Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned response acts as an unconditioned response.

Classical Conditioning began as a study in digestion where Pavlov used dogs as subjects to investigate the interaction between salivation and the action of the stomach. He found that without salivation the stomach was not active. If food was produced the dogs would salivate. However, he began to notice that some of the dogs in his lab began to salivate before they were fed. He saw, too, that this occurred only in dogs that had been in the lab for some time (Lefrancois, 1995). A set of diagrams illustrate classical conditioning below

Unconditioned stimulus

The dog salivates when it sees steak (unconditioned response).

With this finding, Pavlov wanted to see if external stimuli could affect his process. He began by ringing a bell at the same time that he fed the dogs.

After a while the dogs who before only salivated when they saw or ate food, began to salivate when the bell was rung, even without food present.

Pavlov called this a conditioned reflex as it was different to an innate reflex such as pulling a hand away from a flame, as it has to be learned. He called this learning process 'Classical Conditioning' http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhpavl.html

The term used to describe the conditioning of actions involving glands or involuntary muscles is interoceptive conditioning (Lefrancois, 1995).

Pavlov's conditioned reflex experiments played a role in the development of behaviourist theory introduced by John Watson around 1913.

Higher Order Conditioning

Higher-Order Conditioning is a type of conditioning emphasized by Ivan Pavlov. It involves the modification of reaction to a neutral stimulus associated with a conditioned stimulus that was formerly neutral. An example of higher-order conditioning is outlined in the diagrams below .

When a random object is introduced when the bell is rung, the dogs continued to salivate.

When the bell was taken away, and the new random object was used instead, the dogs continued to salivate. This indicates that the stimulus can be changed and that salivation will still occur.

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What happens to the neutral stimulus in higher-order conditioning?

Possible Answers:

It becomes the new CR

It becomes the old NS

It becomes the new UR

It becomes the new CS

It becomes the new US

Correct answer:

It becomes the new CS

Explanation:

Higher-order conditioning, also known as second-order conditioning, in classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus becomes linked to a conditioned stimulus. All that's required for this process is for the neutral stimulus to become associated with a prior conditioned stimulus. For instance, in terms of Pavlov's experiment, if a tone triggers salivation, then a flashing light that becomes associated with the tone will trigger salivation. However, second-order conditioning is weaker than first-order.

What happens in classical conditioning when the CS occurs repeatedly without the US?

Possible Answers:

Higher-order conditioning 

Respondent behavior 

Spontaneous recovery 

Acquisition 

Extinction 

Correct answer:

Extinction 

Explanation:

In classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly administered without the unconditioned stimulus following, the conditioned response will diminish. For example, with regards to Pavlov's experiment, the tone would be played but the food would not arrive. Over time this causes a diminishing of the dogs salivating. This is known as extinction. 

Acquisition would be an incorrect choice as it is the initial step in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus and the respondent behavior. Respondent behavior is the automatic behavior triggered by some stimulus. An example of this would be salivation with the sight of food, where salivation is the response and the food is the stimulus. 

Higher-order conditioning, also known as second-order conditioning, would also be incorrect because it is the process of a neutral stimulus associating with a previously conditioned stimulus. For example, a strobing light associated with the previously conditioned stimulus (tone) would yield salivation. 

Spontaneous recovery would be an incorrect choice because it refers to the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response. This would occur in the case of a CR being suppressed rather than completely eliminated. 

Which psychologist is famous for his experiments that involve dogs salivating in response to a bell?

Possible Answers:

B.F. Skinner

Edward Thorndike

Ivan Pavlov

John Watson

Sigmund Freud

Correct answer:

Ivan Pavlov

Explanation:

Ivan Pavlov is one of the earliest psychologists known for classical conditioning and is particularly famous for his experiments in which he got dogs to associate food with sounds, leading them to salivate when there was a bell even when there was not food present. 

John Watson was a classical conditioning psychologist who is most famous for his "Little Albert" experiment in which he trained a young boy to be afraid of a rat (or anything like looked like a white rat) because he made an unpleasant noise while presenting the rat. This research indicated that humans too could be classically conditioned.

Edward Thorndike came up with the law of effect, which states that positive consequences increase the likelihood that an action will be repeated and negative consequences decrease the likelihood that it will.

B.F. Skinner based his research off of Thorndike's law of effect and is considered to be the founder of operant conditioning (the type of learning in which the effects of an action determine whether it will be repeated in the future). He is most famous for Skinner's box-- a box in which he placed animals to conduct operant conditioning experiments.  

Sigmund Freud is not a psychologist associated with conditioning at all. Instead, he came up with psychodynamic theories that explained people's actions in terms of conflicts in their unconscious.

Which psychologist is famous for his "Little Albert" experiment?

Possible Answers:

Ivan Pavlov

B.F. Skinner

Freud

John Watson

Edward Thorndike

Correct answer:

John Watson

Explanation:

John Watson was a classical conditioning psychologist who is most famous for his "Little Albert" experiment in which he trained a young boy to be afraid of a rat (or anything like looked like a white rat) because he made an unpleasant noise while presenting the rat. This research indicated that humans too could be classically conditioned.

Ivan Pavlov is one of the earliest psychologists known for classical conditioning and is particularly famous for his experiments in which he got dogs to associate food with sounds, leading them to salivate when there was a bell even when there was not food present. 

Edward Thorndike came up with the law of effect, which states that positive consequences increase the likelihood that an action will be repeated and negative consequences decrease the likelihood that it will.

B.F. Skinner based his research off of Thorndike's law of effect and is considered to be the founder of operant conditioning (the type of learning in which the effects of an action determine whether it will be repeated in the future). He is most famous for Skinner's box-- a box in which he placed animals to conduct operant conditioning experiments.  

Sigmund Freud is not a psychologist associated with conditioning at all. Instead, he came up with psychodynamic theories that explained people's actions in terms of conflicts in their unconscious. 

If someone is classically conditioned to be afraid of violins and they are afraid when they see a cello. Of what concept is this an example?

Possible Answers:

Generalization

Extinction

Discrimination

Spontaneous recovery

Acquisition 

Correct answer:

Generalization

Explanation:

Generalization occurs when the conditioned response (fear) occurs even when the conditioned stimulus (cello) is slightly different from the original CS (violin). 

Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli.

Extinction is the cessation of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. 

Spontaneous recovery is the comeback of a conditioned response after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is presented again.

Acquisition is the learning period of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are being presented together.

If someone is classically conditioned to be afraid of violins and they do not fear string basses. Of what concept is this an example?

Possible Answers:

Generalization

Spontaneous recovery

Discrimination

Acquistion

Extinction

Correct answer:

Discrimination

Explanation:

Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli (violins and basses). 

Generalization occurs when the conditioned response occurs even when the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original CS. 

Extinction is the cessation of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. 

Spontaneous recovery is the comeback of a conditioned response after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is presented again.

Acquisition is the learning period of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are being presented together.

Suzie is classically conditioned to be afraid of violins because every time they are presented, they are followed by a loud, unpleasant noise. Then, a violin is presented ten times without the noise and she stops showing a fearful respoinse. Of what concept is this an example?

Possible Answers:

Acquistion

Spontaneous recovery

Extinction

Discrimination

Generalization

Correct answer:

Extinction

Explanation:

Extinction is the cessation of the conditioned response (fear) when the unconditioned stimulus (noise) is no longer presented. 

Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli. 

Generalization occurs when the conditioned response occurs even when the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original CS. 

Spontaneous recovery is the comeback of a conditioned response after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is presented again.

Acquisition is the learning period of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are being presented together.

Suzie is classically conditioned to be afraid of violins because every time they are presented, they are followed by a loud, unpleasant noise. Then, a violin is presented ten times without the noise and she stops showing a fearful respoinse. If the violin is presented with the noise again and she begins to show fear again. Of what concept is this an example?

Possible Answers:

Acquisition

Extinction

Discrimination

Spontaneous recovery

Generalization

Correct answer:

Spontaneous recovery

Explanation:

Spontaneous recovery is the comeback of a conditioned response (fear) after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus (noise) is presented again.

Extinction is the cessation of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. 

Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli. 

Generalization occurs when the conditioned response occurs even when the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original CS. 

Acquisition is the learning period of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are being presented together.

Suzie is classically conditioned to be afraid of violins because every time they are presented, they are followed by a loud, unpleasant noise. Of what concept is this an example?

Possible Answers:

Spontaneous recovery

Extinction

Acquisition

Discrimination

Generalization

Correct answer:

Acquisition

Explanation:

Acquisition is the learning period of a conditioned response (fear) when the unconditioned stimulus (noise) and the conditioned stimulus (violin) are being presented together.

Spontaneous recovery is the comeback of a conditioned response after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is presented again.

Extinction is the cessation of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. 

Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli. 

Generalization occurs when the conditioned response occurs even when the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original CS. 

Suzie is classically conditioned to be afraid of violins because every time they are presented, they are followed by a loud, unpleasant noise. Violins are then presented with pictures of cats until Suzie is afraid of cats as well. Of what concept is this an example?

Possible Answers:

Discrimination

Generalization

Extinction

Second-order conditioning

Spontaneous recovery

Correct answer:

Second-order conditioning

Explanation:

Second-order conditioning is when the conditioned stimulus from a previous round of conditioning (violin) becomes the unconditioned stimulus for a new round.

Spontaneous recovery is the return or reoccurrence of a conditioned response after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is presented again.

Extinction is the cessation of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. 

Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli. 

Generalization occurs when the conditioned response occurs even when the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original CS.

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