Crime survey for england and wales là gì năm 2024

https://homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk/2023/06/13/overview-of-crime-statistics-the-crime-survey-for-england-and-wales-and-police-recorded-crime-2/

About

This factsheet presents a summary of crime statistics in the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) and police recorded crime which are used together in the new Digital Crime and Performance Pack tool created to develop a more complete picture of crime.

Key data sources: Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW)

The CSEW interviews around 35,000 individuals(16+) living in households across England and Wales – provides detailed information about the general public’s experience and perception of crime

Strengths

• Better reflection of true extent of crime (includes crimes not reported to police)
• Better indication of trends in crime (methodology has remained predominantly the same since 1982)
• Data not affected by changes in levels of reporting to police or police practice
• Best source for overall crime (and high volume crimes) experienced by the general population

Limitations

• A sample survey and not 100% count. Estimates subject to a margin of error
• Limited use for sub-national analysis due to smaller sample sizes at this level
• Does not cover commercial crime or crimes against victims not part of household population
• Main crime estimates do not include sexual offences, stalking and harassment but survey does provide estimates of number of victims for these offences

Key data sources: police recorded crime

Police recorded crime data are supplied to the Home Office in an aggregated return for each notifiable offence (43 territorial police forces of England and Wales, plus the British Transport Police) – providing a good measure of police activity (e.g. what is reported to them)

Strengths

• Wider coverage than the CSEW; covers all offences and total population, as well as crimes against businesses
• Provides a good measure of offences that are well-reported and well-recorded by the police
• Better source for some low volume crime, such as homicide and knife enabled crime (special collections), that are not covered by the CSEW
• Provides a measure of crime at police force area and community safety partnership level

Limitations

• Only contains crimes reported to the police and is influenced by public reporting of crime
• Trends can be influenced by changes in recording practices (e.g., violent crime)
• Trends can also be influenced by changes in police activity (e.g., drug possession offences)

Further information: User guide to crime statistics for England and Wales: March 2020 - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)

Analysis by Vomfell and Stewart (2021) suggests that the disproportionate use of stop and search on members of ethnic minority groups is the result of 2 different factors: the ethnic composition of crime suspects that officers interact with, and the ethnic composition of the areas they patrol.

Home Office analysis shows that many of the disparities in the relative rates of stop and search for ethnic groups have fallen. These decreases can be seen when comparing the disparities in the rates of stop and search for ethnic groups, relative to the white group, using the 2021 Census population rates. Nonetheless, these decreases have not removed these disparities, nor have they been consistent across different police force areas.

2. Things you need to know

What the data measures

The data shows:

• the number of stop and searches for different ethnic groups in England and Wales
• how many stop and searches there were for every 1,000 people in each ethnic group (the ‘rate’)

Stop and search rates are rounded to 1 decimal place. Unrounded data was used to work out stop and search rates and differences between ethnic groups

Not included in the data

The data does not include vehicle searches because ethnicity information is not collected during these searches.

The ethnic groups used in the data

The data for the 2 years ending 31 March 2022 uses the 19 ethnic groups from the 2021 Census.

The data for:

• the year ending March 2020 uses the 18 ethnic groups from the 2011 Census
• the 11 years ending March 2019 uses the 16 ethnic groups from the 2001 Census

If someone does not give their ethnicity, it is recorded as ‘unreported’. Stop and searches with unreported ethnicity are included in the rate for ‘All’ ethnic groups.

In the 12 years to March 2022, the percentage of stop and searches with unreported ethnicity went up from 5% to 20%.

Methodology

Read the detailed methodology document for this data.

Someone who is stopped and searched is usually asked for their ethnicity. The circumstances of a stop and search may affect the accuracy of this information.

This can be seen by the high rate of stop and searches for the ‘other’ categories within most ethnic groups. For example, 47% of stop and searches of black people in the year ending March 2022 were assigned to the ‘black other’ ethnic group. The percentage for the ‘Asian other’ ethnic group is similarly high (41%).

Data for the last 2 years is not comparable with previous years due to the different ethnic group categories used. This means the time series data shown here only includes the years from April 2020 to March 2022.

for data from April 2006 to March 2020.

Data for Greater Manchester Police Force for the period of April 2019 to March 2020 is incomplete, and totals for this period should be interpreted with caution.

Stop and searches are not spread evenly across England and Wales. For example, the Metropolitan Police made 74% of all stop and searches of black people in the year ending March 2022. National rates are influenced by the higher number of incidents involving certain ethnic groups in certain police force areas.

National rates are an average of all police force areas and may not reflect the rates in any individual police force areas.

You can read more about interpreting stop and search statistics, including why we no longer compare ethnic groups using relative likelihoods (such as ‘5 times as likely’) for England and Wales as a whole.

How stop and search rates are calculated

The overall rate of stop and search is calculated by taking the number of people stopped and searched from a particular ethnic group out of every 1,000 people from the same group.

The regional proportional rate of stop and search is calculated by taking the number of people stopped and searched from a particular ethnic group out of the total number of stops and searches for a given area.

Population data from the 2011 Census is used to work out the rate per 1,000 people in each area up to the year ending March 2020. Population data from the 2021 Census is used to work out the rate in each area after that. Read more about the problems using Census data.

3. By ethnicity

Stop and search rate per 1,000 people, and number of stop and search incidents, by ethnicity Ethnicity Rate of stop and search Number of stop and searches All 8.7 516,684 Asian 8.9 48,929 Bangladeshi 11.5 7,417 Chinese 1.1 468 Indian 3.1 5,814 Pakistani 9.5 15,098 Asian Other 20.7 20,132 Black 27.2 65,502 Black African 13.7 20,404 Black Caribbean 23.0 14,339 Black Other 103.3 30,759 Mixed 9.4 16,207 Mixed White and Asian 3.7 1,817 Mixed White and Black African 6.9 1,714 Mixed White and Black Caribbean 10.1 5,176 Mixed Other 16.1 7,500 White 5.6 274,287 White British 5.2 232,287 Gypsy or Irish Traveller 9.1 619 White Irish 7.2 3,674 RomaN/A* 0 White Other 10.3 37,707 Other 6.8 8,538 Arab 1.5 501 Any Other Ethnic Background 8.7 8,037 UnknownN/A* 103,221

Download table data for ‘By ethnicity’ (CSV) Source data for ‘By ethnicity’ (CSV)

Summary of Stop and search By ethnicity Summary

The data shows that, in the year ending March 2022:

• there were 516,684 stop and searches in England and Wales, at a rate of 8.7 for every 1,000 people
• the ethnicity was not known for 103,221 (20.0%) of stop and searches
• there were 27.2 stop and searches for every 1,000 black people, compared with 5.6 for every 1,000 white people
• there were 9.4 stop and searches for every 1,000 people with mixed ethnicity, and 8.9 for every 1,000 Asian people
• the black Caribbean, ‘black other’ and ‘Asian other’ ethnic groups had the highest rates of stop and search out of all 19 individual ethnic groups
• the ‘black other’ ethnic group had the highest rate overall with 103 stop and searches per 1,000 people – this group includes people who did not identify as black African or black Caribbean, or were not recorded as such

4. By ethnicity over time

Stop and search rate per 1,000 people, by ethnicity over time (April 2020 to March 2022) 2020/21 2021/22 Ethnicity2020/21 Rate of stop and search2020/21 Number2021/22 Rate of stop and search2021/22 Number All 11.7 697,210 8.7 516,684 Asian 13.6 74,976 8.9 48,929 Bangladeshi 19.4 12,520 11.5 7,417 Chinese 1.5 647 1.1 468 Indian 4.6 8,502 3.1 5,814 Pakistani 13.7 21,678 9.5 15,098 Any Other Asian Background 32.5 31,629 20.7 20,132 Black 40.7 97,990 27.2 65,502 Black African 21.8 32,478 13.7 20,404 Black Caribbean 34.0 21,203 23.0 14,339 Any Other Black Background 148.8 44,309 103.3 30,759 Mixed 12.5 21,412 9.4 16,207 Mixed White and Asian 4.7 2,293 3.7 1,817 Mixed White and Black African 9.2 2,302 6.9 1,714 Mixed White and Black Caribbean 13.2 6,774 10.1 5,176 Any Other Mixed/Multiple Ethnic Background 21.5 10,043 16.1 7,500 White 7.4 359,273 5.6 274,287 White British 6.8 299,679 5.2 232,287 Gypsy or Irish Traveller 8.9 604 9.1 619 White Irish 8.8 4,441 7.2 3,674 Roma 0.0 0 0.0 0 Any Other White Background 14.9 54,549 10.3 37,707 Other 9.1 11,473 6.8 8,538 Arab 1.3 426 1.5 501 Any Other Ethnic Background 12.0 11,047 8.7 8,037 UnknownN/A* 132,086N/A* 103,221

Download table data for ‘By ethnicity over time’ (CSV) Source data for ‘By ethnicity over time’ (CSV)

Summary of Stop and search By ethnicity over time Summary

This data only includes the 2 years between April 2020 and March 2022. This is because different ethnic group categories were used to collect the data, meaning data is not comparable with previous years, and Census 2021 populations were used to calculate the rates.

The data shows that, in the 2 years ending March 2022:

• the stop and search rate in England and Wales went down from 11.7 to 8.7 stop and searches for every 1,000 people
• the stop and search rate went down in every ethnic group except the Arab and white Gypsy or Irish traveller groups where they went up
• the rate for white people was lower than the national rate in both years
• the rates for the Asian, black, and mixed ethnic groups were higher than the national rate in both years
• the Chinese and Arab ethnic groups had the lowest rates out of all 19 ethnic groups in both years, and the ‘black other’ group had the highest rates
• there were no recorded cases of stop and search for individuals from the Roma ethnic group. This does not necessarily mean that there were no searches amongst this community in these years, rather there were no stops and searches where Roma was recorded as the ethnic group.

5. By ethnicity and area

Stop and search rate per 1,000 people, by ethnicity and area Police force area All Asian Black Mixed White Other Rate per 1,000 Rate per 1,000 Rate per 1,000 Rate per 1,000 Rate per 1,000 Rate per 1,000 All - including BTP 8.7 8.9 27.2 9.4 5.6 6.8 Bedfordshire 5.0 5.8 10.9 4.7 3.3 3.5 British Transport PoliceN/A* N/A* N/A* N/A* N/A* N/A* Cambridgeshire 2.8 2.8 7.9 3.0 2.1 3.4 Cheshire 5.5 1.7 14.2 5.9 4.5 4.7 Cleveland 10.3 7.7 14.0 11.1 8.3 12.7 Cumbria 4.4 11.0 24.3 5.7 4.0 9.9 Derbyshire 1.6 3.0 4.1 3.3 1.1 1.6 Dorset 2.7 2.0 25.2 4.7 2.2 2.2 Durham 3.4 2.3 7.8 2.3 3.3 3.3 Dyfed-Powys 4.8 3.9 14.8 5.1 4.4 0.0 Essex 9.6 7.0 16.5 8.2 7.2 7.4 Gloucestershire 2.9 2.1 9.5 5.9 2.5 0.7 Greater Manchester 3.3 2.9 6.0 2.8 2.5 1.7 Gwent 3.1 4.0 13.3 4.0 2.6 3.4 Hampshire 4.9 3.0 18.1 7.0 3.9 4.8 Hertfordshire 5.9 4.3 14.8 5.9 4.5 5.1 Humberside 6.0 7.2 17.7 7.4 5.1 3.5 Kent 6.5 4.1 13.1 8.7 5.0 10.0 Lancashire 6.5 6.9 16.3 6.1 5.3 3.2 Leicestershire 5.0 3.0 12.8 6.0 3.8 2.3 Lincolnshire 3.6 2.8 14.7 3.5 3.2 6.4 London, City of 306.6N/A* N/A* N/A* N/A* N/A* Merseyside 31.9 9.0 32.9 19.9 29.0 21.8 Metropolitan Police 23.8 14.1 40.5 14.3 14.0 10.2 Norfolk 5.8 3.4 20.1 8.4 5.0 9.6 North Wales 6.1 3.9 9.5 4.0 5.7 6.4 North Yorkshire 2.3 7.0 7.9 3.5 1.9 2.9 Northamptonshire 3.9 3.6 10.0 6.6 3.1 2.2 Northumbria 2.9 2.7 4.8 2.1 2.9 0.5 Nottinghamshire 3.8 2.8 7.8 4.6 2.6 2.6 South Wales 7.5 6.2 20.0 8.7 6.8 8.0 South Yorkshire 8.1 9.6 15.7 6.7 6.2 3.9 Staffordshire 3.9 5.7 9.7 6.7 3.2 2.7 Suffolk 5.5 3.8 26.7 6.1 4.4 12.1 Surrey 4.1 3.6 13.9 3.6 3.3 3.3 Sussex 3.6 2.9 20.0 3.3 3.0 4.2 Thames Valley 5.5 5.1 10.9 6.7 3.6 1.8 Warwickshire 2.9 3.2 16.3 5.1 2.3 3.0 West Mercia 3.3 7.5 16.3 3.5 2.6 3.2 West Midlands 8.1 10.2 15.0 15.8 5.2 0.2 West Yorkshire 6.7 11.1 10.7 10.5 4.6 3.6 Wiltshire 2.3 1.3 7.4 2.6 1.8 0.6

Download table data for ‘By ethnicity and area’ (CSV) Source data for ‘By ethnicity and area’ (CSV)

Summary of Stop and search By ethnicity and area Summary

The data shows that, in the year ending March 2022:

• the Metropolitan Police in London made 40% of all stop and searches in England and Wales
• there were 23.8 stop and searches for every 1,000 people in London, compared with 6.1 for every 1,000 people in the rest of England and Wales
• there were 40.5 stop and searches for every 1,000 black people in London, compared with 14.2 per 1,000 black people in the rest of England and Wales
• Derbyshire had the lowest overall rate, at 1.6 stop and searches for every 1,000 people
• London had the highest stop and search rates for the Asian and black ethnic groups
• Merseyside had the highest rates for the white, ‘other’ and mixed ethnic groups
• in Dorset, the stop and search rate for black people was 11.5 times higher than for white people – the biggest difference between white people and another ethnic group out of all police force areas
• in Sussex and Warwickshire, the stop and search rate for black people was around 7 times higher than for white people, whereas in London the rate for black people was around 3 times higher
• in North Yorkshire, the rate for Asian people was over 3.7 times higher than for white people
• the rate for people with mixed ethnicity was about 3 times the rate for white people in both Derbyshire and the West Midlands

6. By ethnicity and legislation

Numbers of stop and searches, by legislation and ethnicity All Section 1 Section 60 EthnicityAll % of searches under this legislationAll Number of searchesSection 1 % of searches under this legislationSection 1 Number of searchesSection 60 % of searches under this legislationSection 60 Number of searches All 100.0 413,463 100.0 410,300 100.0 3,163 Asian 11.8 48,929 11.8 48,325 19.1 604 Black 15.8 65,502 15.8 64,707 25.1 795 Mixed 3.9 16,207 3.9 16,027 5.7 180 White 66.3 274,287 66.5 272,792 47.3 1,495 Other 2.1 8,538 2.1 8,449 2.8 89 UnknownN/A* 103,221N/A* 102,081N/A* 1,140

Download table data for ‘By ethnicity and legislation’ (CSV) Source data for ‘By ethnicity and legislation’ (CSV)

Summary of Stop and search By ethnicity and legislation Summary

This data covers stop and search under the following 3 pieces of legislation:

• section 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (‘PACE’), and associated legislation including section 23 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 – the police can stop and search someone they think is carrying items like stolen property or drugs
• section 44/47A of the Terrorism Act 2000 – the police can stop and search someone if they suspect an act of terrorism is about to take place
• section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 – the police can stop and search someone within an authorised area to prevent violence involving weapons

The data shows that, between April 2021 and March 2022:

• 99% of all stop and searches in England and Wales were under PACE section 1
• 1% of stop and searches were under section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act
• no stop and searches were conducted under section 44/47A of the Terrorism Act, so data is not included in the chart and table
• there were 3,163 stop and searches under section 60 where ethnicity details were known – 1,495 of these involved white people (47.3%), 795 involved black people (25.1%)
• a further 1,140 section 60 stop and searches involved people with unknown ethnicity

7. Data sources

Source

Police powers and procedures: England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2022.

Type of data

Administrative data

Type of statistic

National Statistics

Publisher

Home Office

Publication frequency

Yearly

Purpose of data source

Figures on arrests and stop and search reported to the Home Office are used to create greater transparency in the use of police powers in England and Wales. They enhance accountability by enabling the public to monitor police forces at a national and local level.

The data is used to form a national picture of the trends in arrests and stop and search. It informs discussions about crime, policing and criminal justice in government and academia, and ensures the public are accurately informed.