. 75 lowA Low priority incident is unlikely to affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. priority-level:lowLow A Low priority incident is unlikely to affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. 50 baseline-minorA BaselineMinor priority incident is an incident that is highly unlikely to affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. The potential for impact, however, exists and warrants additional scrutiny. priority-level:baseline-minorBaseline - Minor A BaselineMinor priority incident is an incident that is highly unlikely to affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. The potential for impact, however, exists and warrants additional scrutiny. 25 baseline-negligibleA BaselineNegligible priority incident is an incident that is highly unlikely to affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. priority-level:baseline-negligibleBaseline - Negligible A BaselineNegligible priority incident is an incident that is highly unlikely to affect public health or safety, national security, economic security, foreign relations, civil liberties, or public confidence. ransomware
Ransomware is used to define ransomware types and the elements that compose them. typeType is used to describe the type of a ransomware and how it works. ransomware:type="scareware"Scareware is a form of malware which uses social engineering to cause shock, anxiety, or the perception of a threat in order to manipulate users into buying unwanted software. ransomware:type="locker-ransomware"Locker ransomware, also called screen locker, denies access to the browser, computer or device. ransomware:type="crypto-ransomware"Crypto ransomware, also called data locker or cryptoware, prevents access to files or data. Crypto ransomware doesnt necessarily have to use encryption to stop users from accessing their data, but the vast majority of it does. elementElements that composed or are linked to a ransomware and its execution. ransomware:element="ransomnote"A ransomnote is the message left by the attacker to threaten their victim and ask for a ransom. It is usually seen as a text or HTML file, or a picture set as background. ransomware:element="ransomware-appended-extension"This is the extension added by the ransomware to the files. ransomware:element="ransomware-encrypted-extensions"This is the list of extensions that will be encrypted by the ransomware. Beware to keep the order. ransomware:element="ransomware-excluded-extensions"This is the list of extensions that will not be encrypted by the ransomware. Beware to keep the order. ransomware:element="dropper"A dropper is a means of getting malware into a machine while bypassing the security checks, often by containing the malware inside of itself. ransomware:element="downloader"A downloader is a means of getting malware into a machine while bypassing the security checks, by downloading it instead of containing it. complexity-levelLevel of complexity of the ransomware. ransomware:complexity-level="no-actual-encryption-scareware"No actual encryption (scareware). Infection merely poses as a ransomware by displaying a ransom note or message while not actually encrypting user files. ransomware:complexity-level="display-ransomnote-before-encrypting"Displaying the ransom note before the encryption process commences. As seen in the case of Nemucod, some ransomware will display a ransom note before file encryption. This is a serious operational flaw in the ransomware. The victim or their antivirus solution could effectively take prompt evasive action to prevent ransomware from commencing encryption. ransomware:complexity-level="decryption-essentials-extracted-from-binary"Decryption essentials can be reverse engineered from ransomware code or the users system. For example, if the ransomware uses a hard-coded key, then it becomes straight-forward for malware analysts to extract the key by reverse engineering the ransomware binary. ransomware:complexity-level="derived-encryption-key-predicted "Another possibility of reverse engineering the key is demonstrated in the case of Linux.Encoder, a type of ransomware where a timestamp on the system was used to create keys for encryption resulting in easy decryption provided that the timestamp is still accessible. ransomware:complexity-level="same-key used-for-each-infection"Ransomware uses the same key for every victim. If the same key is used to encrypt all victims during a campaign, then one victim can share the secret key with others. ransomware:complexity-level="encryption-circumvented"Decryption possible without key - files can be decrypted without the need for a key due to poor choice or implementation of the encryption algorithm. Consider the case of desuCrypt that used an RC4 stream cipher for encryption. Using a stream cipher with key reuse is vulnerable to known plaintext attacks and known ciphertext attacks due to key reuse and hence this is a poor implementation of an encryption algorithm. ransomware:complexity-level="file-restoration-possible-using-shadow-volume-copies"Files can be restored using Shadow Volume Copies (Previous Versions) on the New Technology File System (NTFS), that were neglected to be deleted by the ransomware. ransomware:complexity-level="file-restoration-possible-using-backups"Files can be restored using a System State backup, System Image backup or other means of backup mechanisms (such as third-party backup software) that will render the ransomwares extortion attempt unsuccessful. ransomware:complexity-level="key-recovered-from-file-system-or-memory"Decryption key can be retrieved from the host machines file structure or memory by an average user without the need for an expert. In the case of CryptoDefense, the ransomware did not securely delete keys from the host machine. The user can examine the right file or folder to discover the decryption key. ransomware:complexity-level="due-diligence-prevented-ransomware-from-acquiring-key"User can prevent ransomware from acquiring the encryption key. Ransomware belongs in this category if its encryption procedure can be interrupted or blocked by due diligence on part of the user. For example, CryptoLocker discussed above cannot commence operation until it receives a key from the C&C server. A host or border firewall can block a list of known C&C servers hence rendering ransomware ineffective. ransomware:complexity-level="click-and-run-decryptor-exists"Easy Click-and-run solutions such as a decryptor has been created by the security community such that a user can simply run the program to decrypt all files. ransomware:complexity-level="kill-switch-exists-outside-of-attacker-s-control"There exists a kill switch outside of an attackers control that renders the cryptoviral infection ineffective. For example, in the case of WannaCry, a global kill switch existed in the form of a domain name. The ransomware reached out to this domain before commencing encryption and if the domain existed, the ransomware aborted execution. This kill switch was outside the attackers control as anyone could register it and neutralize the ransomware outbreak. ransomware:complexity-level="decryption-key-recovered-from-a-C&C-server-or-network-communications"Key can be retrieved from a central location such as a C&C server on a compromised host or gleaned with some difficulty from communication between ransomware on the host and the C&C server. For instance, in the case of CryptoLocker, authorities were able to seize a network of compromised hosts used to spread CryptoLocker and gain access to decryption essentials of around 500,000 victims. ransomware:complexity-level="custom-encryption-algorithm-used"Ransomware uses custom encryption techniques and violates the fundamental rule of cryptography: do not roll your own crypto. It is tempting to design a custom cipher that one cannot break themselves, however it will likely not withstand the scrutiny of professional cryptanalysts. Amateur custom cryptography in the ransomware implies there will likely soon be a solution to decrypt files without paying the ransom. An example of this is an early variant of the GPCode ransomware that emerged in 2005 with weak custom encryption. ransomware:complexity-level="decryption-key-recovered-under-specialized-lab-setting"Key can only be retrieved under rare, specialized laboratory settings. For example, in the case of WannaCry, a vulnerability in a cryptographic API on an unpatched Windows XP system allowed users to acquire from RAM the prime numbers used to compute private keys and hence retrieve the decryption key. However, the victim had to have been running a specific version of Windows XP and be fortunate enough that the related address space in memory has not been reallocated to another process. In another example, it is theoretically possible to reverse WannaCry encryption by exploiting a flaw in the pseudo-random-number-generator (PRNG) in an unpatched Windows XP system that reveals keys generated in the past. Naturally, these specialized conditions are not true for most victims. ransomware:complexity-level="small-subset-of-files-left-unencrypted"A small subset of files left unencrypted by the ransomware for any number of reasons. Certain ransomware are known to only encrypt a file if its size exceeds a predetermined value. In addition, ransomware might decrypt a few files for free to prove decryption is possible. In such cases, a small number of victims may be lucky enough to only need these unencrypted files and can tolerate loss of the rest. ransomware:complexity-level="encryption-model-is-seemingly-flawless"Encryption model is resistant to cryptographic attacks and has been implemented seemingly flawlessly such that there are no known vulnerabilities in its execution. Simply put, there is no proven way yet to decrypt the files without paying the ransom. purposePurpose of the ransomware. ransomware:purpose="deployed-as-ransomware-extortion"This has been the traditional approach - ransomware is installed on the victims machine, and its only purpose is to create income for the cybercriminal(s). In fact, ransomware is simple extortion, but via digital means. ransomware:purpose="deployed-to-showcase-skills-for-fun-or-for-testing-purposes"Some cybercriminals like to show off, and as such create the side-business of ransomware, or, more particularly to showcase their coding skills. Another example may be to send ransomware 'as a joke' or for fun to your friends, and giving them a bad time. Some cybercriminals may be testing the waters by deploying ransomware in an organisation, to stress-test the defenses, or to test their own programming skills, or the lack thereof. ransomware:purpose="deployed-as-smokescreen"A very interesting occurrence indeed: ransomware is installed to hide the real purpose of whatever the cybercriminal or attacker is doing. This may be data exfiltration, lateral movement, or anything else, in theory, everything is a possible scenario except for the ransomware itself. ransomware:purpose="deployed-to-cause-frustration"Another possible angle that goes hand in hand with the classic extortion scheme - deploying ransomware with intent of frustrating the victim. Basically, cyber bullying. While there may be a request for a monetary amount, it is not the purpose. ransomware:purpose="deployed-out-of-frustration"Sometimes, an attacker may gain initial access to a server or other machine, but consequent attempts to, for example, exfiltrate data or attack other machine, is unsuccessful. This may be due to a number of things, but often due to the access being discovered, and quickly patched. On the other hand, it may have not been discovered yet, but the attacker is sitting with the same problem: the purpose is not fulfilled. Then, out of frustration, or to gain at least something out of the victim, the machine gets trashed with ransomware. Another possibility is a disgruntled employee, leaving ransomware as a 'present' before leaving the company. ransomware:purpose="deployed-as-a-cover-up"This may sound ambiguous at first, but imagine a scenario where a company may face sanctions, is already compromised, or has a running investigation. The company or organisation deploying ransomware itself, is a viable way of destroying data forever, and any evidence may be lost. Another possibility is, in order to cover up a much larger compromise, ransomware is installed, and everything is formatted to hide what actually happened. Again, there is also the possibility of a disgruntled employee, or even an intruder: which brings us back to 'deployed as a smokescreen'. ransomware:purpose="deployed-as-a-penetration-test-or-user-awareness-training"Ransomware is very effective in the sense that most people know what its purpose is, and the dangers it may cause. As such, it is an excellent tool that can be used for demonstration purposes, such as a user awareness training. Another possibility is an external pentest, with same purpose. ransomware:purpose="deployed-as-a-means-of-disruption-destruction"Last but not least - while ransomware can have several purposes, it can also serve a particularly nasty goal: destroy a company or organisation, or at least take them offline for several days, or even weeks. Again, there are some possibilities, but this may be a rivalry company in a similar business, again a disgruntled employee, or to disrupt large organisations on a worldwide scale. targetTarget of the ransomware. ransomware:target="pc-workstation"Ransomware that targets PCs or workstations. ransomware:target="mobile-device"Ransomware that targets mobile devices. ransomware:target="iot-cps-device"Ransomware that targets IoT or CPS devoces. ransomware:target="end-user"Ransomware that targets end users. ransomware:target="organisation"Ransomware that targets organisation. infectionInfection vector used by the ransomware. ransomware:infection="phishing-e=mails"Malicious e-mails are the most commonly used infection vectors for ransomware. Attackers send spam e-mails to victims that have attachments containing ransomware. Such spam campaigns can be distributed using botnets. Ransomware may come with an attached malicious file, or the e-mail may contain a malicious link that will trigger the installation of ransomware once visited (drive-by download). ransomware:infection="sms-instant-message"SMS Messages or IMs are used frequently for mobile ransomware. In such kind of infections, attackers send SMS messages or IMs to the victims that will cause them to browse a malicious website to download ransomware to their platforms. ransomware:infection="malicious-apps"Malicious Applications are used by ransomware attackers who develop and deploy mobile applications that contain ransomware camouflaged as a benign application. ransomware:infection="drive-by-download"Drive-by download happens when a user unknowingly visits an infected website or clicks a malicious advertisement (i.e., malvertisement) and then the malware is downloaded and installed without the users knowledge. ransomware:infection="vulnerabilities"Vulnerabilities in the victim platform such as vulnerabilities in operating systems, browsers, or software can be used by ransomware authors as infection vectors. Attackers can use helper applications, exploit kits, to exploit the known or zero-day vulnerabilities in target systems. Attackers can redirect victims to those kits via malvertisement and malicious links. communicationCommunication method used by the ransomware; ransomware:communication="hard-coded-ip"Ransomware connecting to C&C via hard-coded IP addresses or domains ransomware:communication="dga-based"Ransomware connecting to C&C via dynamically fast-fluxed/generated/shifted domain names using Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA) malicious-actionMalicious action performed by the ransomware. ransomware:malicious-action="symmetric-key-encryption"Ransomware that encrypts data using symmetric-key encryption. ransomware:malicious-action="asymmetric-key-encryption"Ransomware that encrypts data using asymmetric-key encryption. ransomware:malicious-action="hybrid-key-encryption"Ransomware that encrypts data using hybrid-key encryption. ransomware:malicious-action="screen-locking"Ransomware that locks the systems graphical user interface and prevent access. ransomware:malicious-action="browser-locking"Ransomware that locks slock web browser of the victim. ransomware:malicious-action="mbr-locking"Ransomware that locks Master Boot Records. ransomware:malicious-action="data-exfiltration"Ransomware that exfiltrates data. retention
Add a retenion time to events to automatically remove the IDS-flag on ip-dst or ip-src attributes. We calculate the time elapsed based on the date of the event. Supported time units are: d(ays), w(eeks), m(onths), y(ears). The numerical_value is just for sorting in the web-interface and is not used for calculations.
expiredretention:expiredSet when the retention period has expired 1dretention:1d1 day 1 2dretention:2d2 days 2 7dretention:7d7 days 7 2wretention:2w2 weeks 14 1mretention:1m1 month 30 2mretention:2m2 months 60 3mretention:3m3 months 90 6mretention:6m6 months 180 1yretention:1y1 year 365 10yretention:10y10 year 3650 rsit
Reference Security Incident Classification Taxonomy abusive-contentAbusive Content. rsit:abusive-content="spam"Spam Or 'Unsolicited Bulk Email', this means that the recipient has not granted verifiable permission for the message to be sent and that the message is sent as part of a larger collection of messages, all having a functionally comparable content. This IOC refers to resources which make up spam infrastructure, for example, harvesters like address verification, URLs in spam emails, etc. rsit:abusive-content="harmful-speech"Harmful Speech Bullying, harassment or discrimination of somebody, e.g., cyber stalking, racism or threats against one or more individuals. rsit:abusive-content="violence"(Child) Sexual Exploitation/Sexual/Violent Content Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE), sexual content, glorification of violence, etc. malicious-codeSoftware that is intentionally included or inserted in a system for a harmful purpose. A user interaction is normally necessary to activate the code. rsit:malicious-code="infected-system"Infected System System infected with malware, e.g., a PC, smartphone or server infected with a rootkit. Most often this refers to a connection to a sinkholed command and control server. rsit:malicious-code="c2-server"C2 Server Command and control server contacted by malware on infected systems. rsit:malicious-code="malware-distribution"Malware Distribution URI used for malware distribution, e.g., a download URL included in fake invoice malware spam or exploit kits (on websites). rsit:malicious-code="malware-configuration"Malware Configuration URI hosting a malware configuration file, e.g., web injects for a banking trojan. information-gatheringInformation Gathering. rsit:information-gathering="scanner"Scanning Attacks that send requests to a system to discover weaknesses. This also includes testing processes to gather information on hosts, services and accounts. This includes fingerd, DNS querying, ICMP, SMTP (EXPN, RCPT, etc) port scanning. rsit:information-gathering="sniffing"Sniffing Observing and recording of network traffic (i.e. wiretapping). rsit:information-gathering="social-engineering"Social Engineering Gathering information from a human being in a non-technical way (e.g., using lies, tricks, bribes, or threats). intrusion-attemptsIntrusion Attempts. rsit:intrusion-attempts="ids-alert"Exploitation of Known Vulnerabilities An attempt to compromise a system or to disrupt any service by exploiting vulnerabilities with a standardised identifier such as CVE name (e.g., using a buffer overflow, backdoor, cross site scripting) rsit:intrusion-attempts="brute-force"Login Attempts Multiple brute-force login attempts (including guessing or cracking of passwords). This IOC refers to a resource, which has been observed to perform brute-force attacks over a given application protocol. rsit:intrusion-attempts="exploit"New Attack Signature An attack using an unknown exploit. intrusionsA successful compromise of a system or application (service). This can have been caused remotely by a known or new vulnerability, but also by an unauthorised local access. Also includes being part of a botnet. rsit:intrusions="privileged-account-compromise"Privileged Account Compromise Compromise of a system where the attacker has gained administrative privileges. rsit:intrusions="unprivileged-account-compromise"Unprivileged Account Compromise Compromise of a system using an unprivileged (user/service) account. rsit:intrusions="application-compromise"Application Compromise Compromise of an application by exploiting (un)known software vulnerabilities, e.g., SQL injection. rsit:intrusions="system-compromise"System Compromise Compromise of a system, e.g., unauthorised logins or commands. This includes attempts to compromise honeypot systems. rsit:intrusions="burglary"Burglary Physical intrusion, e.g., into a corporate building or data centre. availabilityBy this kind of an attack a system is bombarded with so many packets that the operations are delayed or the system crashes. DoS examples are ICMP and SYN floods, Teardrop attacks and mail-bombing. DDoS often is based on DoS attacks originating from botnets, but also other scenarios exist like DNS Amplification attacks. However, the availability also can be affected by local actions (destruction, disruption of power supply, etc.) or by Act of God, spontaneous failures or human error, without malice or gross neglect being involved. rsit:availability="dos"Denial of Service Denial of Service attack, e.g., sending specially crafted requests to a web application which causes the application to crash or slow down. rsit:availability="ddos"Distributed Denial of Service Distributed Denial of Service attack, e.g., SYN flood or UDP-based reflection/amplification attacks. rsit:availability="misconfiguration"Misconfiguration Software misconfiguration resulting in service availability issues, e.g., DNS server with outdated DNSSEC Root Zone KSK. rsit:availability="sabotage"Sabotage Physical sabotage, e.g., cutting wires or malicious arson. rsit:availability="outage"Outage An outage caused, for example, by air conditioning failure or natural disaster. information-content-securityBesides a local abuse of data and systems the information security can be endangered by a successful account or application compromise. Furthermore attacks are possible that intercept and access information during transmission (wiretapping, spoofing or hijacking). Human/configuration/software error can also be the cause. rsit:information-content-security="unauthorised-information-access"Unauthorised Access to Information Unauthorised access to information, e.g., by abusing stolen login credentials for a system or application, intercepting traffic or gaining access to physical documents. rsit:information-content-security="unauthorised-information-modification"Unauthorised Modification of Information Unauthorised modification of information, e.g., by an attacker abusing stolen login credentials for a system or application, or ransomware encrypting data. Also includes defacements. rsit:information-content-security="data-loss"Data Loss Loss of data caused by, for example, hard disk failure or physical theft. rsit:information-content-security="data-leak"Leak of Confidential Information Leaked confidential information, e.g., credentials or personal data. fraudFraud. rsit:fraud="unauthorised-use-of-resources"Unauthorised Use of Resources Using resources for unauthorised purposes including profit-making ventures, e.g., the use of email to participate in illegal profit chain letters or pyramid schemes. rsit:fraud="copyright"Copyright Offering or installing copies of unlicensed commercial software or other copyright protected materials (also known as Warez). rsit:fraud="masquerade"Masquerade Type of attack in which one entity illegitimately impersonates the identity of another in order to benefit from it. rsit:fraud="phishing"Phishing Masquerading as another entity in order to persuade the user to reveal private credentials. This IOC most often refers to a URL, which is used to phish user credentials. vulnerableOpen resolvers, world-readable printers, vulnerabilities apparent from scans, anti-virus signatures not up-to-date, etc. rsit:vulnerable="weak-crypto"Weak Cryptography Publicly accessible services offering weak cryptography, e.g., web servers susceptible to POODLE/FREAK attacks. rsit:vulnerable="ddos-amplifier"DDoS Amplifier Publicly accessible services that can be abused for conducting DDoS reflection/amplification attacks, e.g., DNS open-resolvers or NTP servers with monlist enabled. rsit:vulnerable="potentially-unwanted-accessible"Potentially Unwanted Accessible Services Potentially unwanted publicly accessible services, e.g., Telnet, RDP or VNC. rsit:vulnerable="information-disclosure"Information disclosure Publicly accessible services potentially disclosing sensitive information, e.g., SNMP or Redis. rsit:vulnerable="vulnerable-system"Vulnerable System A system which is vulnerable to certain attacks, e.g., misconfigured client proxy settings (such as WPAD), outdated operating system version, or cross-site scripting vulnerabilities. otherAll incidents which dont fit in one of the given categories should be put into this class. If the number of incidents in this category increases, it is an indicator that the classification scheme must be revised. rsit:other="other"Uncategorised All incidents which dont fit in one of the given categories should be put into this class or the incident is not categorised. rsit:other="undetermined"Undetermined The categorisation of the incident is unknown/undetermined. testMeant for testing. rsit:test="test"Test Meant for testing. rt_event_status
Status of events used in Request Tracker.
event-statusrt_event_status:event-status="new"New rt_event_status:event-status="open"Open rt_event_status:event-status="stalled"Stalled rt_event_status:event-status="rejected"rejected rt_event_status:event-status="resolved"Resolved rt_event_status:event-status="deleted"Deleted runtime-packer
Runtime or software packer used to combine compressed data with the decompression code. The decompression code can add additional obfuscations mechanisms including polymorphic-packer or other obfuscation techniques. This taxonomy lists all the known or official packer used for legitimate use or for packing malicious binaries. portable-executableruntime-packer:portable-executable=".netshrink"runtime-packer:portable-executable="armadillo"netshrink Armadillo runtime-packer:portable-executable="aspack"ASPack runtime-packer:portable-executable="aspr-asprotect"ASPR (ASProtect) runtime-packer:portable-executable="boxedapp-packer"BoxedApp Packer runtime-packer:portable-executable="cexe"CExe runtime-packer:portable-executable="dotbundle"dotBundle runtime-packer:portable-executable="enigma-protector"Enigma Protector runtime-packer:portable-executable="exe-bundle"EXE Bundle runtime-packer:portable-executable="exe-stealth"EXE Stealth runtime-packer:portable-executable="expressor"eXPressor runtime-packer:portable-executable="fsg"FSG runtime-packer:portable-executable="kkrunchy-src"kkrunchy src runtime-packer:portable-executable="mew"MEW runtime-packer:portable-executable="mpress"MPRESS runtime-packer:portable-executable="obsidium"Obsidium runtime-packer:portable-executable="pelock"PELock runtime-packer:portable-executable="pespin"PESpin runtime-packer:portable-executable="petite"Petite runtime-packer:portable-executable="rlpack-basic"RLPack Basic runtime-packer:portable-executable="smart-packer-pro"Smart Packer Pro runtime-packer:portable-executable="themida"Themida runtime-packer:portable-executable="upx"UPX runtime-packer:portable-executable="vmprotect"VMProtect runtime-packer:portable-executable="xcomp-xpack"XComp/XPack elfcli-assemblyscrippsco2-fgc
Flags describing the sample -3Potentially Suspect Data Accepted scrippsco2-fgc:-3accepted-suspect Potentially Suspect Data Accepted -2Accepted value from continuous analyzer replacing flask data scrippsco2-fgc:-2accepted-continuous-analyzer Accepted value from continuous analyzer replacing flask data -1Acepted Value retained although individual measurements deviated by more than selected tolerance scrippsco2-fgc:-1accepted-deviated-tolerance Acepted Value retained although individual measurements deviated by more than selected tolerance 0Accepted Value scrippsco2-fgc:0accepted Accepted Value 1Rejected during analysis scrippsco2-fgc:1rejected-during-analysis Rejected during analysis 2Rejected unacceptably large flask-analyzer differences associated with night sampling (used only at MLO between Dec 1962 and Sep 1968) scrippsco2-fgc:2rejected-legacy-difference-night-mlo Rejected unacceptably large flask-analyzer differences associated with night sampling (used only at MLO between Dec 1962 and Sep 1968) 3Rejected flask measurement; used continuous data instead scrippsco2-fgc:3rejected-continuous-data Rejected flask measurement; used continuous data instead 4Rejected Replicates do not agree to selected tolerance or single flask scrippsco2-fgc:4rejected-tolerance-single-flask Rejected Replicates do not agree to selected tolerance or single flask 5Rejected Daily average deviates from fit by more than 3 standard deviations scrippsco2-fgc:5rejected-derivation Rejected Daily average deviates from fit by more than 3 standard deviations 6Rejected to improve local distribution of data such as too many data of generally poor quality (used only at two stations: KUM Aug 1979 - Jun 1980 and LJO Apr 1979 - Sep 1985) scrippsco2-fgc:6rejected-legacy-poor-quality-kum-ljo Rejected to improve local distribution of data such as too many data of generally poor quality (used only at two stations: KUM Aug 1979 - Jun 1980 and LJO Apr 1979 - Sep 1985) 7Rejected Unsteady air at site (La Jolla only) scrippsco2-fgc:7rejected-unsteady-ljo Rejected Unsteady air at site (La Jolla only) 8Rejected manually (see input/flag_flasks.csv) scrippsco2-fgc:8rejected-manual Rejected manually (see input/flag_flasks.csv) scrippsco2-fgi
Flags describing the sample for isotopic data (C14, O18) -3Suspect but accepted isotopic measurement scrippsco2-fgi:-3accepted-suspect Suspect but accepted isotopic measurement 0Accepted isotopic measurement scrippsco2-fgi:0accepted Accepted isotopic measurement 3Rejected scrippsco2-fgi:3rejected Rejected 5Outlier from fit scrippsco2-fgi:5outlier Outlier from fit 6Other rejected, older data scrippsco2-fgi:6rejected-old-data Other rejected, older data 8Flask extracted but not analyzed yet scrippsco2-fgi:8extracted-not-analyzed Flask extracted but not analyzed yet 9Flask not extracted scrippsco2-fgi:9not-extracted Flask not extracted scrippsco2-sampling-stations
Sampling stations of the Scripps CO2 Program ALTscrippsco2-sampling-stations:ALTAlert, NWT, Canada PTBscrippsco2-sampling-stations:PTBPoint Barrow, Alaska STPscrippsco2-sampling-stations:STPStation P LJOscrippsco2-sampling-stations:LJOLa Jolla Pier, California BCSscrippsco2-sampling-stations:BCSBaja California Sur, Mexico MLOscrippsco2-sampling-stations:MLOMauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii KUMscrippsco2-sampling-stations:KUMCape Kumukahi, Hawaii CHRscrippsco2-sampling-stations:CHRChristmas Island, Fanning Island SAMscrippsco2-sampling-stations:SAMAmerican Samoa KERscrippsco2-sampling-stations:KERKermadec Islands, Raoul Island NZDscrippsco2-sampling-stations:NZDBaring Head, New Zealand PSAscrippsco2-sampling-stations:PSAPalmer Station, Antarctica SPOscrippsco2-sampling-stations:SPOSouth Pole smart-airports-threats
Threat taxonomy in the scope of securing smart airports by ENISA. https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/securing-smart-airports human-errorssmart-airports-threats:human-errors="configuration-errors"Configuration errors smart-airports-threats:human-errors="operator-or-user-error"Operator/user error smart-airports-threats:human-errors="loss-of-hardware"Loss of hardware smart-airports-threats:human-errors="non-compliance-with-policies-or-procedure"Non compliance with policies or procedure system-failuressmart-airports-threats:system-failures="failures-of-devices-or-systems"Failures of devices or systems smart-airports-threats:system-failures="failures-or-disruptions-of-communication-links"Failures or disruptions of communication links (communication networks smart-airports-threats:system-failures="failures-of-parts-of-devices"Failures of parts of devices smart-airports-threats:system-failures="failures-or-disruptions-of-main-supply"Failures or disruptions of main supply smart-airports-threats:system-failures="failures-or-disruptions-of-the-power-supply"Failures or disruptions of the power supply smart-airports-threats:system-failures="malfunctions-of-parts-of-devices"Malfunctions of parts of devices smart-airports-threats:system-failures="malfunctions-of-devices-or-systems"Malfunctions of devices or systems smart-airports-threats:system-failures="failures-of-hardware"Failures of hardware smart-airports-threats:system-failures="software-bugs"Software bugs natural-and-social-phenomenasmart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="earthquakes"Earthquakes smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="fires"Fires smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="extreme-weather"Extreme weather (e.g. flood, heavy snow, blizzard, high temperatures, fog, sandtorm) smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="solar-flare"Solar flare smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="volcano-explosion"Volcano explosion smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="nuclear-incident"Nuclear incident smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="dangerous-chemical-incidents"Dangerous chemical incidents smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="pandemic"Pandemic (e.g. Ebola) smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="social-disruptions"Social disruptions (e.g. industrial actions, civil unrest, strikes, military actions, terrorist attacks, political instability) smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="shortage-of-fuel"Shortage of fuel smart-airports-threats:natural-and-social-phenomena="space-debris-and-meteorites"Space debirs and meteorites third-party-failuressmart-airports-threats:third-party-failures="internet-service-provider"Internet service provider smart-airports-threats:third-party-failures="cloud-service-provider"Cloud service provider (SaaS / PaaS / IaaS / SecaaS) smart-airports-threats:third-party-failures="utilities-power-or-gas-or-water"Utilities (power / gas /water) smart-airports-threats:third-party-failures="remote-maintenance-provider"Remote maintenance provider smart-airports-threats:third-party-failures="security-testing-companies"Security testing companies (i.e. penetration testing/vulnerability assessment) malicious-actionssmart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="denial-of-service-attacks-via-amplification-reflection"Denial of Service attacks via amplifcation/reflection smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="denial-of-service-attacks-via-flooding"Denial of Service via flooding smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="denial-of-service-attacks-via-jamming"Denial of Service via jamming smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="malicious-software-on-it-assets-malware"Malicious software on IT assets (including passenger and staff devices) which can be Worm, Trojan, Virus, Rootkit, Exploitkit smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="malicious-software-on-it-assets-remote-arbitrary-code-execution"Malicious software on IT assets such as remote arbitrary code execution (device under attacker control) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="exploitation-of-software-vulnerabilities-implementation-flaws"exploitation of known or unknown software vulnerabilities such as implementation flaws (flaw in code) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="exploitation-of-software-vulnerabilities-design-flaws"exploitation of known or unknown software vulnerabilities such as design flaws in IT assets (flaw in logic) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="exploitation-of-software-vulnerabilities-apt"exploitation of known or unknown software vulnerabilities such as Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="misuse-of-authority-or-authorisation-unauthorized-use-of-software"misuse of authority or authorisation - unauthorized use of software smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="misuse-of-authority-or-authorisation-unauthorized-installation-of-software"misuse of authority or authorisation - unauthorized installation of software smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="misuse-of-authority-or-authorisation-repudiation-of-actions"misuse of authority or authorisation - repudiation of actions smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="misuse-of-authority-or-authorisation-abuse-of-personal-data"misuse of authority or authorisation - abuse of personal data or identity fraud smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="misuse-of-authority-or-authorisation-using-information-from-an-unreliable-source"misuse of authority or authorisation - using information from an unreliable source smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="misuse-of-authority-or-authorisation-unintentional-change-of-data-in-an-information-system"misuse of authority or authorisation - unintional change of data in an information system smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="misuse-of-authority-or-authorisation-inadequate-design-and-planning-or-lack-of-adoption"misuse of authority or authorisation inadequate design and planning or lack of adoption smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="misuse-of-authority-or-authorisation-data-leakage-or-sharing"misuse of authority data leakage or sharing (exfiltration, discarded, stolen media smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="network-or-interception-attacks-manipulation-of-routing-information"network or interception attacks - manipulation of routing information (including redirection to malicious sites) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="network-or-interception-attacks-spoofing"network or interception attacks - spoofing smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="network-or-interception-attacks-unauthorized-access"network or interception attacks - unauthorized access to network/services smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="network-or-interception-attacks-authentication-attacks"network or interception attacks - authentication attacks (against insecure protocols or PKI) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="network-or-interception-attacks-replay-attacks"network or interception attacks - replay attacks smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="network-or-interception-attacks-repudiation-of-actions"network or interception attacks - repudiation of actions smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="network-or-interception-attacks-wiretaps"network or interception attacks - wiretaps (wired) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="network-or-interception-attacks-wireless-comms"network or interception attacks - wireless comms (eavesdropping, interception, jamming, electromagnetic interference) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="network-or-interception-attacks-network-reconnaissance-information-gathering"network or interception attacks - network reconnaissance/information gathering smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="social-attacks-phishing-spearphishing"social attacks phishing or spearphishing smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="social-attacks-pretexting"social attacks pretexting smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="social-attacks-untrusted-links"social attacks untrusted links (fake websites/CSRF/XSS) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="social-attacks-baiting"social attacks baiting smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="social-attacks-reverse-social-engineering"social attacks reverse social engineering smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="social-attacks-impersonation"social attacks impersonation smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="tampering-with-devices-unauthorised-modification-of-data"tampering with devices unauthorised modification of data (including compromising smart sensor data or threat image projection smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="tampering-with-devices-unauthorised-modification-of-hardware-or-software"tampering with devices unauthorised modification of hardware or software (including tampering with kiosk devices, inserting keyloggers, or malware) smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="breach-of-physical-access-controls-bypass-authentication"breach of physical access controls / administrative controls - bypass authentication smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="breach-of-physical-access-controls-privilege-escalation"breach of physical access controls / administrative controls - privilege escalation smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="physical-attacks-on-airport-assets-vandalism"Physical attacks on airport assets - vandalism smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="physical-attacks-on-airport-assets-sabotage"Physical attacks on airport assets - sabotage smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="physical-attacks-on-airport-assets-explosive-or-bomb-threats"Physical attacks on airport assets - explosive or bomb threats smart-airports-threats:malicious-actions="physical-attacks-on-airport-assets-malicious-tampering"Physical attacks on airport assets - malicious tampering or control of assets resulting in damage stealth_malware
Classification based on malware stealth techniques. Described in https://vxheaven.org/lib/pdf/Introducing%20Stealth%20Malware%20Taxonomy.pdf typestealth_malware:type="0"No OS or system compromise. The malware runs as a normal user process using only official API calls. stealth_malware:type="I"The malware modifies constant sections of the kernel and/or processes such as code sections. stealth_malware:type="II"The malware does not modify constant sections but only the dynamic sections of the kernel and/or processes such as data sections. stealth_malware:type="III"The malware does not modify any sections of the kernel and/or processes but influences the system without modifying the OS. For example using hardware virtualization techniques. stix-ttp
TTPs are representations of the behavior or modus operandi of cyber adversaries. victim-targetingstix-ttp:victim-targeting="business-professional-sector"Business & Professional Services Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="retail-sector"Retail Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="financial-sector"Financial Services Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="media-entertainment-sector"Media & Entertainment Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="construction-engineering-sector"Construction & Engineering Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="government-international-organizations-sector"Goverment & International Organizations stix-ttp:victim-targeting="legal-sector"Legal Services stix-ttp:victim-targeting="hightech-it-sector"High-Tech & IT Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="healthcare-sector"Healthcare Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="transportation-sector"Transportation Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="aerospace-defence-sector"Aerospace & Defense Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="energy-sector"Energy Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="food-sector"Food Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="natural-resources-sector"Natural Resources Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="other-sector"Other Sector stix-ttp:victim-targeting="corporate-employee-information"Corporate Employee Information stix-ttp:victim-targeting="customer-pii"Customer PII stix-ttp:victim-targeting="email-lists-archives"Email Lists/Archives stix-ttp:victim-targeting="financial-data"Financial Data stix-ttp:victim-targeting="intellectual-property"Intellectual Property stix-ttp:victim-targeting="mobile-phone-contacts"Mobile Phone Contacts stix-ttp:victim-targeting="user-credentials"User Credentials stix-ttp:victim-targeting="authentification-cookies"Authentication Cookies targeted-threat-index
The Targeted Threat Index is a metric for assigning an overall threat ranking score to email messages that deliver malware to a victims computer. The TTI metric was first introduced at SecTor 2013 by Seth Hardy as part of the talk RATastrophe: Monitoring a Malware Menagerie along with Katie Kleemola and Greg Wiseman. targeting-sophistication-base-valueThe base value of the score ranges from 0 to 5, based on the sophistication of the emails social engineering techniques used to get the victim to open the attachment. This score considers the content and presentation of the message as well as the claimed sender identity. This determination also includes the content of any associated files; many times malware is injected into legitimate relevant documents. targeted-threat-index:targeting-sophistication-base-value="not-targeted"Not targeted, e.g. spam or financially motivated malware. Associated numerical value="1" targeted-threat-index:targeting-sophistication-base-value="targeted-but-not-customized"Targeted but not customized. Sent with a message that is obviously false with little to no validation required. Associated numerical value="25" targeted-threat-index:targeting-sophistication-base-value="targeted-and-poorly-customized"Targeted and poorly customized. Content is generally relevant to the target. May look questionable. Associated numerical value="50" targeted-threat-index:targeting-sophistication-base-value="targeted-and-customized"Targeted and customized. May use a real person/organization or content to convince the target the message is legitimate. Content is specifically relevant to the target and looks legitimate. Associated numerical value="65" targeted-threat-index:targeting-sophistication-base-value="targeted-and-well-customized"Targeted and well-customized. Uses a real person/organization and content to convince the target the message is legitimate. Probably directly addressing the recipient. Content is specifically relevant to the target, looks legitimate, and can be externally referenced (e.g. by a website). May be sent from a hacked account. Associated numerical value="85" targeted-threat-index:targeting-sophistication-base-value="targeted-and-highly-customized-using-sensitive-data"Targeted and highly customized using sensitive data. Individually targeted and customized, likely using inside/sensitive information that is directly relevant to the target. Associated numerical value="100" technical-sophistication-multiplierThe technical sophistication score is a multiplier ranging from 1 to 2 based on how advanced the associated malware is, including malicious file attachments as well as links to malware hosted on another system. We use a multiplier because advanced malware requires significantly more effort and time (or money, in the case of commercial solutions) to custom-tune for a particular target. targeted-threat-index:technical-sophistication-multiplier="the-sample-contains-no code-protection"The sample contains no code protection such as packing, obfuscation (e.g. simple rotation of C2 names or other interesting strings), or anti-reversing tricks. Associated numerical value="1" targeted-threat-index:technical-sophistication-multiplier="the-sample-contains-a-simple-method-of-protection"The sample contains a simple method of protection, such as one of the following: code protection using publicly available tools where the reverse method is available, such as UPX packing; simple anti-reversing techniques such as not using import tables, or a call to IsDebuggerPresent(); self-disabling in the presence of AV software. Associated numerical value="25" targeted-threat-index:technical-sophistication-multiplier="the-sample-contains-multiple-minor-code-protection-techniques"The sample contains multiple minor code protection techniques (anti-reversing tricks, packing, VM / reversing tools detection) that require some low-level knowledge. This level includes malware where code that contains the core functionality of the program is decrypted only in memory. Associated numerical value="50" targeted-threat-index:technical-sophistication-multiplier="the-sample-contains-minor-code-protection-techniques-plus-one-advanced"The sample contains minor code protection techniques along with at least one advanced protection method such as rootkit functionality or a custom virtualized packer. Associated numerical value="75" targeted-threat-index:technical-sophistication-multiplier="the-sample-contains-multiple-advanced-protection-techniques"The sample contains multiple advanced protection techniques, e.g. rootkit capability, virtualized packer, multiple anti-reversing techniques, and is clearly designed by a professional software engineering team. Associated numerical value="100" thales_group
Thales Group Taxonomy - was designed with the aim of enabling desired sharing and preventing unwanted sharing between Thales Group security communities. distribution
thales_group:distribution="team_eyes_only"Use it when you want to keep the Event on your Organization ONLY. Distribution: Your organisation only This TAG will insure you that this Event will be kept on your side. This Event will NOT be shared to the Thales Group community. Distribution: Your organisation only thales_group:distribution="limited_distribution"Use it when you want to share to the Thales Group Community ONLY. Distribution: All communities This TAG will insure you to share ONLY to the Thales Group Community. Distribution: All communities Associated numerical value="1" thales_group:distribution="external_alliances"Use it when you want to share to the Thales Group External Alliances (MinArm, ACN, InterCERT-FR). Distribution: All communities This TAG will insure you to share to the Thales Group External Alliances. Distribution: All communities Associated numerical value="2" thales_group:distribution="customers"Use it when you want to share to the Thales Group Customers. Distribution: All communities This TAG will insure you to share to the Thales Group Customers. Distribution: All communities Associated numerical value="3" to_blockThis TAG will insure you that these Event Attributes will be blocked on the Thales DIS Proxy (More to come). Distribution: All communities minarmThis TAG will insure you to share ONLY to the Thales Group MinArm alliance. Distribution: All communities acnThis TAG will insure you to share ONLY to the Thales Group ACN alliance. Distribution: All communities sigpartThis TAG will insure you to share ONLY to the Thales Group Sigpart alliance. Distribution: All communities ioc_confidenceDistribution: All communities
thales_group:ioc_confidence="high"High Associated numerical value="8" thales_group:ioc_confidence="medium"Medium Associated numerical value="9" thales_group:ioc_confidence="low"Low Associated numerical value="10" tlp:blackDistribution: Restricted Sharing Group WatcherDistribution: All communities threatmatch
The ThreatMatch Sectors, Incident types, Malware types and Alert types are applicable for any ThreatMatch instances and should be used for all CIISI and TIBER Projects. sectorthreatmatch:sector="Banking & Capital Markets"Banking & capital markets threatmatch:sector="Financial Services"Financial Services threatmatch:sector="Insurance"Insurance threatmatch:sector="Pension"Pension threatmatch:sector="Government & Public Service"Government & Public Service threatmatch:sector="Diplomatic Services"Diplomatic Services threatmatch:sector="Energy, Utilities & Mining"Energy, Utilities & Mining threatmatch:sector="Telecommunications"Telecommunications threatmatch:sector="Technology"Technology threatmatch:sector="Academic/Research Institutes"Academic/Research Institutes threatmatch:sector="Aerospace, Defence & Security"Aerospace, Defence & Security threatmatch:sector="Agriculture"Agriculture threatmatch:sector="Asset & Wealth Management"Asset & Wealth Management threatmatch:sector="Automotive"Automotive threatmatch:sector="Business and Professional Services"Business and Professional Services threatmatch:sector="Capital Projects & Infrastructure"Capital Projects & Infrastructure threatmatch:sector="Charity/Not-for-Profit"Charity/Not-for-Profit threatmatch:sector="Chemicals"Chemicals threatmatch:sector="Commercial Aviation"Commercial Aviation threatmatch:sector="Commodities"Commodities threatmatch:sector="Education"Education threatmatch:sector="Engineering & Construction"Engineering & Construction threatmatch:sector="Entertainment & Media"Entertainment & Media threatmatch:sector="Forest, Paper & Packaging"Forest, Paper & Packaging threatmatch:sector="Healthcare"Healthcare threatmatch:sector="Hospitality & Leisure"Hospitality & Leisure threatmatch:sector="Industrial Manufacturing"Industrial Manufacturing threatmatch:sector="IT Industry"IT Industry threatmatch:sector="Legal"Legal threatmatch:sector="Metals"Metals threatmatch:sector="Pharmaceuticals & Life Sciences"Pharmaceuticals & Life Sciences threatmatch:sector="Private Equity"Private Equity threatmatch:sector="Retail & Consumer"Retail & Consumer threatmatch:sector="Semiconductors"Semiconductors threatmatch:sector="Sovereign Investment Funds"Sovereign Investment Funds threatmatch:sector="Transport & Logistics"Transport & Logistics incident-typethreatmatch:incident-type="ATM Attacks"ATM Attacks threatmatch:incident-type="ATM Breach"ATM Breach threatmatch:incident-type="Attempted Exploitation"Attempted Exploitation threatmatch:incident-type="Botnet Activity"Botnet Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Business Email Compromise"Business Email Compromise threatmatch:incident-type="Crypto Mining"Crypto Mining threatmatch:incident-type="Data Breach/Compromise"Data Breach/Compromise threatmatch:incident-type="Data Dump"Data Dump threatmatch:incident-type="Data Leakage"Data Leakage threatmatch:incident-type="DDoS"DDoS threatmatch:incident-type="Defacement Activity"Defacement Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Denial of Service (DoS)"Denial of Service (DoS) threatmatch:incident-type="Disruption Activity"Disruption Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Espionage"Espionage threatmatch:incident-type="Espionage Activity"Espionage Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Exec Targeting "Exec Targeting threatmatch:incident-type="Exposure of Data"Exposure of Data threatmatch:incident-type="Extortion Activity"Extortion Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Fraud Activity"Fraud Activity threatmatch:incident-type="General Notification"General Notification threatmatch:incident-type="Hacktivism Activity"Hacktivism Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Malicious Insider"Malicious Insider threatmatch:incident-type="Malware Infection"Malware Infection threatmatch:incident-type="Man in the Middle Attacks"Man in the Middle Attacks threatmatch:incident-type="MFA Attack"MFA Attack threatmatch:incident-type="Mobile Malware"Mobile Malware threatmatch:incident-type="Phishing Activity"Phishing Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Ransomware Activity"Ransomware Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Social Engineering Activity"Social Engineering Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Social Media Compromise"Social Media Compromise threatmatch:incident-type="Spear-phishing Activity"Spear-phishing Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Spyware"Spyware threatmatch:incident-type="SQL Injection Activity"SQL Injection Activity threatmatch:incident-type="Supply Chain Compromise"Supply Chain Compromise threatmatch:incident-type="Trojanised Software"Trojanised Software threatmatch:incident-type="Vishing"Vishing threatmatch:incident-type="Website Attack (Other)"Website Attack (Other) threatmatch:incident-type="Unknown"Unknown malware-typethreatmatch:malware-type="Adware"Adware threatmatch:malware-type="Backdoor"Backdoor threatmatch:malware-type="Banking Trojan"Banking Trojan threatmatch:malware-type="Botnet"Botnet threatmatch:malware-type="Destructive"Destructive threatmatch:malware-type="Downloader"Downloader threatmatch:malware-type="Exploit Kit"Exploit Kit threatmatch:malware-type="Fileless Malware"Fileless Malware threatmatch:malware-type="Keylogger"Keylogger threatmatch:malware-type="Legitimate Tool"Legitimate Tool threatmatch:malware-type="Mobile Application"Mobile Application threatmatch:malware-type="Mobile Malware"Mobile Malware threatmatch:malware-type="Point-of-Sale (PoS)"Point-of-Sale (PoS) threatmatch:malware-type="Remote Access Trojan"Remote Access Trojan threatmatch:malware-type="Rootkit"Rootkit threatmatch:malware-type="Skimmer"Skimmer threatmatch:malware-type="Spyware"Spyware threatmatch:malware-type="Surveillance Tool"Surveillance Tool threatmatch:malware-type="Trojan"Trojan threatmatch:malware-type="Virus"Virus threatmatch:malware-type="Worm"Worm threatmatch:malware-type="Zero-day"Zero-day threatmatch:malware-type="Unknown"Unknown alert-typethreatmatch:alert-type="Actor Campaigns"Actor Campaigns threatmatch:alert-type="Credential Breaches"Credential Breaches threatmatch:alert-type="DDoS"DDoS threatmatch:alert-type="Exploit Alert"Exploit Alert threatmatch:alert-type="General Notification"General Notification threatmatch:alert-type="High Impact Vulnerabilities"High Impact Vulnerabilities threatmatch:alert-type="Information Leakages"Information Leakages threatmatch:alert-type="Malware Analysis"Malware Analysis threatmatch:alert-type="Nefarious Domains"Nefarious Domains threatmatch:alert-type="Nefarious Forum Mention"Nefarious Forum Mention threatmatch:alert-type="Pastebin Dumps"Pastebin Dumps threatmatch:alert-type="Phishing Attempts"Phishing Attempts threatmatch:alert-type="PII Exposure"PII Exposure threatmatch:alert-type="Sensitive Information Disclosures"Sensitive Information Disclosures threatmatch:alert-type="Social Media Alerts"Social Media Alerts threatmatch:alert-type="Supply Chain Event"Supply Chain Event threatmatch:alert-type="Technical Exposure"Technical Exposure threatmatch:alert-type="Threat Actor Updates"Threat Actor Updates threatmatch:alert-type="Trigger Events"Trigger Events threats-to-dns
An overview of some of the known attacks related to DNS as described by Torabi, S., Boukhtouta, A., Assi, C., & Debbabi, M. (2018) in Detecting Internet Abuse by Analyzing Passive DNS Traffic: A Survey of Implemented Systems. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 11. doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2849614 dns-protocol-attacksDNS protocol attacks threats-to-dns:dns-protocol-attacks="man-in-the-middle-attack"Man-in-the-middle attack Man-in-the-middle attack threats-to-dns:dns-protocol-attacks="dns-spoofing"DNS spoofing DNS spoofing threats-to-dns:dns-protocol-attacks="dns-rebinding"DNS rebinding DNS rebinding dns-server-attacksDNS server attacks threats-to-dns:dns-server-attacks="server-dos-and-ddos"Server DoS & DDoS Server DoS & DDoS threats-to-dns:dns-server-attacks="server-hijacking"Server hijacking Server hijacking threats-to-dns:dns-server-attacks="cache-poisoning"Cache poisoning Cache poisoning dns-abuse-or-misuseDNS abuse/misuse threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="domain-name-registration-abuse-cybersquatting"Domain name registration abuse such as cybersquatting Domain name registration abuse such as cybersquatting threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="domain-name-registration-abuse-typosquatting"Domain name registration abuse such as typosquatting Domain name registration abuse such as typosquatting threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="domain-name-registration-abuse-domain-reputation-and-re-registration"Domain name registration abuse as domain reputation and re-registration Domain name registration abuse as domain reputation and re-gistration threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="dns-reflection-dns-amplification"DNS reflection - DNS amplification DNS reflection - DNS amplification threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="malicious-or-compromised-domains-ips-malicious-botnets-c2"Malicious or compromised domains/IPs - Malicious botnets (C&C servers) Malicious or compromised domains/IPs - Malicious botnets (C&C servers) threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="malicious-or-compromised-domains-ips-fast-flux-domains"Malicious or compromised domains/IPs - Malicious fast-flux domain & networks Malicious or compromised domains/IPs - Malicious fast-flux domain & networks threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="malicious-or-compromised-domains-ips-malicious-dgas"Malicious or compromised domains/IPs - Malicious DGAs Malicious or compromised domains/IPs - Malicious DGAs threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="covert-channels-malicious-dns-tunneling"Covert channels - Malicious DNS tunneling Covert channels - Malicious DNS tunneling threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="covert-channels-malicious-payload-distribution"Covert channels - Malicious DNS tunneling Covert channels - Malicious DNS tunneling threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="benign-services-applications-malicious-dns-resolvers"Benign services and applications - Malicious DNS resolvers Benign services and applications - Malicious DNS resolvers threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="benign-services-applications-malicious-scanners"Benign services and applications - Malicious scanners Benign services and applications - Malicious scanners threats-to-dns:dns-abuse-or-misuse="benign-services-applications-url-shorteners"Benign services and applications - URL shorteners Benign services and applications - URL shorteners tlp
The Traffic Light Protocol - or short: TLP - was designed with the objective to create a favorable classification scheme for sharing sensitive information while keeping the control over its distribution at the same time.
redNot for disclosure, restricted to participants only. Sources may use TLP:RED when information cannot be effectively acted upon by additional parties, and could lead to impacts on a partys privacy, reputation, or operations if misused. Recipients may not share TLP:RED information with any parties outside of the specific exchange, meeting, or conversation in which it was originally disclosed. In the context of a meeting, for example, TLP:RED information is limited to those present at the meeting. In most circumstances, TLP:RED should be exchanged verbally or in person. tlp:red(TLP:RED) Information exclusively and directly given to (a group of) individual recipients. Sharing outside is not legitimate. Not for disclosure, restricted to participants only. Sources may use TLP:RED when information cannot be effectively acted upon by additional parties, and could lead to impacts on a partys privacy, reputation, or operations if misused. Recipients may not share TLP:RED information with any parties outside of the specific exchange, meeting, or conversation in which it was originally disclosed. In the context of a meeting, for example, TLP:RED information is limited to those present at the meeting. In most circumstances, TLP:RED should be exchanged verbally or in person. amberLimited disclosure, restricted to participants organizations. Sources may use TLP:AMBER when information requires support to be effectively acted upon, yet carries risks to privacy, reputation, or operations if shared outside of the organizations involved. Recipients may only share TLP:AMBER information with members of their own organization, and with clients or customers who need to know the information to protect themselves or prevent further harm. Sources are at liberty to specify additional intended limits of the sharing: these must be adhered to. tlp:amber(TLP:AMBER) Information exclusively given to an organization; sharing limited within the organization to be effectively acted upon. Limited disclosure, restricted to participants organizations. Sources may use TLP:AMBER when information requires support to be effectively acted upon, yet carries risks to privacy, reputation, or operations if shared outside of the organizations involved. Recipients may only share TLP:AMBER information with members of their own organization, and with clients or customers who need to know the information to protect themselves or prevent further harm. Sources are at liberty to specify additional intended limits of the sharing: these must be adhered to. greenLimited disclosure, restricted to the community. Sources may use TLP:GREEN when information is useful for the awareness of all participating organizations as well as with peers within the broader community or sector. Recipients may share TLP:GREEN information with peers and partner organizations within their sector or community, but not via publicly accessible channels. Information in this category can be circulated widely within a particular community. TLP:GREEN information may not be released outside of the community. tlp:green(TLP:GREEN) Information given to a community or a group of organizations at large. The information cannot be publicly released. Limited disclosure, restricted to the community. Sources may use TLP:GREEN when information is useful for the awareness of all participating organizations as well as with peers within the broader community or sector. Recipients may share TLP:GREEN information with peers and partner organizations within their sector or community, but not via publicly accessible channels. Information in this category can be circulated widely within a particular community. TLP:GREEN information may not be released outside of the community. whiteDisclosure is not limited. Sources may use TLP:WHITE when information carries minimal or no foreseeable risk of misuse, in accordance with applicable rules and procedures for public release. Subject to standard copyright rules, TLP:WHITE information may be distributed without restriction. tlp:white(TLP:WHITE) Information can be shared publicly in accordance with the law. Disclosure is not limited. Sources may use TLP:WHITE when information carries minimal or no foreseeable risk of misuse, in accordance with applicable rules and procedures for public release. Subject to standard copyright rules, TLP:WHITE information may be distributed without restriction. ex:chrtlp:ex:chr(TLP:EX:CHR) Information extended with a specific tag called Chatham House Rule (CHR). When this specific CHR tag is mentioned, the attribution (the source of information) must not be disclosed. This additional rule is at the discretion of the initial sender who can decide to apply or not the CHR tag. tor
Taxonomy to describe Tor network infrastructure tor-relay-typetor:tor-relay-type="entry-guard-relay"Entry node to the Tor network tor:tor-relay-type="middle-relay"Tor node relaying traffic between an entry-guard-relay to an exit-relay tor:tor-relay-type="exit-relay"Tor node relaying traffic outside of the Tor network to the original destination tor:tor-relay-type="bridge-relay"Entry node to the Tor network - partially unpublished trust
The Indicator of Trust provides insight about data on what can be trusted and known as a good actor. Similar to a whitelist but on steroids, reusing features one would use with Indicators of Compromise, but to filter out what is known to be good.
trusttrust:trust="unknown"Unknown Confidence State trust:trust="none"Cannot Trust, no confidence trust:trust="partial"Low confidence trust:trust="relationship"Inherited Full Trust by a third party that we trust trust:trust="full"We fully trust it frequencytrust:frequency="hourly"This attribute is likely to happen at an hourly interval trust:frequency="daily"This attribute is likely to happen at a daily interval trust:frequency="weekly"This attribute is likely to happen at a weekly interval trust:frequency="monthly"This attribute is likely to happen at a monthly interval trust:frequency="yearly"Thie attribute is likely to happen at a yearly interval validtrust:valid="true"This Trust is valid trust:valid="false"This trust is invalid. Such as a MD5 Hash etc. type
Taxonomy to describe different types of intelligence gathering discipline which can be described the origin of intelligence. OSINTgathered from open sources type:OSINTOpen Source Intelligence gathered from open sources SIGINTgathered from interception of signals type:SIGINTSignal Intelligence gathered from interception of signals TECHINTgathered from analysis of weapons and equipment used by the armed forces of foreign nations, or environmental conditions type:TECHINTTechnical Intelligence gathered from analysis of weapons and equipment used by the armed forces of foreign nations, or environmental conditions CYBINTgathered from active or passive exploitation (CNE) in the cyberspace type:CYBINTCyberspace Intelligence gathered from active or passive exploitation (CNE) in the cyberspace DNINTgathered from active or passive expoilation (CNE) in the digital network. type:DNINTDigital Network Intelligence gathered from active or passive expoilation (CNE) in the digital network. HUMINTgathered from a person in the location in question type:HUMINTHuman Intelligence gathered from a person in the location in question MEDINTgathered from analysis of medical records and/or actual physiological examinations to determine health and/or particular ailments/allergetic conditions for consideration type:MEDINTMedical Intelligence gathered from analysis of medical records and/or actual physiological examinations to determine health and/or particular ailments/allergetic conditions for consideration GEOINTgathered from satellite, aerial photography, mapping/terrain data type:GEOINTGeospatial Intelligence gathered from satellite, aerial photography, mapping/terrain data IMINTgathered from satellite and aerial photography type:IMINTImagery Intelligence gathered from satellite and aerial photography MASINTgathered from electro-optical, nuclear survey, geophysical measurements, radar, materials analysis type:MASINTMeasurement and signature intelligence gathered from electro-optical, nuclear survey, geophysical measurements, radar, materials analysis FININTgathered from analysis of monetary or financial transactions type:FININTFinancial Intelligence gathered from analysis of monetary or financial transactions unified-kill-chain
The Unified Kill Chain is a refinement to the Kill Chain. Initial Footholdunified-kill-chain:Initial Foothold="reconnaissance"Reconnaissance unified-kill-chain:Initial Foothold="weaponization"Weaponization unified-kill-chain:Initial Foothold="delivery"Delivery unified-kill-chain:Initial Foothold="social-engineering"Social Engineering unified-kill-chain:Initial Foothold="exploitation"Exploitation unified-kill-chain:Initial Foothold="persistence"Persistence unified-kill-chain:Initial Foothold="defense-evasion"Defense Evasion unified-kill-chain:Initial Foothold="command-control"Command & Control Network Propagationunified-kill-chain:Network Propagation="pivoting"Pivoting unified-kill-chain:Network Propagation="discovery"Discovery unified-kill-chain:Network Propagation="privilege-escalation"Privilege Escalation unified-kill-chain:Network Propagation="execution"Execution unified-kill-chain:Network Propagation="credential-access"Credential Access unified-kill-chain:Network Propagation="lateral-movement"Lateral Movement Action on Objectivesunified-kill-chain:Action on Objectives="access"Access unified-kill-chain:Action on Objectives="collection"Collection unified-kill-chain:Action on Objectives="exfiltration"Exfiltration unified-kill-chain:Action on Objectives="impact"Impact unified-kill-chain:Action on Objectives="objectives"Objectives use-case-applicability
The Use Case Applicability categories reflect standard resolution categories, to clearly display alerting rule configuration problems. announced-administrative/user-actionThe process to communicate administrative activities or special user actions was in place and working correctly. Internal sensors are working and detecting privileged or irregular administrative behaviour. use-case-applicability:announced-administrative/user-actionAnnounced administrative/user action The process to communicate administrative activities or special user actions was in place and working correctly. Internal sensors are working and detecting privileged or irregular administrative behaviour. unannounced-administrative/user-actionInternal sensors have detected privileged or user activity, which was not previously communicated. This category also includes improper usage. use-case-applicability:unannounced-administrative/user-actionUnannounced administrative/user action Internal sensors have detected privileged or user activity, which was not previously communicated. This category also includes improper usage. log-management-rule-configuration-errorThis category reflects false alerts that were raised due to configuration errors in the central log management system, often a SIEM, rule. use-case-applicability:log-management-rule-configuration-errorLog management rule configuration error This category reflects false alerts that were raised due to configuration errors in the central log management system, often a SIEM, rule. detection-device/rule-configuration-errorThis category reflects rules on detection devices, which are usually passive or active components of network security. use-case-applicability:detection-device/rule-configuration-errorDetection device/rule configuration error This category reflects rules on detection devices, which are usually passive or active components of network security. bad-IOC/rule-pattern-valueProducts often require external indicator information or security feeds to be applied on active or passive infrastructure components to create alerts. use-case-applicability:bad-IOC/rule-pattern-valueBad IOC/rule pattern value Products often require external indicator information or security feeds to be applied on active or passive infrastructure components to create alerts. test-alertThis alert reflects alerts created for testing purposes. use-case-applicability:test-alertTest alert This alert reflects alerts created for testing purposes. confirmed-attack-with-IR-actionsThis alert represents the classic true positives, where all security controls in place were circumvented, a security control was lacking or a misconfiguration of a security element occurred. use-case-applicability:confirmed-attack-with-IR-actionsConfirmed Attack with IR actions This alert represents the classic true positives, where all security controls in place were circumvented, a security control was lacking or a misconfiguration of a security element occurred. confirmed-attack-attempt-without-IR-actionsThis category reflects an attempt by a threat actor, which in the end could be prevented by in place security measures but passed security controls associated with the delivery phase of the Cyber Kill Chain. use-case-applicability:confirmed-attack-attempt-without-IR-actionsConfirmed Attack attempt without IR actions This category reflects an attempt by a threat actor, which in the end could be prevented by in place security measures but passed security controls associated with the delivery phase of the Cyber Kill Chain. veris
Vocabulary for Event Recording and Incident Sharing (VERIS) confidenceveris:confidence="High"High confidence veris:confidence="Low"Low confidence veris:confidence="Medium"Medium confidence veris:confidence="None"No confidence cost_corrective_actionveris:cost_corrective_action="Difficult and expensive"Difficult and expensive veris:cost_corrective_action="Simple and cheap"Simple and cheap veris:cost_corrective_action="Something in-between"Something in-between veris:cost_corrective_action="Unknown"Unknown discovery_methodveris:discovery_method="Ext - actor disclosure"External - disclosed by threat agent (e.g., public brag, private blackmail) veris:discovery_method="Ext - audit"External - security audit or scan veris:discovery_method="Ext - customer"External - reported by customer or partner affected by the incident veris:discovery_method="Ext - emergency response team"External - Emergency response team veris:discovery_method="Ext - found documents"External - Found documents veris:discovery_method="Ext - fraud detection"External - fraud detection (e.g., CPP) veris:discovery_method="Ext - incident response"External - Notified while investigating another incident veris:discovery_method="Ext - law enforcement"Internal - notified by law enforcement or government agency veris:discovery_method="Ext - monitoring service"External - managed security event monitoring service veris:discovery_method="Ext - other"Discovery method was external and known but not listed veris:discovery_method="Ext - suspicious traffic"External - Report of suspicious traffic veris:discovery_method="Ext - unknown"External - unknown veris:discovery_method="Ext - unrelated 3rd party"Discovered by person unaffiliated with victim or threat actor veris:discovery_method="Int - HIDS"Internal - host IDS or file integrity monitoring veris:discovery_method="Int - IT review"Any routine maintenance, testing or review of it assets. (Includes inspect of assets, vulnerability scans, etc.) veris:discovery_method="Int - NIDS"Internal - All network-based security tool detection (including IPS, IDS, firewalls and other network-based security tools) veris:discovery_method="Int - antivirus"Internal - antivirus alert veris:discovery_method="Int - break in discovered"Internal - employee discovered evidence of a break in veris:discovery_method="Int - data loss prevention"Internal - Data loss prevention software veris:discovery_method="Int - financial audit"Internal - financial audit and reconciliation process veris:discovery_method="Int - fraud detection"Internal - fraud detection mechanism veris:discovery_method="Int - incident response"Internal - discovered while responding to another (separate) incident veris:discovery_method="Int - infrastructure monitoring"Internal - Health and welfare monitoring of assets such as utilization, uptime, and SNMP alerts veris:discovery_method="Int - log review"Internal - log review process or SIEM veris:discovery_method="Int - other"Discovery method was internal and known but not listed veris:discovery_method="Int - reported by employee"Internal - reported by employee who saw something odd veris:discovery_method="Int - security alarm"Internal - physical security system alarm veris:discovery_method="Int - unknown"Internal - unknown veris:discovery_method="Other"Other veris:discovery_method="Prt - antivirus"Partner - Notified by antivirus company but not through AV product veris:discovery_method="Prt - audit"Partner - Audit performed by a partner organization veris:discovery_method="Prt - incident response"Partner - notified while investigating another incident veris:discovery_method="Prt - monitoring service"Partner - Reported by a monitoring service veris:discovery_method="Prt - other"Discovery method was partner and known but not listed veris:discovery_method="Prt - unknown"Partner - Unknown veris:discovery_method="Unknown"Unknown security_incidentveris:security_incident="Confirmed"Yes - Confirmed veris:security_incident="False positive"False positive (response triggered, but no incident) veris:security_incident="Near miss"Near miss (actions did not compromise asset) veris:security_incident="Suspected"Suspected targetedveris:targeted="NA"Not applicable veris:targeted="Opportunistic"Opportunistic: victim attacked because they exhibited a weakness the actor knew how to exploit veris:targeted="Targeted"Targeted: victim chosen as target then actor determined what weaknesses could be exploited veris:targeted="Unknown"Unknown asset:accessibilityveris:asset:accessibility="External"Publicly accessible veris:asset:accessibility="Internal"Internally accessible veris:asset:accessibility="Isolated"Internally isolated or restricted environment veris:asset:accessibility="NA"Not applicable veris:asset:accessibility="Other"Accessibility known but not listed veris:asset:accessibility="Unknown"Unknown asset:cloudveris:asset:cloud="Customer attack"Penetration of another web site on shared device veris:asset:cloud="Hosting error"Misconfiguration or error by hosting provider veris:asset:cloud="Hosting governance"Lack of security process or procedure by hosting provider veris:asset:cloud="Hypervisor"Hypervisor break-out attack veris:asset:cloud="NA"It is known no cloud assets were involved veris:asset:cloud="No"It is known that a cloud asset was involved and it being a cloud asset did not affect the outcome veris:asset:cloud="Other"Cloud hosting known but not listed veris:asset:cloud="Partner application"Application vulnerability in partner-developed application veris:asset:cloud="Unknown"The involvement of cloud assets was not measured veris:asset:cloud="User breakout"Elevation of privilege by another customer in shared environment asset:countryveris:asset:country="AD"Andorra veris:asset:country="AE"United Arab Emirates veris:asset:country="AF"Afghanistan veris:asset:country="AG"Antigua and Barbuda veris:asset:country="AI"Anguilla veris:asset:country="AL"Albania veris:asset:country="AM"Armenia veris:asset:country="AO"Angola veris:asset:country="AQ"Antarctica veris:asset:country="AR"Argentina veris:asset:country="AS"American Samoa veris:asset:country="AT"Austria veris:asset:country="AU"Australia veris:asset:country="AW"Aruba veris:asset:country="AX"Aland Islands veris:asset:country="AZ"Azerbaijan veris:asset:country="BA"Bosnia and Herzegovina veris:asset:country="BB"Barbados veris:asset:country="BD"Bangladesh veris:asset:country="BE"Belgium veris:asset:country="BF"Burkina Faso veris:asset:country="BG"Bulgaria veris:asset:country="BH"Bahrain veris:asset:country="BI"Burundi veris:asset:country="BJ"Benin veris:asset:country="BL"Saint-Barthelemy veris:asset:country="BM"Bermuda veris:asset:country="BN"Brunei Darussalam veris:asset:country="BO"Bolivia veris:asset:country="BQ"Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba veris:asset:country="BR"Brazil veris:asset:country="BS"Bahamas veris:asset:country="BT"Bhutan veris:asset:country="BV"Bouvet Island veris:asset:country="BW"Botswana veris:asset:country="BY"Belarus veris:asset:country="BZ"Belize veris:asset:country="CA"Canada veris:asset:country="CC"Cocos (Keeling) Islands veris:asset:country="CD"Congo, Democratic Republic of the veris:asset:country="CF"Central African Republic veris:asset:country="CG"Congo veris:asset:country="CH"Switzerland veris:asset:country="CI"Cote dIvoire veris:asset:country="CK"Cook Islands veris:asset:country="CL"Chile veris:asset:country="CM"Cameroon veris:asset:country="CN"China veris:asset:country="CO"Colombia veris:asset:country="CR"Costa Rica veris:asset:country="CU"Cuba veris:asset:country="CV"Cape Verde veris:asset:country="CW"Curacao veris:asset:country="CX"Christmas Island veris:asset:country="CY"Cyprus veris:asset:country="CZ"Czech Republic veris:asset:country="DE"Germany veris:asset:country="DJ"Djibouti veris:asset:country="DK"Denmark veris:asset:country="DM"Dominica veris:asset:country="DO"Dominican Republic veris:asset:country="DZ"Algeria veris:asset:country="EC"Ecuador veris:asset:country="EE"Estonia veris:asset:country="EG"Egypt veris:asset:country="EH"Western Sahara veris:asset:country="ER"Eritrea veris:asset:country="ES"Spain veris:asset:country="ET"Ethiopia veris:asset:country="FI"Finland veris:asset:country="FJ"Fiji veris:asset:country="FK"Faeroe Islands veris:asset:country="FM"Micronesia (Federated States of) veris:asset:country="FO"Falkland Islands (Malvinas) veris:asset:country="FR"France veris:asset:country="GA"Gabon veris:asset:country="GB"United Kingdom veris:asset:country="GD"Grenada veris:asset:country="GE"Georgia veris:asset:country="GF"French Guiana veris:asset:country="GG"Guernsey veris:asset:country="GH"Ghana veris:asset:country="GI"Gibraltar veris:asset:country="GL"Greenland veris:asset:country="GM"Gambia veris:asset:country="GN"Guinea veris:asset:country="GP"Guadeloupe veris:asset:country="GQ"Equatorial Guinea veris:asset:country="GR"Greece veris:asset:country="GS"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands veris:asset:country="GT"Guatemala veris:asset:country="GU"Guam veris:asset:country="GW"Guinea-Bissau veris:asset:country="GY"Guyana veris:asset:country="HK"Hong Kong veris:asset:country="HM"Heard Island and McDonal Islands veris:asset:country="HN"Honduras veris:asset:country="HR"Croatia veris:asset:country="HT"Haiti veris:asset:country="HU"Hungary veris:asset:country="ID"Indonesia veris:asset:country="IE"Ireland veris:asset:country="IL"Israel veris:asset:country="IM"Isle of Man veris:asset:country="IN"India veris:asset:country="IO"British Virgin Islands veris:asset:country="IQ"Iraq veris:asset:country="IR"Iran (Islamic Republic of) veris:asset:country="IS"Iceland veris:asset:country="IT"Italy veris:asset:country="JE"Jersey veris:asset:country="JM"Jamaica veris:asset:country="JO"Jordan veris:asset:country="JP"Japan veris:asset:country="KE"Kenya veris:asset:country="KG"Kyrgyzstan veris:asset:country="KH"Cambodia veris:asset:country="KI"Kiribati veris:asset:country="KM"Comoros veris:asset:country="KN"Saint Kitts and Nevis veris:asset:country="KP"Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of veris:asset:country="KR"Korea, Republic of veris:asset:country="KW"Kuwait veris:asset:country="KY"Cayman Islands veris:asset:country="KZ"Kazakhstan veris:asset:country="LA"Lao Peoples Democratic Republic veris:asset:country="LB"Lebanon veris:asset:country="LC"Saint Lucia veris:asset:country="LI"Liechtenstein veris:asset:country="LK"Sri Lanka veris:asset:country="LR"Liberia veris:asset:country="LS"Lesotho veris:asset:country="LT"Lithuania veris:asset:country="LU"Luxembourg veris:asset:country="LV"Latvia veris:asset:country="LY"Libya veris:asset:country="MA"Morocco veris:asset:country="MC"Monaco veris:asset:country="MD"Moldova, Republic of veris:asset:country="ME"Montenegro veris:asset:country="MF"Saint Martin (French part) veris:asset:country="MG"Madagascar veris:asset:country="MH"Marshall Islands veris:asset:country="MK"Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of veris:asset:country="ML"Mali veris:asset:country="MM"Myanmar veris:asset:country="MN"Mongolia veris:asset:country="MO"Macao veris:asset:country="MP"Northern Mariana Islands veris:asset:country="MQ"Martinique veris:asset:country="MR"Mauritania veris:asset:country="MS"Montserrat veris:asset:country="MT"Malta veris:asset:country="MU"Mauritius veris:asset:country="MV"Maldives veris:asset:country="MW"Malawi veris:asset:country="MX"Mexico veris:asset:country="MY"Malaysia veris:asset:country="MZ"Mozambique veris:asset:country="NA"Namibia veris:asset:country="NC"New Caledonia veris:asset:country="NE"Niger veris:asset:country="NF"Norfolk Island veris:asset:country="NG"Nigeria veris:asset:country="NI"Nicaragua veris:asset:country="NL"Netherlands veris:asset:country="NO"Norway veris:asset:country="NP"Nepal veris:asset:country="NR"Nauru veris:asset:country="NU"Niue veris:asset:country="NZ"New Zealand veris:asset:country="OM"Oman veris:asset:country="Other"Other veris:asset:country="PA"Panama veris:asset:country="PE"Peru veris:asset:country="PF"French Polynesia veris:asset:country="PG"Papua New Guinea veris:asset:country="PH"Philippines veris:asset:country="PK"Pakistan veris:asset:country="PL"Poland veris:asset:country="PM"Saint Pierre and Miquelon veris:asset:country="PN"Pitcairn veris:asset:country="PR"Puerto Rico veris:asset:country="PS"Palestinian Territory, Occupied veris:asset:country="PT"Portugal veris:asset:country="PW"Palau veris:asset:country="PY"Paraguay veris:asset:country="QA"Qatar veris:asset:country="RE"Reunion veris:asset:country="RO"Romania veris:asset:country="RS"Serbia veris:asset:country="RU"Russian Federation veris:asset:country="RW"Rwanda veris:asset:country="SA"Saudi Arabia veris:asset:country="SB"Solomon Islands veris:asset:country="SC"Seychelles veris:asset:country="SD"Sudan veris:asset:country="SE"Sweden veris:asset:country="SG"Singapore veris:asset:country="SH"Saint Helena veris:asset:country="SI"Slovenia veris:asset:country="SJ"Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands veris:asset:country="SK"Slovakia veris:asset:country="SL"Sierra Leone veris:asset:country="SM"San Marino veris:asset:country="SN"Senegal veris:asset:country="SO"Somalia veris:asset:country="SR"Suriname veris:asset:country="SS"South Sudan veris:asset:country="ST"Sao Tome and Principe veris:asset:country="SV"El Salvador veris:asset:country="SX"Sint Maarten (Dutch part) veris:asset:country="SY"Syrian Arab Republic veris:asset:country="SZ"Swaziland veris:asset:country="TC"Turks and Caicos Islands veris:asset:country="TD"Chad veris:asset:country="TF"French Southern Territories veris:asset:country="TG"Togo veris:asset:country="TH"Thailand veris:asset:country="TJ"Tajikistan veris:asset:country="TK"Tokelau veris:asset:country="TL"Timor-Leste veris:asset:country="TM"Turkmenistan veris:asset:country="TN"Tunisia veris:asset:country="TO"Tonga veris:asset:country="TR"Turkey veris:asset:country="TT"Trinidad and Tobago veris:asset:country="TV"Tuvalu veris:asset:country="TW"Taiwan, Province of China veris:asset:country="TZ"Tanzania, United Republic of veris:asset:country="UA"Ukraine veris:asset:country="UG"Uganda veris:asset:country="UM"United States Minor Outlying Islands veris:asset:country="US"United States of America veris:asset:country="UY"Uruguay veris:asset:country="UZ"Uzbekistan veris:asset:country="Unknown"Unknown veris:asset:country="VA"Holy See veris:asset:country="VC"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines veris:asset:country="VE"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) veris:asset:country="VG"British Virgin Islands veris:asset:country="VI"United States Virgin Islands veris:asset:country="VN"Viet Nam veris:asset:country="VU"Vanuatu veris:asset:country="WF"Wallis and Futuna Islands veris:asset:country="WS"Samoa veris:asset:country="YE"Yemen veris:asset:country="YT"Mayotte veris:asset:country="ZA"South Africa veris:asset:country="ZM"Zambia veris:asset:country="ZW"Zimbabwe asset:governanceveris:asset:governance="3rd party hosted"Hosted by 3rd party veris:asset:governance="3rd party managed"Managed by 3rd party veris:asset:governance="3rd party owned"Owned by 3rd party veris:asset:governance="Internally isolated"Isolated internal asset veris:asset:governance="Other"Governance known but not listed veris:asset:governance="Personally owned"Personally owned asset veris:asset:governance="Unknown"Unknown veris:asset:governance="Victim governed"The victim owns and controls the asset asset:hostingveris:asset:hosting="External"Externally hosted (unsure if dedicated or shared) veris:asset:hosting="External dedicated"Externally hosted in a dedicated environment veris:asset:hosting="External shared"Externally hosted in a shared environment veris:asset:hosting="Internal"Internally hosted veris:asset:hosting="NA"Not applicable veris:asset:hosting="Other"Hosting known but not listed veris:asset:hosting="Unknown"Unknown asset:managementveris:asset:management="External"Externally managed veris:asset:management="Internal"Internally managed veris:asset:management="NA"Not applicable veris:asset:management="Other"Ownership known but not listed veris:asset:management="Unknown"Unknown asset:ownershipveris:asset:ownership="Customer"Customer owned veris:asset:ownership="Employee"Employee owned veris:asset:ownership="NA"Not applicable veris:asset:ownership="Other"Owner known but not listed veris:asset:ownership="Partner"Partner owned veris:asset:ownership="Unknown"Unknown veris:asset:ownership="Victim"Victim owned impact:iso_currency_codeveris:impact:iso_currency_code="AED"AED - UAE Dirham veris:impact:iso_currency_code="AFN"AFN - Afghani veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ALL"ALL - Lek veris:impact:iso_currency_code="AMD"AMD - Armenian Dram veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ANG"ANG - Netherlands Antillean Guilder veris:impact:iso_currency_code="AOA"AOA - Kwanza veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ARS"ARS - Argentine Peso veris:impact:iso_currency_code="AUD"AUD - Australian Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="AWG"AWG - Aruban Florin veris:impact:iso_currency_code="AZN"AZN - Azerbaijanian Manat veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BAM"BAM - Convertible Mark veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BBD"BBD - Barbados Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BDT"BDT - Taka veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BGN"BGN - Bulgarian Lev veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BHD"BHD - Bahraini Dinar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BIF"BIF - Burundi Franc veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BMD"BMD - Bermudian Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BND"BND - Brunei Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BOB"BOB - Boliviano veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BRL"BRL - Brazilian Real veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BSD"BSD - Bahamian Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BTN"BTN - Ngultrum veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BWP"BWP - Pula veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BYR"BYR - Belarussian Ruble veris:impact:iso_currency_code="BZD"BZD - Belize Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CAD"CAD - Canadian Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CDF"CDF - Congolese Franc veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CHF"CHF - Swiss Franc veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CLP"CLP - Chilean Peso veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CNY"CNY - Yuan Renminbi veris:impact:iso_currency_code="COP"COP - Colombian Peso veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CRC"CRC - Costa Rican Colon veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CUC"CUC - Peso Convertible veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CUP"CUP - Cuban Peso veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CVE"CVE - Cape Verde Escudo veris:impact:iso_currency_code="CZK"CZK - Czech Koruna veris:impact:iso_currency_code="DJF"DJF - Djibouti Franc veris:impact:iso_currency_code="DKK"DKK - Danish Krone veris:impact:iso_currency_code="DOP"DOP - Dominican Peso veris:impact:iso_currency_code="DZD"DZD - Algerian Dinar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="EGP"EGP - Egyptian Pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ERN"ERN - Nakfa veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ETB"ETB - Ethiopian Birr veris:impact:iso_currency_code="EUR"EUR - Euro veris:impact:iso_currency_code="FJD"FJD - Fiji Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="FKP"FKP - Falkland Islands Pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="GBP"GBP - Pound Sterling veris:impact:iso_currency_code="GEL"GEL - Lari veris:impact:iso_currency_code="GGP"GGP - Guernsey pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="GHS"GHS - Ghana Cedi veris:impact:iso_currency_code="GIP"GIP - Gibraltar Pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="GMD"GMD - Dalasi veris:impact:iso_currency_code="GNF"GNF - Guinea Franc veris:impact:iso_currency_code="GTQ"GTQ - Quetzal veris:impact:iso_currency_code="GYD"GYD - Guyana Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="HKD"HKD - Hong Kong Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="HNL"HNL - Lempira veris:impact:iso_currency_code="HRK"HRK - Croatian Kuna veris:impact:iso_currency_code="HTG"HTG - Gourde veris:impact:iso_currency_code="HUF"HUF - Forint veris:impact:iso_currency_code="IDR"IDR - Rupiah veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ILS"ILS - New Israeli Sheqel veris:impact:iso_currency_code="IMP"IMP - Isle of Man Pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="INR"INR - Indian Rupee veris:impact:iso_currency_code="IQD"IQD - Iraqi Dinar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="IRR"IRR - Iranian Rial veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ISK"ISK - Iceland Krona veris:impact:iso_currency_code="JEP"JEP - Jersey pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="JMD"JMD - Jamaican Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="JOD"JOD - Jordanian Dinar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="JPY"JPY - Yen veris:impact:iso_currency_code="KES"KES - Kenyan Shilling veris:impact:iso_currency_code="KGS"KGS - Som veris:impact:iso_currency_code="KHR"KHR - Riel veris:impact:iso_currency_code="KMF"KMF - Comoro Franc veris:impact:iso_currency_code="KPW"KPW - North Korean Won veris:impact:iso_currency_code="KRW"KRW - South Korean Won veris:impact:iso_currency_code="KWD"KWD - Kuwaiti Dinar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="KYD"KYD - Cayman Islands Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="KZT"KZT - Tenge veris:impact:iso_currency_code="LAK"LAK - Kip veris:impact:iso_currency_code="LBP"LBP - Lebanese Pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="LKR"LKR - Sri Lanka Rupee veris:impact:iso_currency_code="LRD"LRD - Liberian Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="LSL"LSL - Loti veris:impact:iso_currency_code="LTL"LTL - Lithuanian Litas veris:impact:iso_currency_code="LVL"LVL - Latvian Lats veris:impact:iso_currency_code="LYD"LYD - Libyan Dinar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MAD"MAD - Moroccan Dirham veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MDL"MDL - Moldovan Leu veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MGA"MGA - Malagasy Ariary veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MKD"MKD - Denar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MMK"MMK - Kyat veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MNT"MNT - Tugrik veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MOP"MOP - Pataca veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MRO"MRO - Ouguiya veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MUR"MUR - Mauritius Rupee veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MVR"MVR - Rufiyaa veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MWK"MWK - Kwacha veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MXN"MXN - Mexican Peso veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MYR"MYR - Malaysian Ringgit veris:impact:iso_currency_code="MZN"MZN - Mozambique Metical veris:impact:iso_currency_code="NAD"NAD - Namibia Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="NGN"NGN - Naira veris:impact:iso_currency_code="NIO"NIO - Cordoba Oro veris:impact:iso_currency_code="NOK"NOK - Norwegian Krone veris:impact:iso_currency_code="NPR"NPR - Nepalese Rupee veris:impact:iso_currency_code="NZD"NZD - New Zealand Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="OMR"OMR - Rial Omani veris:impact:iso_currency_code="PAB"PAB - Balboa veris:impact:iso_currency_code="PEN"PEN - Nuevo Sol veris:impact:iso_currency_code="PGK"PGK - Kina veris:impact:iso_currency_code="PHP"PHP - Philippine Peso veris:impact:iso_currency_code="PKR"PKR - Pakistan Rupee veris:impact:iso_currency_code="PLN"PLN - Zloty veris:impact:iso_currency_code="PYG"PYG - Guarani veris:impact:iso_currency_code="QAR"QAR - Qatari Rial veris:impact:iso_currency_code="RON"RON - New Romanian Leu veris:impact:iso_currency_code="RSD"RSD - Serbian Dinar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="RUB"RUB - Russian Ruble veris:impact:iso_currency_code="RWF"RWF - Rwanda Franc veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SAR"SAR - Saudi Riyal veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SBD"SBD - Solomon Islands Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SCR"SCR - Seychelles Rupee veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SDG"SDG - Sudanese Pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SEK"SEK - Swedish Krona veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SGD"SGD - Singapore Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SHP"SHP - Saint Helena Pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SLL"SLL - Leone veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SOS"SOS - Somali Shilling veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SPL"SPL - Seborga Luigino veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SRD"SRD - Surinam Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="STD"STD - Dobra veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SVC"SVC - El Salvador Colon veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SYP"SYP - Syrian Pound veris:impact:iso_currency_code="SZL"SZL - Lilangeni veris:impact:iso_currency_code="THB"THB - Baht veris:impact:iso_currency_code="TJS"TJS - Somoni veris:impact:iso_currency_code="TMT"TMT - Turkmenistan New Manat veris:impact:iso_currency_code="TND"TND - Tunisian Dinar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="TOP"TOP - Paanga veris:impact:iso_currency_code="TRY"TRY - Turkish Lira veris:impact:iso_currency_code="TTD"TTD - Trinidad and Tobago Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="TVD"TVD - Tuvalu Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="TWD"TWD - New Taiwan Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="TZS"TZS - Tanzanian Shilling veris:impact:iso_currency_code="UAH"UAH - Hryvnia veris:impact:iso_currency_code="UGX"UGX - Uganda Shilling veris:impact:iso_currency_code="USD"USD - US Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="UYU"UYU - Peso Uruguayo veris:impact:iso_currency_code="UZS"UZS - Uzbekistan Sum veris:impact:iso_currency_code="VEF"VEF - Bolivar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="VND"VND - Dong veris:impact:iso_currency_code="VUV"VUV - Vatu veris:impact:iso_currency_code="WST"WST - Tala veris:impact:iso_currency_code="XAF"XAF - CFA Franc BEAC veris:impact:iso_currency_code="XCD"XCD - East Caribbean Dollar veris:impact:iso_currency_code="XDR"XDR - SDR (Special Drawing Right) veris:impact:iso_currency_code="XOF"XOF - CFA Franc BCEAO veris:impact:iso_currency_code="XPF"XPF - CFP Franc veris:impact:iso_currency_code="YER"YER - Yemeni Rial veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ZAR"ZAR - South African Rand veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ZMK"ZMK - Zambian Kwacha veris:impact:iso_currency_code="ZWD"ZWD - Zimbabwean Dollar A/06 impact:overall_ratingveris:impact:overall_rating="Catastrophic"Catastrophic: A business-ending event (dont choose this if the victim will continue operations) veris:impact:overall_rating="Damaging"Damaging: Real and serious effect on the "bottom line" and/or long-term ability to generate revenue veris:impact:overall_rating="Distracting"Distracting: Limited "hard costs", but impact felt through having to deal with the incident rather than conducting normal duties veris:impact:overall_rating="Insignificant"Insignificant: Impact absorbed by normal activities veris:impact:overall_rating="Painful"Painful: Moderate "hard costs", and impact felt through having to deal with the incident rather than conducting normal duties has quantifiable indirect costs veris:impact:overall_rating="Unknown"Unknown victim:countryveris:victim:country="AD"Andorra veris:victim:country="AE"United Arab Emirates veris:victim:country="AF"Afghanistan veris:victim:country="AG"Antigua and Barbuda veris:victim:country="AI"Anguilla veris:victim:country="AL"Albania veris:victim:country="AM"Armenia veris:victim:country="AO"Angola veris:victim:country="AQ"Antarctica veris:victim:country="AR"Argentina veris:victim:country="AS"American Samoa veris:victim:country="AT"Austria veris:victim:country="AU"Australia veris:victim:country="AW"Aruba veris:victim:country="AX"Aland Islands veris:victim:country="AZ"Azerbaijan veris:victim:country="BA"Bosnia and Herzegovina veris:victim:country="BB"Barbados veris:victim:country="BD"Bangladesh veris:victim:country="BE"Belgium veris:victim:country="BF"Burkina Faso veris:victim:country="BG"Bulgaria veris:victim:country="BH"Bahrain veris:victim:country="BI"Burundi veris:victim:country="BJ"Benin veris:victim:country="BL"Saint-Barthelemy veris:victim:country="BM"Bermuda veris:victim:country="BN"Brunei Darussalam veris:victim:country="BO"Bolivia veris:victim:country="BQ"Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba veris:victim:country="BR"Brazil veris:victim:country="BS"Bahamas veris:victim:country="BT"Bhutan veris:victim:country="BV"Bouvet Island veris:victim:country="BW"Botswana veris:victim:country="BY"Belarus veris:victim:country="BZ"Belize veris:victim:country="CA"Canada veris:victim:country="CC"Cocos (Keeling) Islands veris:victim:country="CD"Congo, Democratic Republic of the veris:victim:country="CF"Central African Republic veris:victim:country="CG"Congo veris:victim:country="CH"Switzerland veris:victim:country="CI"Cote dIvoire veris:victim:country="CK"Cook Islands veris:victim:country="CL"Chile veris:victim:country="CM"Cameroon veris:victim:country="CN"China veris:victim:country="CO"Colombia veris:victim:country="CR"Costa Rica veris:victim:country="CU"Cuba veris:victim:country="CV"Cape Verde veris:victim:country="CW"Curacao veris:victim:country="CX"Christmas Island veris:victim:country="CY"Cyprus veris:victim:country="CZ"Czech Republic veris:victim:country="DE"Germany veris:victim:country="DJ"Djibouti veris:victim:country="DK"Denmark veris:victim:country="DM"Dominica veris:victim:country="DO"Dominican Republic veris:victim:country="DZ"Algeria veris:victim:country="EC"Ecuador veris:victim:country="EE"Estonia veris:victim:country="EG"Egypt veris:victim:country="EH"Western Sahara veris:victim:country="ER"Eritrea veris:victim:country="ES"Spain veris:victim:country="ET"Ethiopia veris:victim:country="FI"Finland veris:victim:country="FJ"Fiji veris:victim:country="FK"Faeroe Islands veris:victim:country="FM"Micronesia (Federated States of) veris:victim:country="FO"Falkland Islands (Malvinas) veris:victim:country="FR"France veris:victim:country="GA"Gabon veris:victim:country="GB"United Kingdom veris:victim:country="GD"Grenada veris:victim:country="GE"Georgia veris:victim:country="GF"French Guiana veris:victim:country="GG"Guernsey veris:victim:country="GH"Ghana veris:victim:country="GI"Gibraltar veris:victim:country="GL"Greenland veris:victim:country="GM"Gambia veris:victim:country="GN"Guinea veris:victim:country="GP"Guadeloupe veris:victim:country="GQ"Equatorial Guinea veris:victim:country="GR"Greece veris:victim:country="GS"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands veris:victim:country="GT"Guatemala veris:victim:country="GU"Guam veris:victim:country="GW"Guinea-Bissau veris:victim:country="GY"Guyana veris:victim:country="HK"Hong Kong veris:victim:country="HM"Heard Island and McDonal Islands veris:victim:country="HN"Honduras veris:victim:country="HR"Croatia veris:victim:country="HT"Haiti veris:victim:country="HU"Hungary veris:victim:country="ID"Indonesia veris:victim:country="IE"Ireland veris:victim:country="IL"Israel veris:victim:country="IM"Isle of Man veris:victim:country="IN"India veris:victim:country="IO"British Virgin Islands veris:victim:country="IQ"Iraq veris:victim:country="IR"Iran (Islamic Republic of) veris:victim:country="IS"Iceland veris:victim:country="IT"Italy veris:victim:country="JE"Jersey veris:victim:country="JM"Jamaica veris:victim:country="JO"Jordan veris:victim:country="JP"Japan veris:victim:country="KE"Kenya veris:victim:country="KG"Kyrgyzstan veris:victim:country="KH"Cambodia veris:victim:country="KI"Kiribati veris:victim:country="KM"Comoros veris:victim:country="KN"Saint Kitts and Nevis veris:victim:country="KP"Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of veris:victim:country="KR"Korea, Republic of veris:victim:country="KW"Kuwait veris:victim:country="KY"Cayman Islands veris:victim:country="KZ"Kazakhstan veris:victim:country="LA"Lao Peoples Democratic Republic veris:victim:country="LB"Lebanon veris:victim:country="LC"Saint Lucia veris:victim:country="LI"Liechtenstein veris:victim:country="LK"Sri Lanka veris:victim:country="LR"Liberia veris:victim:country="LS"Lesotho veris:victim:country="LT"Lithuania veris:victim:country="LU"Luxembourg veris:victim:country="LV"Latvia veris:victim:country="LY"Libya veris:victim:country="MA"Morocco veris:victim:country="MC"Monaco veris:victim:country="MD"Moldova, Republic of veris:victim:country="ME"Montenegro veris:victim:country="MF"Saint Martin (French part) veris:victim:country="MG"Madagascar veris:victim:country="MH"Marshall Islands veris:victim:country="MK"Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of veris:victim:country="ML"Mali veris:victim:country="MM"Myanmar veris:victim:country="MN"Mongolia veris:victim:country="MO"Macao veris:victim:country="MP"Northern Mariana Islands veris:victim:country="MQ"Martinique veris:victim:country="MR"Mauritania veris:victim:country="MS"Montserrat veris:victim:country="MT"Malta veris:victim:country="MU"Mauritius veris:victim:country="MV"Maldives veris:victim:country="MW"Malawi veris:victim:country="MX"Mexico veris:victim:country="MY"Malaysia veris:victim:country="MZ"Mozambique veris:victim:country="NA"Namibia veris:victim:country="NC"New Caledonia veris:victim:country="NE"Niger veris:victim:country="NF"Norfolk Island veris:victim:country="NG"Nigeria veris:victim:country="NI"Nicaragua veris:victim:country="NL"Netherlands veris:victim:country="NO"Norway veris:victim:country="NP"Nepal veris:victim:country="NR"Nauru veris:victim:country="NU"Niue veris:victim:country="NZ"New Zealand veris:victim:country="OM"Oman veris:victim:country="Other"Other veris:victim:country="PA"Panama veris:victim:country="PE"Peru veris:victim:country="PF"French Polynesia veris:victim:country="PG"Papua New Guinea veris:victim:country="PH"Philippines veris:victim:country="PK"Pakistan veris:victim:country="PL"Poland veris:victim:country="PM"Saint Pierre and Miquelon veris:victim:country="PN"Pitcairn veris:victim:country="PR"Puerto Rico veris:victim:country="PS"Palestinian Territory, Occupied veris:victim:country="PT"Portugal veris:victim:country="PW"Palau veris:victim:country="PY"Paraguay veris:victim:country="QA"Qatar veris:victim:country="RE"Reunion veris:victim:country="RO"Romania veris:victim:country="RS"Serbia veris:victim:country="RU"Russian Federation veris:victim:country="RW"Rwanda veris:victim:country="SA"Saudi Arabia veris:victim:country="SB"Solomon Islands veris:victim:country="SC"Seychelles veris:victim:country="SD"Sudan veris:victim:country="SE"Sweden veris:victim:country="SG"Singapore veris:victim:country="SH"Saint Helena veris:victim:country="SI"Slovenia veris:victim:country="SJ"Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands veris:victim:country="SK"Slovakia veris:victim:country="SL"Sierra Leone veris:victim:country="SM"San Marino veris:victim:country="SN"Senegal veris:victim:country="SO"Somalia veris:victim:country="SR"Suriname veris:victim:country="SS"South Sudan veris:victim:country="ST"Sao Tome and Principe veris:victim:country="SV"El Salvador veris:victim:country="SX"Sint Maarten (Dutch part) veris:victim:country="SY"Syrian Arab Republic veris:victim:country="SZ"Swaziland veris:victim:country="TC"Turks and Caicos Islands veris:victim:country="TD"Chad veris:victim:country="TF"French Southern Territories veris:victim:country="TG"Togo veris:victim:country="TH"Thailand veris:victim:country="TJ"Tajikistan veris:victim:country="TK"Tokelau veris:victim:country="TL"Timor-Leste veris:victim:country="TM"Turkmenistan veris:victim:country="TN"Tunisia veris:victim:country="TO"Tonga veris:victim:country="TR"Turkey veris:victim:country="TT"Trinidad and Tobago veris:victim:country="TV"Tuvalu veris:victim:country="TW"Taiwan, Province of China veris:victim:country="TZ"Tanzania, United Republic of veris:victim:country="UA"Ukraine veris:victim:country="UG"Uganda veris:victim:country="UM"United States Minor Outlying Islands veris:victim:country="US"United States of America veris:victim:country="UY"Uruguay veris:victim:country="UZ"Uzbekistan veris:victim:country="Unknown"Unknown veris:victim:country="VA"Holy See veris:victim:country="VC"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines veris:victim:country="VE"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) veris:victim:country="VG"British Virgin Islands veris:victim:country="VI"United States Virgin Islands veris:victim:country="VN"Viet Nam veris:victim:country="VU"Vanuatu veris:victim:country="WF"Wallis and Futuna Islands veris:victim:country="WS"Samoa veris:victim:country="YE"Yemen veris:victim:country="YT"Mayotte veris:victim:country="ZA"South Africa veris:victim:country="ZM"Zambia veris:victim:country="ZW"Zimbabwe victim:employee_countveris:victim:employee_count="1 to 10"1 to 10 employees veris:victim:employee_count="10001 to 25000"10,001 to 25,000 employees veris:victim:employee_count="1001 to 10000"1,001 to 10,000 employees veris:victim:employee_count="101 to 1000"101 to 1,000 employees veris:victim:employee_count="11 to 100"11 to 100 employees veris:victim:employee_count="25001 to 50000"25,001 to 50,000 employees veris:victim:employee_count="50001 to 100000"50,001 to 100,000 employees veris:victim:employee_count="Large"Large organizations (over 1,000 employees) veris:victim:employee_count="Over 100000"Over 100,0001 employees veris:victim:employee_count="Small"Small organizations (1,000 employees or less) veris:victim:employee_count="Unknown"Unknown number of employees action:environmental:varietyveris:action:environmental:variety="Deterioration"Deterioration and degradation veris:action:environmental:variety="EMI"Electromagnetic interference (EMI) veris:action:environmental:variety="ESD"Electrostatic discharge (ESD) veris:action:environmental:variety="Earthquake"Earthquake veris:action:environmental:variety="Fire"Fire veris:action:environmental:variety="Flood"Flood veris:action:environmental:variety="Hazmat"Hazardous material veris:action:environmental:variety="Humidity"Humidity veris:action:environmental:variety="Hurricane"Hurricane veris:action:environmental:variety="Ice"Ice and snow veris:action:environmental:variety="Landslide"Landslide veris:action:environmental:variety="Leak"Water leak veris:action:environmental:variety="Lightning"Lightning veris:action:environmental:variety="Meteorite"Meteorite veris:action:environmental:variety="Other"Other veris:action:environmental:variety="Particulates"Particulate matter (e.g., dust, smoke) veris:action:environmental:variety="Pathogen"Pathogen veris:action:environmental:variety="Power failure"Power failure or fluctuation veris:action:environmental:variety="Temperature"Extreme temperature veris:action:environmental:variety="Tornado"Tornado veris:action:environmental:variety="Tsunami"Tsunami veris:action:environmental:variety="Unknown"Unknown veris:action:environmental:variety="Vermin"Vermin veris:action:environmental:variety="Volcano"Volcanic eruption veris:action:environmental:variety="Wind"Wind action:error:varietyveris:action:error:variety="Capacity shortage"Poor capacity planning veris:action:error:variety="Classification error"Classification or labeling error veris:action:error:variety="Data entry error"Data entry error veris:action:error:variety="Disposal error"Disposal error veris:action:error:variety="Gaffe"Gaffe (social or verbal slip) veris:action:error:variety="Loss"Loss or misplacement veris:action:error:variety="Maintenance error"Maintenance error veris:action:error:variety="Malfunction"Technical malfunction or glitch veris:action:error:variety="Misconfiguration"Misconfiguration veris:action:error:variety="Misdelivery"Misdelivery (send wrong info or to wrong recipient) veris:action:error:variety="Misinformation"Misinformation (unintentionally giving false info) veris:action:error:variety="Omission"Omission (something intended, but not done) veris:action:error:variety="Other"Other veris:action:error:variety="Physical accidents"Physical accidents (e.g., drops, bumps, spills) veris:action:error:variety="Programming error"Programming error (flaws or bugs in custom code) veris:action:error:variety="Publishing error"Publishing error (private info to public doc or site) veris:action:error:variety="Unknown"Unknown action:error:vectorveris:action:error:vector="Carelessness"Carelessness veris:action:error:vector="Inadequate personnel"Inadequate or insufficient personnel veris:action:error:vector="Inadequate processes"Inadequate or insufficient processes veris:action:error:vector="Inadequate technology"Inadequate or insufficient technology resources veris:action:error:vector="Other"Other veris:action:error:vector="Random error"Random error (no reason, no fault) veris:action:error:vector="Unknown"Unknown action:hacking:resultveris:action:hacking:result="Elevate"The hacking action resulted in additional permissions veris:action:hacking:result="Exfiltrate"The hacking action exfiltrated data from the victim veris:action:hacking:result="Infiltrate"The hacking action infiltrated the victim action:hacking:varietyveris:action:hacking:variety="Abuse of functionality"Abuse of functionality veris:action:hacking:variety="Brute force"Brute force or password guessing attacks veris:action:hacking:variety="Buffer overflow"Buffer overflow veris:action:hacking:variety="CSRF"Cross-site request forgery veris:action:hacking:variety="Cache poisoning"Cache poisoning veris:action:hacking:variety="Cryptanalysis"Cryptanalysis veris:action:hacking:variety="DoS"Denial of service veris:action:hacking:variety="Footprinting"Footprinting and fingerprinting veris:action:hacking:variety="Forced browsing"Forced browsing or predictable resource location veris:action:hacking:variety="Format string attack"Format string attack veris:action:hacking:variety="Fuzz testing"Fuzz testing veris:action:hacking:variety="HTTP Response Splitting"HTTP Response Splitting veris:action:hacking:variety="HTTP request smuggling"HTTP request smuggling veris:action:hacking:variety="HTTP request splitting"HTTP request splitting veris:action:hacking:variety="HTTP response smuggling"HTTP response smuggling veris:action:hacking:variety="Integer overflows"Integer overflows veris:action:hacking:variety="LDAP injection"LDAP injection veris:action:hacking:variety="Mail command injection"Mail command injection veris:action:hacking:variety="MitM"Man-in-the-middle attack veris:action:hacking:variety="Null byte injection"Null byte injection veris:action:hacking:variety="OS commanding"OS commanding veris:action:hacking:variety="Offline cracking"Offline password or key cracking (e.g., rainbow tables, Hashcat, JtR) veris:action:hacking:variety="Other"Other veris:action:hacking:variety="Pass-the-hash"Pass-the-hash veris:action:hacking:variety="Path traversal"Path traversal veris:action:hacking:variety="RFI"Remote file inclusion veris:action:hacking:variety="Reverse engineering"Reverse engineering veris:action:hacking:variety="Routing detour"Routing detour veris:action:hacking:variety="SQLi"SQL injection veris:action:hacking:variety="SSI injection"SSI injection veris:action:hacking:variety="Session fixation"Session fixation veris:action:hacking:variety="Session prediction"Credential or session prediction veris:action:hacking:variety="Session replay"Session replay veris:action:hacking:variety="Soap array abuse"Soap array abuse veris:action:hacking:variety="Special element injection"Special element injection veris:action:hacking:variety="URL redirector abuse"URL redirector abuse veris:action:hacking:variety="Unknown"Unknown veris:action:hacking:variety="Use of backdoor or C2"Use of Backdoor or C2 channel veris:action:hacking:variety="Use of stolen creds"Use of stolen authentication credentials veris:action:hacking:variety="Virtual machine escape"Virtual machine escape veris:action:hacking:variety="XML attribute blowup"XML attribute blowup veris:action:hacking:variety="XML entity expansion"XML entity expansion veris:action:hacking:variety="XML external entities"XML external entities veris:action:hacking:variety="XML injection"XML injection veris:action:hacking:variety="XPath injection"XPath injection veris:action:hacking:variety="XQuery injection"XQuery injection veris:action:hacking:variety="XSS"Cross-site scripting action:hacking:vectorveris:action:hacking:vector="3rd party desktop"3rd party online desktop sharing (LogMeIn, Go2Assist) veris:action:hacking:vector="Backdoor or C2"Backdoor or command and control channel veris:action:hacking:vector="Command shell"Remote shell veris:action:hacking:vector="Desktop sharing"Graphical desktop sharing (RDP, VNC, PCAnywhere, Citrix) veris:action:hacking:vector="Desktop sharing software"Superset of 'Desktop sharing' and '3rd party desktop'. Please use in place of the other two veris:action:hacking:vector="Other"Other veris:action:hacking:vector="Partner"Partner connection or credential veris:action:hacking:vector="Physical access"Physical access or connection (i.e., at keyboard or via cable) veris:action:hacking:vector="Unknown"Unknown veris:action:hacking:vector="VPN"VPN veris:action:hacking:vector="Web application"Web application action:malware:resultveris:action:malware:result="Elevate"The malware action resulted in additional permissions veris:action:malware:result="Exfiltrate"The malware action exfiltrated data from the victim veris:action:malware:result="Infiltrate"The malware action infiltrated the victim action:malware:varietyveris:action:malware:variety="Adminware"System or network utilities (e.g., PsTools, Netcat) veris:action:malware:variety="Adware"Adware veris:action:malware:variety="Backdoor"Backdoor (enable remote access) veris:action:malware:variety="Brute force"Brute force attack veris:action:malware:variety="C2"Command and control (C2) veris:action:malware:variety="Capture app data"Capture data from application or system process veris:action:malware:variety="Capture stored data"Capture data stored on system disk veris:action:malware:variety="Click fraud"Click fraud or Bitcoin mining veris:action:malware:variety="Client-side attack"Client-side or browser attack (e.g., redirection, XSS, MitB) veris:action:malware:variety="Destroy data"Destroy or corrupt stored data veris:action:malware:variety="Disable controls"Disable or interfere with security controls veris:action:malware:variety="DoS"DoS attack veris:action:malware:variety="Downloader"Downloader (pull updates or other malware) veris:action:malware:variety="Exploit vuln"Exploit vulnerability in code (vs misconfig or weakness) veris:action:malware:variety="Export data"Export data to another site or system veris:action:malware:variety="Modify data"Malware which compromises a legitimate file rather than creating new filess veris:action:malware:variety="Other"Other veris:action:malware:variety="Packet sniffer"Packet sniffer (capture data from network) veris:action:malware:variety="Password dumper"Password dumper (extract credential hashes) veris:action:malware:variety="Ram scraper"Ram scraper or memory parser (capture data from volatile memory) veris:action:malware:variety="Ransomware"Ransomware (encrypt or seize stored data) veris:action:malware:variety="Rootkit"Rootkit (maintain local privileges and stealth) veris:action:malware:variety="SQL injection"SQL injection attack veris:action:malware:variety="Scan network"Scan or footprint network veris:action:malware:variety="Spam"Send spam veris:action:malware:variety="Spyware/Keylogger"Spyware, keylogger or form-grabber (capture user input or activity) veris:action:malware:variety="Unknown"Unknown veris:action:malware:variety="Worm"Worm (propagate to other systems or devices) action:malware:vectorveris:action:malware:vector="Direct install"Directly installed or inserted by threat agent (after system access) veris:action:malware:vector="Download by malware"Downloaded and installed by local malware veris:action:malware:vector="Email attachment"Email via user-executed attachment veris:action:malware:vector="Email autoexecute"Email via automatic execution veris:action:malware:vector="Email link"Email via embedded link veris:action:malware:vector="Email unknown"Email but sub-variety (attachment, autoexecute, link, etc) not known veris:action:malware:vector="Instant messaging"Instant Messaging veris:action:malware:vector="Network propagation"Network propagation veris:action:malware:vector="Other"Other veris:action:malware:vector="Remote injection"Remotely injected by agent (i.e. via SQLi) veris:action:malware:vector="Removable media"Removable storage media or devices veris:action:malware:vector="Software update"Included in automated software update veris:action:malware:vector="Unknown"Unknown veris:action:malware:vector="Web download"Web via user-executed or downloaded content veris:action:malware:vector="Web drive-by"Web via auto-executed or "drive-by" infection action:misuse:resultveris:action:misuse:result="Elevate"The misuse action resulted in additional permissions veris:action:misuse:result="Exfiltrate"The misuse action exfiltrated data from the victim veris:action:misuse:result="Infiltrate"The misuse action infiltrated the victim action:misuse:varietyveris:action:misuse:variety="Data mishandling"Handling of data in an unapproved manner veris:action:misuse:variety="Email misuse"Inappropriate use of email or IM veris:action:misuse:variety="Illicit content"Storage or distribution of illicit content veris:action:misuse:variety="Knowledge abuse"Abuse of private or entrusted knowledge veris:action:misuse:variety="Net misuse"Inappropriate use of network or Web access veris:action:misuse:variety="Other"Other veris:action:misuse:variety="Possession abuse"Abuse of physical access to asset veris:action:misuse:variety="Privilege abuse"Abuse of system access privileges veris:action:misuse:variety="Unapproved hardware"Use of unapproved hardware or devices veris:action:misuse:variety="Unapproved software"Use of unapproved software or services veris:action:misuse:variety="Unapproved workaround"Unapproved workaround or shortcut veris:action:misuse:variety="Unknown"Unknown action:misuse:vectorveris:action:misuse:vector="LAN access"Local network access within corporate facility veris:action:misuse:vector="Non-corporate"Non-corporate facilities or networks veris:action:misuse:vector="Other"Other veris:action:misuse:vector="Physical access"Physical access within corporate facility veris:action:misuse:vector="Remote access"Remote access connection to corporate network (i.e. VPN) veris:action:misuse:vector="Unknown"Unknown action:physical:resultveris:action:physical:result="Elevate"The physical action resulted in additional permissions veris:action:physical:result="Exfiltrate"The physical action exfiltrated data from the victim veris:action:physical:result="Infiltrate"The physical action infiltrated the victim action:physical:varietyveris:action:physical:variety="Assault"Assault (threats or acts of physical violence) veris:action:physical:variety="Bypassed controls"Bypassed physical barriers or controls veris:action:physical:variety="Connection"Connection veris:action:physical:variety="Destruction"Destruction (deliberate damaging or disabling) veris:action:physical:variety="Disabled controls"Disabled physical barriers or controls veris:action:physical:variety="Other"Other veris:action:physical:variety="Skimmer"Installing card skimming device veris:action:physical:variety="Snooping"Snooping (sneak about to gain info or access) veris:action:physical:variety="Surveillance"Surveillance (monitoring and observation) veris:action:physical:variety="Tampering"Tampering (alter physical form or function) veris:action:physical:variety="Theft"Theft (taking assets without permission) veris:action:physical:variety="Unknown"Unknown veris:action:physical:variety="Wiretapping"Wiretapping (Physical tap to comms line) action:physical:vectorveris:action:physical:vector="Other"Other veris:action:physical:vector="Partner facility"Partner facility or area veris:action:physical:vector="Partner vehicle"Partner vehicle (e.g., delivery truck) veris:action:physical:vector="Personal residence"Personal residence veris:action:physical:vector="Personal vehicle"Personal vehicle veris:action:physical:vector="Privileged access"Held privileged access to location veris:action:physical:vector="Public facility"Public facility or area veris:action:physical:vector="Public vehicle"Public vehicle (e.g., plane, taxi) veris:action:physical:vector="Uncontrolled location"The location was uncontrolled (public) veris:action:physical:vector="Unknown"Unknown veris:action:physical:vector="Victim grounds"Victim outdoor grounds veris:action:physical:vector="Victim public area"Victim public or customer area (e.g., lobby, storefront) veris:action:physical:vector="Victim secure area"Victim high security area (e.g., server room, R&D labs) veris:action:physical:vector="Victim work area"Victim private or work area (e.g., office space) veris:action:physical:vector="Visitor privileges"Given temporary visitor access action:social:resultveris:action:social:result="Elevate"The social action resulted in additional permissions veris:action:social:result="Exfiltrate"The social action exfiltrated data from the victim veris:action:social:result="Infiltrate"The social action infiltrated the victim action:social:targetveris:action:social:target="Auditor"Auditor veris:action:social:target="Call center"Call center staff veris:action:social:target="Cashier"Cashier, teller or waiter veris:action:social:target="Customer"Customer (B2C) veris:action:social:target="Developer"Software developer veris:action:social:target="End-user"End-user or regular employee veris:action:social:target="Executive"Executive or upper management veris:action:social:target="Finance"Finance or accounting staff veris:action:social:target="Former employee"Former employee veris:action:social:target="Guard"Security guard veris:action:social:target="Helpdesk"Helpdesk staff veris:action:social:target="Human resources"Human resources staff veris:action:social:target="Maintenance"Maintenance or janitorial staff veris:action:social:target="Manager"Manager or supervisor veris:action:social:target="Other"Other veris:action:social:target="Partner"Partner (B2B) veris:action:social:target="System admin"System or network administrator veris:action:social:target="Unknown"Unknown action:social:varietyveris:action:social:variety="Baiting"Baiting (planting infected media) veris:action:social:variety="Bribery"Bribery or solicitation veris:action:social:variety="Elicitation"Elicitation (subtle extraction of info through conversation) veris:action:social:variety="Extortion"Extortion or blackmail veris:action:social:variety="Forgery"Forgery or counterfeiting (fake hardware, software, documents, etc) veris:action:social:variety="Influence"Influence tactics (Leveraging authority or obligation, framing, etc) veris:action:social:variety="Other"Other veris:action:social:variety="Phishing"Phishing (or any type of *ishing) veris:action:social:variety="Pretexting"Pretexting (dialogue leveraging invented scenario) veris:action:social:variety="Propaganda"Propaganda or disinformation veris:action:social:variety="Scam"Online scam or hoax (e.g., scareware, 419 scam, auction fraud) veris:action:social:variety="Spam"Spam (unsolicited or undesired email and advertisements) veris:action:social:variety="Unknown"Unknown action:social:vectorveris:action:social:vector="Documents"Documents veris:action:social:vector="Email"veris:action:social:vector="IM"Instant messaging veris:action:social:vector="In-person"In-person veris:action:social:vector="Other"Other veris:action:social:vector="Phone"Phone veris:action:social:vector="Removable media"Removable storage media veris:action:social:vector="SMS"SMS or texting veris:action:social:vector="Social media"Social media or networking veris:action:social:vector="Software"Software veris:action:social:vector="Unknown"Unknown veris:action:social:vector="Website"Website action:unknown:resultveris:action:unknown:result="Elevate"The hacking action resulted in additional permissions veris:action:unknown:result="Exfiltrate"The hacking action exfiltrated data from the victim veris:action:unknown:result="Infiltrate"The hacking action infiltrated the victim actor:external:countryveris:actor:external:country="AD"Andorra veris:actor:external:country="AE"United Arab Emirates veris:actor:external:country="AF"Afghanistan veris:actor:external:country="AG"Antigua and Barbuda veris:actor:external:country="AI"Anguilla veris:actor:external:country="AL"Albania veris:actor:external:country="AM"Armenia veris:actor:external:country="AO"Angola veris:actor:external:country="AQ"Antarctica veris:actor:external:country="AR"Argentina veris:actor:external:country="AS"American Samoa veris:actor:external:country="AT"Austria veris:actor:external:country="AU"Australia veris:actor:external:country="AW"Aruba veris:actor:external:country="AX"Aland Islands veris:actor:external:country="AZ"Azerbaijan veris:actor:external:country="BA"Bosnia and Herzegovina veris:actor:external:country="BB"Barbados veris:actor:external:country="BD"Bangladesh veris:actor:external:country="BE"Belgium veris:actor:external:country="BF"Burkina Faso veris:actor:external:country="BG"Bulgaria veris:actor:external:country="BH"Bahrain veris:actor:external:country="BI"Burundi veris:actor:external:country="BJ"Benin veris:actor:external:country="BL"Saint-Barthelemy veris:actor:external:country="BM"Bermuda veris:actor:external:country="BN"Brunei Darussalam veris:actor:external:country="BO"Bolivia veris:actor:external:country="BQ"Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba veris:actor:external:country="BR"Brazil veris:actor:external:country="BS"Bahamas veris:actor:external:country="BT"Bhutan veris:actor:external:country="BV"Bouvet Island veris:actor:external:country="BW"Botswana veris:actor:external:country="BY"Belarus veris:actor:external:country="BZ"Belize veris:actor:external:country="CA"Canada veris:actor:external:country="CC"Cocos (Keeling) Islands veris:actor:external:country="CD"Congo, Democratic Republic of the veris:actor:external:country="CF"Central African Republic veris:actor:external:country="CG"Congo veris:actor:external:country="CH"Switzerland veris:actor:external:country="CI"Cote dIvoire veris:actor:external:country="CK"Cook Islands veris:actor:external:country="CL"Chile veris:actor:external:country="CM"Cameroon veris:actor:external:country="CN"China veris:actor:external:country="CO"Colombia veris:actor:external:country="CR"Costa Rica veris:actor:external:country="CU"Cuba veris:actor:external:country="CV"Cape Verde veris:actor:external:country="CW"Curacao veris:actor:external:country="CX"Christmas Island veris:actor:external:country="CY"Cyprus veris:actor:external:country="CZ"Czech Republic veris:actor:external:country="DE"Germany veris:actor:external:country="DJ"Djibouti veris:actor:external:country="DK"Denmark veris:actor:external:country="DM"Dominica veris:actor:external:country="DO"Dominican Republic veris:actor:external:country="DZ"Algeria veris:actor:external:country="EC"Ecuador veris:actor:external:country="EE"Estonia veris:actor:external:country="EG"Egypt veris:actor:external:country="EH"Western Sahara veris:actor:external:country="ER"Eritrea veris:actor:external:country="ES"Spain veris:actor:external:country="ET"Ethiopia veris:actor:external:country="FI"Finland veris:actor:external:country="FJ"Fiji veris:actor:external:country="FK"Faeroe Islands veris:actor:external:country="FM"Micronesia (Federated States of) veris:actor:external:country="FO"Falkland Islands (Malvinas) veris:actor:external:country="FR"France veris:actor:external:country="GA"Gabon veris:actor:external:country="GB"United Kingdom veris:actor:external:country="GD"Grenada veris:actor:external:country="GE"Georgia veris:actor:external:country="GF"French Guiana veris:actor:external:country="GG"Guernsey veris:actor:external:country="GH"Ghana veris:actor:external:country="GI"Gibraltar veris:actor:external:country="GL"Greenland veris:actor:external:country="GM"Gambia veris:actor:external:country="GN"Guinea veris:actor:external:country="GP"Guadeloupe veris:actor:external:country="GQ"Equatorial Guinea veris:actor:external:country="GR"Greece veris:actor:external:country="GS"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands veris:actor:external:country="GT"Guatemala veris:actor:external:country="GU"Guam veris:actor:external:country="GW"Guinea-Bissau veris:actor:external:country="GY"Guyana veris:actor:external:country="HK"Hong Kong veris:actor:external:country="HM"Heard Island and McDonal Islands veris:actor:external:country="HN"Honduras veris:actor:external:country="HR"Croatia veris:actor:external:country="HT"Haiti veris:actor:external:country="HU"Hungary veris:actor:external:country="ID"Indonesia veris:actor:external:country="IE"Ireland veris:actor:external:country="IL"Israel veris:actor:external:country="IM"Isle of Man veris:actor:external:country="IN"India veris:actor:external:country="IO"British Virgin Islands veris:actor:external:country="IQ"Iraq veris:actor:external:country="IR"Iran (Islamic Republic of) veris:actor:external:country="IS"Iceland veris:actor:external:country="IT"Italy veris:actor:external:country="JE"Jersey veris:actor:external:country="JM"Jamaica veris:actor:external:country="JO"Jordan veris:actor:external:country="JP"Japan veris:actor:external:country="KE"Kenya veris:actor:external:country="KG"Kyrgyzstan veris:actor:external:country="KH"Cambodia veris:actor:external:country="KI"Kiribati veris:actor:external:country="KM"Comoros veris:actor:external:country="KN"Saint Kitts and Nevis veris:actor:external:country="KP"Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of veris:actor:external:country="KR"Korea, Republic of veris:actor:external:country="KW"Kuwait veris:actor:external:country="KY"Cayman Islands veris:actor:external:country="KZ"Kazakhstan veris:actor:external:country="LA"Lao Peoples Democratic Republic veris:actor:external:country="LB"Lebanon veris:actor:external:country="LC"Saint Lucia veris:actor:external:country="LI"Liechtenstein veris:actor:external:country="LK"Sri Lanka veris:actor:external:country="LR"Liberia veris:actor:external:country="LS"Lesotho veris:actor:external:country="LT"Lithuania veris:actor:external:country="LU"Luxembourg veris:actor:external:country="LV"Latvia veris:actor:external:country="LY"Libya veris:actor:external:country="MA"Morocco veris:actor:external:country="MC"Monaco veris:actor:external:country="MD"Moldova, Republic of veris:actor:external:country="ME"Montenegro veris:actor:external:country="MF"Saint Martin (French part) veris:actor:external:country="MG"Madagascar veris:actor:external:country="MH"Marshall Islands veris:actor:external:country="MK"Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of veris:actor:external:country="ML"Mali veris:actor:external:country="MM"Myanmar veris:actor:external:country="MN"Mongolia veris:actor:external:country="MO"Macao veris:actor:external:country="MP"Northern Mariana Islands veris:actor:external:country="MQ"Martinique veris:actor:external:country="MR"Mauritania veris:actor:external:country="MS"Montserrat veris:actor:external:country="MT"Malta veris:actor:external:country="MU"Mauritius veris:actor:external:country="MV"Maldives veris:actor:external:country="MW"Malawi veris:actor:external:country="MX"Mexico veris:actor:external:country="MY"Malaysia veris:actor:external:country="MZ"Mozambique veris:actor:external:country="NA"Namibia veris:actor:external:country="NC"New Caledonia veris:actor:external:country="NE"Niger veris:actor:external:country="NF"Norfolk Island veris:actor:external:country="NG"Nigeria veris:actor:external:country="NI"Nicaragua veris:actor:external:country="NL"Netherlands veris:actor:external:country="NO"Norway veris:actor:external:country="NP"Nepal veris:actor:external:country="NR"Nauru veris:actor:external:country="NU"Niue veris:actor:external:country="NZ"New Zealand veris:actor:external:country="OM"Oman veris:actor:external:country="Other"Other veris:actor:external:country="PA"Panama veris:actor:external:country="PE"Peru veris:actor:external:country="PF"French Polynesia veris:actor:external:country="PG"Papua New Guinea veris:actor:external:country="PH"Philippines veris:actor:external:country="PK"Pakistan veris:actor:external:country="PL"Poland veris:actor:external:country="PM"Saint Pierre and Miquelon veris:actor:external:country="PN"Pitcairn veris:actor:external:country="PR"Puerto Rico veris:actor:external:country="PS"Palestinian Territory, Occupied veris:actor:external:country="PT"Portugal veris:actor:external:country="PW"Palau veris:actor:external:country="PY"Paraguay veris:actor:external:country="QA"Qatar veris:actor:external:country="RE"Reunion veris:actor:external:country="RO"Romania veris:actor:external:country="RS"Serbia veris:actor:external:country="RU"Russian Federation veris:actor:external:country="RW"Rwanda veris:actor:external:country="SA"Saudi Arabia veris:actor:external:country="SB"Solomon Islands veris:actor:external:country="SC"Seychelles veris:actor:external:country="SD"Sudan veris:actor:external:country="SE"Sweden veris:actor:external:country="SG"Singapore veris:actor:external:country="SH"Saint Helena veris:actor:external:country="SI"Slovenia veris:actor:external:country="SJ"Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands veris:actor:external:country="SK"Slovakia veris:actor:external:country="SL"Sierra Leone veris:actor:external:country="SM"San Marino veris:actor:external:country="SN"Senegal veris:actor:external:country="SO"Somalia veris:actor:external:country="SR"Suriname veris:actor:external:country="SS"South Sudan veris:actor:external:country="ST"Sao Tome and Principe veris:actor:external:country="SV"El Salvador veris:actor:external:country="SX"Sint Maarten (Dutch part) veris:actor:external:country="SY"Syrian Arab Republic veris:actor:external:country="SZ"Swaziland veris:actor:external:country="TC"Turks and Caicos Islands veris:actor:external:country="TD"Chad veris:actor:external:country="TF"French Southern Territories veris:actor:external:country="TG"Togo veris:actor:external:country="TH"Thailand veris:actor:external:country="TJ"Tajikistan veris:actor:external:country="TK"Tokelau veris:actor:external:country="TL"Timor-Leste veris:actor:external:country="TM"Turkmenistan veris:actor:external:country="TN"Tunisia veris:actor:external:country="TO"Tonga veris:actor:external:country="TR"Turkey veris:actor:external:country="TT"Trinidad and Tobago veris:actor:external:country="TV"Tuvalu veris:actor:external:country="TW"Taiwan, Province of China veris:actor:external:country="TZ"Tanzania, United Republic of veris:actor:external:country="UA"Ukraine veris:actor:external:country="UG"Uganda veris:actor:external:country="UM"United States Minor Outlying Islands veris:actor:external:country="US"United States of America veris:actor:external:country="UY"Uruguay veris:actor:external:country="UZ"Uzbekistan veris:actor:external:country="Unknown"Unknown veris:actor:external:country="VA"Holy See veris:actor:external:country="VC"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines veris:actor:external:country="VE"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) veris:actor:external:country="VG"British Virgin Islands veris:actor:external:country="VI"United States Virgin Islands veris:actor:external:country="VN"Viet Nam veris:actor:external:country="VU"Vanuatu veris:actor:external:country="WF"Wallis and Futuna Islands veris:actor:external:country="WS"Samoa veris:actor:external:country="YE"Yemen veris:actor:external:country="YT"Mayotte veris:actor:external:country="ZA"South Africa veris:actor:external:country="ZM"Zambia veris:actor:external:country="ZW"Zimbabwe actor:external:motiveveris:actor:external:motive="Convenience"Convenience of expediency veris:actor:external:motive="Espionage"Espionage or competitive advantage veris:actor:external:motive="Fear"Fear or duress veris:actor:external:motive="Financial"Financial or personal gain veris:actor:external:motive="Fun"Fun, curiosity, or pride veris:actor:external:motive="Grudge"Grudge or personal offense veris:actor:external:motive="Ideology"Ideology or protest veris:actor:external:motive="NA"Not Applicable (unintentional action) veris:actor:external:motive="Other"Other veris:actor:external:motive="Secondary"Aid in a different attack veris:actor:external:motive="Unknown"Unknown actor:external:varietyveris:actor:external:variety="Acquaintance"Relative or acquaintance of employee veris:actor:external:variety="Activist"Activist group veris:actor:external:variety="Auditor"Auditor veris:actor:external:variety="Competitor"Competitor veris:actor:external:variety="Customer"Customer (B2C) veris:actor:external:variety="Force majeure"Force majeure (nature and chance) veris:actor:external:variety="Former employee"Former employee (no longer had access) veris:actor:external:variety="Nation-state"Nation-state veris:actor:external:variety="Organized crime"Organized or professional criminal group veris:actor:external:variety="Other"Other veris:actor:external:variety="State-affiliated"State-sponsored or affiliated group veris:actor:external:variety="Terrorist"Terrorist group veris:actor:external:variety="Unaffiliated"Unaffiliated person(s) veris:actor:external:variety="Unknown"Unknown actor:internal:job_changeveris:actor:internal:job_change="Demoted"Recently demoted or hours reduced veris:actor:internal:job_change="Hired"Recently hired veris:actor:internal:job_change="Job eval"Recent poor job evaluation veris:actor:internal:job_change="Lateral move"Lateral move veris:actor:internal:job_change="Let go"Fired, laid off, or let go veris:actor:internal:job_change="Other"Other veris:actor:internal:job_change="Passed over"Recently passed over for promotion veris:actor:internal:job_change="Personal issues"Personal issues veris:actor:internal:job_change="Promoted"Recently promoted veris:actor:internal:job_change="Reprimanded"Recently reprimanded veris:actor:internal:job_change="Resigned"Preparing to resign or recently resigned veris:actor:internal:job_change="Unknown"Unknown actor:internal:motiveveris:actor:internal:motive="Convenience"Convenience of expediency veris:actor:internal:motive="Espionage"Espionage or competitive advantage veris:actor:internal:motive="Fear"Fear or duress veris:actor:internal:motive="Financial"Financial or personal gain veris:actor:internal:motive="Fun"Fun, curiosity, or pride veris:actor:internal:motive="Grudge"Grudge or personal offense veris:actor:internal:motive="Ideology"Ideology or protest veris:actor:internal:motive="NA"Not Applicable (unintentional action) veris:actor:internal:motive="Other"Other veris:actor:internal:motive="Secondary"Aid in a different attack veris:actor:internal:motive="Unknown"Unknown actor:internal:varietyveris:actor:internal:variety="Auditor"Auditor veris:actor:internal:variety="Call center"Call center staff veris:actor:internal:variety="Cashier"Cashier, teller, or waiter veris:actor:internal:variety="Developer"Software developer veris:actor:internal:variety="Doctor or nurse"A doctor or a nurse veris:actor:internal:variety="End-user"End-user or regular employee veris:actor:internal:variety="Executive"Executive or upper management veris:actor:internal:variety="Finance"Finance or accounting staff veris:actor:internal:variety="Guard"Security guard veris:actor:internal:variety="Helpdesk"Helpdesk staff veris:actor:internal:variety="Human resources"Human resources staff veris:actor:internal:variety="Maintenance"Maintenance or janitorial staff veris:actor:internal:variety="Manager"Manager or supervisor veris:actor:internal:variety="Other"Other veris:actor:internal:variety="System admin"System or network administrator veris:actor:internal:variety="Unknown"Unknown actor:partner:countryveris:actor:partner:country="AD"Andorra veris:actor:partner:country="AE"United Arab Emirates veris:actor:partner:country="AF"Afghanistan veris:actor:partner:country="AG"Antigua and Barbuda veris:actor:partner:country="AI"Anguilla veris:actor:partner:country="AL"Albania veris:actor:partner:country="AM"Armenia veris:actor:partner:country="AO"Angola veris:actor:partner:country="AQ"Antarctica veris:actor:partner:country="AR"Argentina veris:actor:partner:country="AS"American Samoa veris:actor:partner:country="AT"Austria veris:actor:partner:country="AU"Australia veris:actor:partner:country="AW"Aruba veris:actor:partner:country="AX"Aland Islands veris:actor:partner:country="AZ"Azerbaijan veris:actor:partner:country="BA"Bosnia and Herzegovina veris:actor:partner:country="BB"Barbados veris:actor:partner:country="BD"Bangladesh veris:actor:partner:country="BE"Belgium veris:actor:partner:country="BF"Burkina Faso veris:actor:partner:country="BG"Bulgaria veris:actor:partner:country="BH"Bahrain veris:actor:partner:country="BI"Burundi veris:actor:partner:country="BJ"Benin veris:actor:partner:country="BL"Saint-Barthelemy veris:actor:partner:country="BM"Bermuda veris:actor:partner:country="BN"Brunei Darussalam veris:actor:partner:country="BO"Bolivia veris:actor:partner:country="BQ"Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba veris:actor:partner:country="BR"Brazil veris:actor:partner:country="BS"Bahamas veris:actor:partner:country="BT"Bhutan veris:actor:partner:country="BV"Bouvet Island veris:actor:partner:country="BW"Botswana veris:actor:partner:country="BY"Belarus veris:actor:partner:country="BZ"Belize veris:actor:partner:country="CA"Canada veris:actor:partner:country="CC"Cocos (Keeling) Islands veris:actor:partner:country="CD"Congo, Democratic Republic of the veris:actor:partner:country="CF"Central African Republic veris:actor:partner:country="CG"Congo veris:actor:partner:country="CH"Switzerland veris:actor:partner:country="CI"Cote dIvoire veris:actor:partner:country="CK"Cook Islands veris:actor:partner:country="CL"Chile veris:actor:partner:country="CM"Cameroon veris:actor:partner:country="CN"China veris:actor:partner:country="CO"Colombia veris:actor:partner:country="CR"Costa Rica veris:actor:partner:country="CU"Cuba veris:actor:partner:country="CV"Cape Verde veris:actor:partner:country="CW"Curacao veris:actor:partner:country="CX"Christmas Island veris:actor:partner:country="CY"Cyprus veris:actor:partner:country="CZ"Czech Republic veris:actor:partner:country="DE"Germany veris:actor:partner:country="DJ"Djibouti veris:actor:partner:country="DK"Denmark veris:actor:partner:country="DM"Dominica veris:actor:partner:country="DO"Dominican Republic veris:actor:partner:country="DZ"Algeria veris:actor:partner:country="EC"Ecuador veris:actor:partner:country="EE"Estonia veris:actor:partner:country="EG"Egypt veris:actor:partner:country="EH"Western Sahara veris:actor:partner:country="ER"Eritrea veris:actor:partner:country="ES"Spain veris:actor:partner:country="ET"Ethiopia veris:actor:partner:country="FI"Finland veris:actor:partner:country="FJ"Fiji veris:actor:partner:country="FK"Faeroe Islands veris:actor:partner:country="FM"Micronesia (Federated States of) veris:actor:partner:country="FO"Falkland Islands (Malvinas) veris:actor:partner:country="FR"France veris:actor:partner:country="GA"Gabon veris:actor:partner:country="GB"United Kingdom veris:actor:partner:country="GD"Grenada veris:actor:partner:country="GE"Georgia veris:actor:partner:country="GF"French Guiana veris:actor:partner:country="GG"Guernsey veris:actor:partner:country="GH"Ghana veris:actor:partner:country="GI"Gibraltar veris:actor:partner:country="GL"Greenland veris:actor:partner:country="GM"Gambia veris:actor:partner:country="GN"Guinea veris:actor:partner:country="GP"Guadeloupe veris:actor:partner:country="GQ"Equatorial Guinea veris:actor:partner:country="GR"Greece veris:actor:partner:country="GS"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands veris:actor:partner:country="GT"Guatemala veris:actor:partner:country="GU"Guam veris:actor:partner:country="GW"Guinea-Bissau veris:actor:partner:country="GY"Guyana veris:actor:partner:country="HK"Hong Kong veris:actor:partner:country="HM"Heard Island and McDonal Islands veris:actor:partner:country="HN"Honduras veris:actor:partner:country="HR"Croatia veris:actor:partner:country="HT"Haiti veris:actor:partner:country="HU"Hungary veris:actor:partner:country="ID"Indonesia veris:actor:partner:country="IE"Ireland veris:actor:partner:country="IL"Israel veris:actor:partner:country="IM"Isle of Man veris:actor:partner:country="IN"India veris:actor:partner:country="IO"British Virgin Islands veris:actor:partner:country="IQ"Iraq veris:actor:partner:country="IR"Iran (Islamic Republic of) veris:actor:partner:country="IS"Iceland veris:actor:partner:country="IT"Italy veris:actor:partner:country="JE"Jersey veris:actor:partner:country="JM"Jamaica veris:actor:partner:country="JO"Jordan veris:actor:partner:country="JP"Japan veris:actor:partner:country="KE"Kenya veris:actor:partner:country="KG"Kyrgyzstan veris:actor:partner:country="KH"Cambodia veris:actor:partner:country="KI"Kiribati veris:actor:partner:country="KM"Comoros veris:actor:partner:country="KN"Saint Kitts and Nevis veris:actor:partner:country="KP"Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of veris:actor:partner:country="KR"Korea, Republic of veris:actor:partner:country="KW"Kuwait veris:actor:partner:country="KY"Cayman Islands veris:actor:partner:country="KZ"Kazakhstan veris:actor:partner:country="LA"Lao Peoples Democratic Republic veris:actor:partner:country="LB"Lebanon veris:actor:partner:country="LC"Saint Lucia veris:actor:partner:country="LI"Liechtenstein veris:actor:partner:country="LK"Sri Lanka veris:actor:partner:country="LR"Liberia veris:actor:partner:country="LS"Lesotho veris:actor:partner:country="LT"Lithuania veris:actor:partner:country="LU"Luxembourg veris:actor:partner:country="LV"Latvia veris:actor:partner:country="LY"Libya veris:actor:partner:country="MA"Morocco veris:actor:partner:country="MC"Monaco veris:actor:partner:country="MD"Moldova, Republic of veris:actor:partner:country="ME"Montenegro veris:actor:partner:country="MF"Saint Martin (French part) veris:actor:partner:country="MG"Madagascar veris:actor:partner:country="MH"Marshall Islands veris:actor:partner:country="MK"Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of veris:actor:partner:country="ML"Mali veris:actor:partner:country="MM"Myanmar veris:actor:partner:country="MN"Mongolia veris:actor:partner:country="MO"Macao veris:actor:partner:country="MP"Northern Mariana Islands veris:actor:partner:country="MQ"Martinique veris:actor:partner:country="MR"Mauritania veris:actor:partner:country="MS"Montserrat veris:actor:partner:country="MT"Malta veris:actor:partner:country="MU"Mauritius veris:actor:partner:country="MV"Maldives veris:actor:partner:country="MW"Malawi veris:actor:partner:country="MX"Mexico veris:actor:partner:country="MY"Malaysia veris:actor:partner:country="MZ"Mozambique veris:actor:partner:country="NA"Namibia veris:actor:partner:country="NC"New Caledonia veris:actor:partner:country="NE"Niger veris:actor:partner:country="NF"Norfolk Island veris:actor:partner:country="NG"Nigeria veris:actor:partner:country="NI"Nicaragua veris:actor:partner:country="NL"Netherlands veris:actor:partner:country="NO"Norway veris:actor:partner:country="NP"Nepal veris:actor:partner:country="NR"Nauru veris:actor:partner:country="NU"Niue veris:actor:partner:country="NZ"New Zealand veris:actor:partner:country="OM"Oman veris:actor:partner:country="Other"Other veris:actor:partner:country="PA"Panama veris:actor:partner:country="PE"Peru veris:actor:partner:country="PF"French Polynesia veris:actor:partner:country="PG"Papua New Guinea veris:actor:partner:country="PH"Philippines veris:actor:partner:country="PK"Pakistan veris:actor:partner:country="PL"Poland veris:actor:partner:country="PM"Saint Pierre and Miquelon veris:actor:partner:country="PN"Pitcairn veris:actor:partner:country="PR"Puerto Rico veris:actor:partner:country="PS"Palestinian Territory, Occupied veris:actor:partner:country="PT"Portugal veris:actor:partner:country="PW"Palau veris:actor:partner:country="PY"Paraguay veris:actor:partner:country="QA"Qatar veris:actor:partner:country="RE"Reunion veris:actor:partner:country="RO"Romania veris:actor:partner:country="RS"Serbia veris:actor:partner:country="RU"Russian Federation veris:actor:partner:country="RW"Rwanda veris:actor:partner:country="SA"Saudi Arabia veris:actor:partner:country="SB"Solomon Islands veris:actor:partner:country="SC"Seychelles veris:actor:partner:country="SD"Sudan veris:actor:partner:country="SE"Sweden veris:actor:partner:country="SG"Singapore veris:actor:partner:country="SH"Saint Helena veris:actor:partner:country="SI"Slovenia veris:actor:partner:country="SJ"Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands veris:actor:partner:country="SK"Slovakia veris:actor:partner:country="SL"Sierra Leone veris:actor:partner:country="SM"San Marino veris:actor:partner:country="SN"Senegal veris:actor:partner:country="SO"Somalia veris:actor:partner:country="SR"Suriname veris:actor:partner:country="SS"South Sudan veris:actor:partner:country="ST"Sao Tome and Principe veris:actor:partner:country="SV"El Salvador veris:actor:partner:country="SX"Sint Maarten (Dutch part) veris:actor:partner:country="SY"Syrian Arab Republic veris:actor:partner:country="SZ"Swaziland veris:actor:partner:country="TC"Turks and Caicos Islands veris:actor:partner:country="TD"Chad veris:actor:partner:country="TF"French Southern Territories veris:actor:partner:country="TG"Togo veris:actor:partner:country="TH"Thailand veris:actor:partner:country="TJ"Tajikistan veris:actor:partner:country="TK"Tokelau veris:actor:partner:country="TL"Timor-Leste veris:actor:partner:country="TM"Turkmenistan veris:actor:partner:country="TN"Tunisia veris:actor:partner:country="TO"Tonga veris:actor:partner:country="TR"Turkey veris:actor:partner:country="TT"Trinidad and Tobago veris:actor:partner:country="TV"Tuvalu veris:actor:partner:country="TW"Taiwan, Province of China veris:actor:partner:country="TZ"Tanzania, United Republic of veris:actor:partner:country="UA"Ukraine veris:actor:partner:country="UG"Uganda veris:actor:partner:country="UM"United States Minor Outlying Islands veris:actor:partner:country="US"United States of America veris:actor:partner:country="UY"Uruguay veris:actor:partner:country="UZ"Uzbekistan veris:actor:partner:country="Unknown"Unknown veris:actor:partner:country="VA"Holy See veris:actor:partner:country="VC"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines veris:actor:partner:country="VE"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) veris:actor:partner:country="VG"British Virgin Islands veris:actor:partner:country="VI"United States Virgin Islands veris:actor:partner:country="VN"Viet Nam veris:actor:partner:country="VU"Vanuatu veris:actor:partner:country="WF"Wallis and Futuna Islands veris:actor:partner:country="WS"Samoa veris:actor:partner:country="YE"Yemen veris:actor:partner:country="YT"Mayotte veris:actor:partner:country="ZA"South Africa veris:actor:partner:country="ZM"Zambia veris:actor:partner:country="ZW"Zimbabwe actor:partner:motiveveris:actor:partner:motive="Convenience"Convenience of expediency veris:actor:partner:motive="Espionage"Espionage or competitive advantage veris:actor:partner:motive="Fear"Fear or duress veris:actor:partner:motive="Financial"Financial or personal gain veris:actor:partner:motive="Fun"Fun, curiosity, or pride veris:actor:partner:motive="Grudge"Grudge or personal offense veris:actor:partner:motive="Ideology"Ideology or protest veris:actor:partner:motive="NA"Not Applicable (unintentional action) veris:actor:partner:motive="Other"Other veris:actor:partner:motive="Secondary"Aid in a different attack veris:actor:partner:motive="Unknown"Unknown asset:assets:varietyveris:asset:assets:variety="E - Other"Embedded - Variety known but not listed veris:asset:assets:variety="E - Telematics"Embedded - A dedicated device that affects the real world veris:asset:assets:variety="E - Telemetry"Embedded - A dedicated device that collects data about the physical world veris:asset:assets:variety="E - Unknown"Embedded - Variety not known veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Disk drive"Media - Hard disk drive veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Disk media"Media - Disk media (e.g., CDs, DVDs) veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Documents"Media - Documents veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Fax"Media - The output of a fax machine veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Flash drive"Media - Flash drive or card veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Other"Media - Variety known but not listed veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Payment card"Media - Payment card (e.g., magstripe, EMV) veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Smart card"Media - Identity smart card veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Tapes"Media - Backup tapes veris:asset:assets:variety="M - Unknown"Media - Variety not known veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Access reader"Network - Access control reader (e.g., badge, biometric) veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Broadband"Network - Mobile broadband network veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Camera"Network - Camera or surveillance system veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Firewall"Network - Firewall veris:asset:assets:variety="N - HSM"Network - Hardware security module (HSM) veris:asset:assets:variety="N - IDS"Network - IDS or IPs veris:asset:assets:variety="N - LAN"Network - Wired LAN veris:asset:assets:variety="N - NAS"Network - Network area storage (NAS) veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Other"Network - Variety known but not listed veris:asset:assets:variety="N - PBX"Network - Private branch exchange (PBX) veris:asset:assets:variety="N - PLC"Network - Programmable logic controller (PLC) veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Private WAN"Network - Private WAN veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Public WAN"Network - Public WAN veris:asset:assets:variety="N - RTU"Network - Remote terminal unit (RTU) veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Router or switch"Network - Router or switch veris:asset:assets:variety="N - SAN"Network - Storage area network (SAN) veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Telephone"Network - Telephone veris:asset:assets:variety="N - Unknown"Network - Variety not known veris:asset:assets:variety="N - VoIP adapter"Network - VoIP adapter veris:asset:assets:variety="N - WLAN"Network - Wireless LAN veris:asset:assets:variety="Other"Asset type known but not User Device, Server, Public Terminal, Server, People, Network, or Media veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Auditor"People - Auditor veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Call center"People - Call center veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Cashier"People - Cashier veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Customer"People - Customer veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Developer"People - Developer veris:asset:assets:variety="P - End-user"People - End-user veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Executive"People - Executive veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Finance"People - Finance veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Former employee"People - Former employee veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Guard"People - Guard veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Helpdesk"People - Helpdesk veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Human resources"People - Human resources veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Maintenance"People - Maintenance veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Manager"People - Manager veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Other"People - Variety known but not listed veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Partner"People - Partner veris:asset:assets:variety="P - System admin"People - Administrator veris:asset:assets:variety="P - Unknown"People - Variety not known veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Authentication"Server - Authentication veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Backup"Server - Backup veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Code repository"Server - Code repository veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Configuration or patch management"Servers maintaining or deploying configurations or patches to other assets veris:asset:assets:variety="S - DCS"Server - Distributed control system (DCS) veris:asset:assets:variety="S - DHCP"Server - DHCP veris:asset:assets:variety="S - DNS"Server - DNS veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Database"Server - Database veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Directory"Server - Directory (LDAP, AD) veris:asset:assets:variety="S - File"Server - File veris:asset:assets:variety="S - ICS"Server - Industrial Control System (ICS). Includes Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Log"Server - Log or event management veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Mail"Server - Mail veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Mainframe"Server - Mainframe veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Other"Server - Variety known but not listed veris:asset:assets:variety="S - POS controller"Server - POS controller veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Payment switch"Server - Payment switch or gateway veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Print"Server - Print veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Proxy"Server - Proxy veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Remote access"Server - Remote access veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Unknown"Server - Variety not known veris:asset:assets:variety="S - VM host"Server - Virtual Host veris:asset:assets:variety="S - Web application"Server - Web application veris:asset:assets:variety="T - ATM"Public Terminal - Automated Teller Machine (ATM) veris:asset:assets:variety="T - Gas terminal"Public Terminal - Gas "pay-at-the-pump" terminal veris:asset:assets:variety="T - Kiosk"Public Terminal - Self-service kiosk veris:asset:assets:variety="T - Other"Public Terminal - Variety known but not listed veris:asset:assets:variety="T - PED pad"Public Terminal - Detached PIN pad or card reader veris:asset:assets:variety="T - Unknown"Public Terminal - Variety not known veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Auth token"User Device - Authentication token or device veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Desktop"User Device - Desktop or workstation veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Laptop"User Device - Laptop veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Media"User Device - Media player or recorder veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Mobile phone"User Device - Mobile phone or smartphone veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Other"User Device - Variety known but not listed veris:asset:assets:variety="U - POS terminal"User Device - POS terminal veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Peripheral"User Device - Peripheral (e.g., printer, copier, fax) veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Tablet"User Device - Tablet veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Telephone"User Device - Telephone veris:asset:assets:variety="U - Unknown"User Device - Variety not known veris:asset:assets:variety="U - VoIP phone"User Device - VoIP phone veris:asset:assets:variety="Unknown"Unknown type of asset attribute:availability:varietyveris:attribute:availability:variety="Acceleration"Acceleration veris:attribute:availability:variety="Degradation"Performance degradation veris:attribute:availability:variety="Destruction"Destruction veris:attribute:availability:variety="Interruption"Interruption veris:attribute:availability:variety="Loss"Loss veris:attribute:availability:variety="Obscuration"Conversion or obscuration veris:attribute:availability:variety="Other"Other veris:attribute:availability:variety="Unknown"Unknown attribute:confidentiality:data_disclosureveris:attribute:confidentiality:data_disclosure="No"No veris:attribute:confidentiality:data_disclosure="Potentially"Potentially (at risk) veris:attribute:confidentiality:data_disclosure="Unknown"Unknown veris:attribute:confidentiality:data_disclosure="Yes"Yes (confirmed) attribute:confidentiality:data_victimveris:attribute:confidentiality:data_victim="Customer"Customer veris:attribute:confidentiality:data_victim="Employee"Employee veris:attribute:confidentiality:data_victim="Other"Other veris:attribute:confidentiality:data_victim="Partner"Partner veris:attribute:confidentiality:data_victim="Patient"Patient veris:attribute:confidentiality:data_victim="Student"Student veris:attribute:confidentiality:data_victim="Unknown"Unknown attribute:confidentiality:stateveris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Other"Data state known but not listed. veris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Printed"Data printed in human-readable format veris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Processed"Processed veris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Stored"Stored veris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Stored encrypted"Stored encrypted veris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Stored unencrypted"Stored unencrypted veris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Transmitted"Transmitted veris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Transmitted encrypted"Transmitted encrypted veris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Transmitted unencrypted"Transmitted unencrypted veris:attribute:confidentiality:state="Unknown"Data stat not known attribute:integrity:varietyveris:attribute:integrity:variety="Alter behavior"Influence or alter human behavior veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Created account"Created new user account veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Defacement"Deface content veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Fraudulent transaction"Initiate fraudulent transaction veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Hardware tampering"Hardware tampering or physical alteration veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Log tampering"Log tampering or modification veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Misrepresentation"Misrepresentation veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Modify configuration"Modified configuration or services veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Modify data"Modified stored data or content veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Modify privileges"Modified privileges or permissions veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Other"Other veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Repurpose"Repurposed asset for unauthorized function veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Software installation"Software installation or code modification veris:attribute:integrity:variety="Unknown"Unknown impact:loss:ratingveris:impact:loss:rating="Major"Major veris:impact:loss:rating="Minor"Minor veris:impact:loss:rating="Moderate"Moderate veris:impact:loss:rating="None"None veris:impact:loss:rating="Unknown"Unknown impact:loss:varietyveris:impact:loss:variety="Asset and fraud"Asset and fraud-related losses veris:impact:loss:variety="Brand damage"Brand and market damage veris:impact:loss:variety="Business disruption"Business disruption veris:impact:loss:variety="Competitive advantage"Loss of competitive advantage veris:impact:loss:variety="Legal and regulatory"Legal and regulatory costs veris:impact:loss:variety="Operating costs"Increased operating costs veris:impact:loss:variety="Other"Impact variety known but not listed. veris:impact:loss:variety="Response and recovery"Response and recovery costs timeline:compromise:unitveris:timeline:compromise:unit="Days"Days veris:timeline:compromise:unit="Hours"Hours veris:timeline:compromise:unit="Minutes"Minutes veris:timeline:compromise:unit="Months"Months veris:timeline:compromise:unit="NA"Compromise does not apply in the context of the security event. veris:timeline:compromise:unit="Never"Never veris:timeline:compromise:unit="Seconds"Seconds veris:timeline:compromise:unit="Unknown"Unknown veris:timeline:compromise:unit="Weeks"Weeks veris:timeline:compromise:unit="Years"Years timeline:containment:unitveris:timeline:containment:unit="Days"Days veris:timeline:containment:unit="Hours"Hours veris:timeline:containment:unit="Minutes"Minutes veris:timeline:containment:unit="Months"Months veris:timeline:containment:unit="NA"Containment does not apply in the context of the security event. veris:timeline:containment:unit="Never"Never veris:timeline:containment:unit="Seconds"Seconds veris:timeline:containment:unit="Unknown"Unknown veris:timeline:containment:unit="Weeks"Weeks veris:timeline:containment:unit="Years"Years timeline:discovery:unitveris:timeline:discovery:unit="Days"Days veris:timeline:discovery:unit="Hours"Hours veris:timeline:discovery:unit="Minutes"Minutes veris:timeline:discovery:unit="Months"Months veris:timeline:discovery:unit="NA"Discovery does not apply in the context of the security event. veris:timeline:discovery:unit="Never"Never veris:timeline:discovery:unit="Seconds"Seconds veris:timeline:discovery:unit="Unknown"Unknown veris:timeline:discovery:unit="Weeks"Weeks veris:timeline:discovery:unit="Years"Years timeline:exfiltration:unitveris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="Days"Days veris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="Hours"Hours veris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="Minutes"Minutes veris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="Months"Months veris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="NA"Exfiltration does not apply in the context of the security event. veris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="Never"Never veris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="Seconds"Seconds veris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="Unknown"Unknown veris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="Weeks"Weeks veris:timeline:exfiltration:unit="Years"Years victim:revenue:iso_currency_codeveris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="AED"AED - UAE Dirham veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="AFN"AFN - Afghani veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ALL"ALL - Lek veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="AMD"AMD - Armenian Dram veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ANG"ANG - Netherlands Antillean Guilder veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="AOA"AOA - Kwanza veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ARS"ARS - Argentine Peso veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="AUD"AUD - Australian Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="AWG"AWG - Aruban Florin veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="AZN"AZN - Azerbaijanian Manat veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BAM"BAM - Convertible Mark veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BBD"BBD - Barbados Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BDT"BDT - Taka veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BGN"BGN - Bulgarian Lev veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BHD"BHD - Bahraini Dinar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BIF"BIF - Burundi Franc veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BMD"BMD - Bermudian Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BND"BND - Brunei Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BOB"BOB - Boliviano veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BRL"BRL - Brazilian Real veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BSD"BSD - Bahamian Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BTN"BTN - Ngultrum veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BWP"BWP - Pula veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BYR"BYR - Belarussian Ruble veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="BZD"BZD - Belize Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CAD"CAD - Canadian Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CDF"CDF - Congolese Franc veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CHF"CHF - Swiss Franc veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CLP"CLP - Chilean Peso veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CNY"CNY - Yuan Renminbi veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="COP"COP - Colombian Peso veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CRC"CRC - Costa Rican Colon veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CUC"CUC - Peso Convertible veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CUP"CUP - Cuban Peso veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CVE"CVE - Cape Verde Escudo veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="CZK"CZK - Czech Koruna veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="DJF"DJF - Djibouti Franc veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="DKK"DKK - Danish Krone veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="DOP"DOP - Dominican Peso veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="DZD"DZD - Algerian Dinar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="EGP"EGP - Egyptian Pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ERN"ERN - Nakfa veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ETB"ETB - Ethiopian Birr veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="EUR"EUR - Euro veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="FJD"FJD - Fiji Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="FKP"FKP - Falkland Islands Pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="GBP"GBP - Pound Sterling veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="GEL"GEL - Lari veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="GGP"GGP - Guernsey pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="GHS"GHS - Ghana Cedi veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="GIP"GIP - Gibraltar Pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="GMD"GMD - Dalasi veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="GNF"GNF - Guinea Franc veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="GTQ"GTQ - Quetzal veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="GYD"GYD - Guyana Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="HKD"HKD - Hong Kong Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="HNL"HNL - Lempira veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="HRK"HRK - Croatian Kuna veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="HTG"HTG - Gourde veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="HUF"HUF - Forint veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="IDR"IDR - Rupiah veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ILS"ILS - New Israeli Sheqel veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="IMP"IMP - Isle of Man Pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="INR"INR - Indian Rupee veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="IQD"IQD - Iraqi Dinar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="IRR"IRR - Iranian Rial veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ISK"ISK - Iceland Krona veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="JEP"JEP - Jersey pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="JMD"JMD - Jamaican Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="JOD"JOD - Jordanian Dinar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="JPY"JPY - Yen veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="KES"KES - Kenyan Shilling veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="KGS"KGS - Som veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="KHR"KHR - Riel veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="KMF"KMF - Comoro Franc veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="KPW"KPW - North Korean Won veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="KRW"KRW - South Korean Won veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="KWD"KWD - Kuwaiti Dinar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="KYD"KYD - Cayman Islands Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="KZT"KZT - Tenge veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="LAK"LAK - Kip veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="LBP"LBP - Lebanese Pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="LKR"LKR - Sri Lanka Rupee veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="LRD"LRD - Liberian Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="LSL"LSL - Loti veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="LTL"LTL - Lithuanian Litas veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="LVL"LVL - Latvian Lats veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="LYD"LYD - Libyan Dinar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MAD"MAD - Moroccan Dirham veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MDL"MDL - Moldovan Leu veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MGA"MGA - Malagasy Ariary veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MKD"MKD - Denar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MMK"MMK - Kyat veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MNT"MNT - Tugrik veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MOP"MOP - Pataca veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MRO"MRO - Ouguiya veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MUR"MUR - Mauritius Rupee veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MVR"MVR - Rufiyaa veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MWK"MWK - Kwacha veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MXN"MXN - Mexican Peso veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MYR"MYR - Malaysian Ringgit veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="MZN"MZN - Mozambique Metical veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="NAD"NAD - Namibia Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="NGN"NGN - Naira veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="NIO"NIO - Cordoba Oro veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="NOK"NOK - Norwegian Krone veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="NPR"NPR - Nepalese Rupee veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="NZD"NZD - New Zealand Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="OMR"OMR - Rial Omani veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="PAB"PAB - Balboa veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="PEN"PEN - Nuevo Sol veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="PGK"PGK - Kina veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="PHP"PHP - Philippine Peso veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="PKR"PKR - Pakistan Rupee veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="PLN"PLN - Zloty veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="PYG"PYG - Guarani veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="QAR"QAR - Qatari Rial veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="RON"RON - New Romanian Leu veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="RSD"RSD - Serbian Dinar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="RUB"RUB - Russian Ruble veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="RWF"RWF - Rwanda Franc veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SAR"SAR - Saudi Riyal veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SBD"SBD - Solomon Islands Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SCR"SCR - Seychelles Rupee veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SDG"SDG - Sudanese Pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SEK"SEK - Swedish Krona veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SGD"SGD - Singapore Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SHP"SHP - Saint Helena Pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SLL"SLL - Leone veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SOS"SOS - Somali Shilling veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SPL"SPL - Seborga Luigino veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SRD"SRD - Surinam Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="STD"STD - Dobra veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SVC"SVC - El Salvador Colon veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SYP"SYP - Syrian Pound veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="SZL"SZL - Lilangeni veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="THB"THB - Baht veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="TJS"TJS - Somoni veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="TMT"TMT - Turkmenistan New Manat veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="TND"TND - Tunisian Dinar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="TOP"TOP - Paanga veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="TRY"TRY - Turkish Lira veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="TTD"TTD - Trinidad and Tobago Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="TVD"TVD - Tuvalu Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="TWD"TWD - New Taiwan Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="TZS"TZS - Tanzanian Shilling veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="UAH"UAH - Hryvnia veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="UGX"UGX - Uganda Shilling veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="USD"USD - US Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="UYU"UYU - Peso Uruguayo veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="UZS"UZS - Uzbekistan Sum veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="VEF"VEF - Bolivar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="VND"VND - Dong veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="VUV"VUV - Vatu veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="WST"WST - Tala veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="XAF"XAF - CFA Franc BEAC veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="XCD"XCD - East Caribbean Dollar veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="XDR"XDR - SDR (Special Drawing Right) veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="XOF"XOF - CFA Franc BCEAO veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="XPF"XPF - CFP Franc veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="YER"YER - Yemeni Rial veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ZAR"ZAR - South African Rand veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ZMK"ZMK - Zambian Kwacha veris:victim:revenue:iso_currency_code="ZWD"ZWD - Zimbabwean Dollar A/06 attribute:availability:duration:unitveris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="Days"Days veris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="Hours"Hours veris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="Minutes"Minutes veris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="Months"Months veris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="NA"NA veris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="Never"Never veris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="Seconds"Seconds veris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="Unknown"Unknown veris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="Weeks"Weeks veris:attribute:availability:duration:unit="Years"Years attribute:confidentiality:data:varietyveris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Bank"Bank account data veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Classified"Classified information veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Copyrighted"Copyrighted material veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Credentials"Authentication credentials (e.g., pwds, OTPs, biometrics) veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Digital certificate"Digital certificate veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Internal"Sensitive internal data (e.g., plans, reports, emails) veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Medical"Medical records veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Other"Other veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Payment"Payment card data (e.g., PAN, PIN, CVV2, Expiration) veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Personal"Personal or identifying information (e.g., addr, ID#, credit score) veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Secrets"Trade secrets veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Source code"Source code veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="System"System information (e.g., config info, open services) veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Unknown"Unknown veris:attribute:confidentiality:data:variety="Virtual currency"Virtual currency vmray
VMRay taxonomies to map VMRay Thread Identifier scores and artifacts. verdictvmray:verdict="malicious"Malicious vmray:verdict="suspicious"Suspicious vmray:verdict="clean"Clean vmray:verdict="n/a"N/A vti_analysis_scorevmray:vti_analysis_score="-1/5"-1/5 vmray:vti_analysis_score="1/5"1/5 vmray:vti_analysis_score="2/5"2/5 vmray:vti_analysis_score="3/5"3/5 vmray:vti_analysis_score="4/5"4/5 vmray:vti_analysis_score="5/5"5/5 artifactvmray:artifact="ioc"is IOC vocabulaire-des-probabilites-estimatives
Ce vocabulaire attribue des valeurs en pourcentage à certains énoncés de probabilité
degré-de-probabilitéLe tableau suivant attribue des valeurs en pourcentage à certains énoncés de probabilité. Les pourcentages sont tirés de louvrage de Sherman Kent intitulé « Words of Estimative Probability » publié par le Centre for the Study of Intelligence de la CIA en 1964. 0% exprime une impossibilité et 100% exprime une certitude. vocabulaire-des-probabilites-estimatives:degré-de-probabilité="presque-aucune-chance"Presque aucune chance - Quasi impossible Presque impossible Minces chances Très douteux Très peu probable Très improbable Improbable Peu de chances - 7 % (marge derreur denviron 5 %) Associated numerical value="7" vocabulaire-des-probabilites-estimatives:degré-de-probabilité="probablement-pas"Probablement pas - Invraisemblable Peu probable - 30 % (marge derreur denviron 10 %) Associated numerical value="30" vocabulaire-des-probabilites-estimatives:degré-de-probabilité="chances-à-peu-près-egales"Chances à peu près égales - une chance sur deux - 50% (marge derreur denviron 10 %) Associated numerical value="50" vocabulaire-des-probabilites-estimatives:degré-de-probabilité="probable"Probable - Vraisemblable Probable - 75 % (marge derreur denviron 12 %) Associated numerical value="75" vocabulaire-des-probabilites-estimatives:degré-de-probabilité="quasi-certaine"Quasi certaine - Certain Presque certain Très probable - 93% (marge derreur denviron 6 %) Associated numerical value="93" workflow
Workflow support language is a common language to support intelligence analysts to perform their analysis on data and information. todoTodo are the actions to be performed by one or more analyst(s) to apply cognitive methods, evaluation(s), weightening information, to validate hypothesis or complete additional tasks to improve the overall information or data being tagged with a todo. workflow:todo="expansion"Expansion need to be applied to expand the information tagged workflow:todo="review"Additional review is required to reach a certain level of validation of the information tagged workflow:todo="review-for-privacy"Additional review is required to ensure privacy of the information tagged workflow:todo="review-before-publication"Review is required before publishing the information tagged workflow:todo="release-requested"Release of the information tagged is requested (often after the review process workflow:todo="review-for-false-positive"Review the the information tagged to limit the number of false-positives and potentially remove any IDS/automation flag to avoid automation of the false-positives workflow:todo="review-the-source-credibility"Review the source credibility and add the corresponding marking like admiralty-scale on the origin workflow:todo="add-missing-misp-galaxy-cluster-values"Add potential MISP galaxy cluster values missing about the information tagged workflow:todo="create-missing-misp-galaxy-cluster"Create missing MISP galaxy cluster about the information tagged workflow:todo="create-missing-misp-galaxy-cluster-relationship"create missing MISP galaxy cluster relationships (e.g. relationships between MISP clusters) workflow:todo="create-missing-misp-galaxy"Create missing MISP galaxy at large about the information tagged (e.g. a new category of malware or activity) workflow:todo="create-missing-relationship"Create missing relationship about the information tagged (e.g. create new relationship between MISP objects) workflow:todo="add-context"Add contextual information about the information tagged workflow:todo="add-tagging"Add adequate tagging and classification about the information tagged workflow:todo="check-passive-dns-for-shared-hosting"Check Passive DNS (or similar techniques) to review if the information tagged is used within shared hosting workflow:todo="review-classification"Review the classification of the information tagged to ensure adequate marking of the information before publication workflow:todo="review-the-grammar"Review the grammar of the information tagged to improve the overall quality workflow:todo="do-not-delete"Element that should not be deleted (without asking) workflow:todo="add-mitre-attack-cluster"Describe cyber adversary behavior using MITRE ATT&CK workflow:todo="additional-task"Used to point an additional task that can not be describe by the rest of the taxonomy and need to be done workflow:todo="create-event"A new MISP event need to be created from the tag reference workflow:todo="preserve-evidence"Preseve evidence mentioned in the information tagged stateState are the different states of the information or data being tagged.
workflow:state="incomplete"Incomplete means that the information tagged is incomplete and has potential to be completed by other analysts, technical processes or the current analysts performing the analysis. workflow:state="complete"Complete means that the information tagged reach a state of completeness with the current capabilities of the analyst. workflow:state="draft"Draft means the information tagged can be released as a preliminary version or outline. workflow:state="ongoing"Analyst is currently working on this analysis. To remove when there is no more work to be done by the analyst. workflow:state="rejected"Analyst rejected the process. The object will not reach state of completeness. Mapping of taxonomiesAnalysts relying on taxonomies dont always know the appropriate namespace to use but know which value to use for classification. The MISP mapping taxonomy allows to map a single classification into a series of machine-tag synonyms.
Last updated 2021-12-26 13:58:44 +0100 |