Abstract Communicating successfully means to pass on meaningful messages to the listeners. In order to achieve a successful level of communication in situations, where learners face problems when there is a mismatch between their communication goals and their linguistic resources, they tend to use devices to improve their level of communication; these devices are called Communication Strategies. This paper reviews and discusses the theoretical background of the study of Communication strategies in language learning. The first part of the paper presents the most common definitions of the Communication Strategies. The second part attempts to explain the relationship between Communicative Competence and Communication Strategies. The third part describes the types, taxonomies and the origins of the Communication Strategies. The final part sheds the light on a number of empirical studies related to types of Communication Strategies and the relationship between linguistic proficiency and Communication Strategies choice in the learner's first language and his/her second language.
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Review of Related Literature and Studies
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Foreign Literature
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter provides the foreign and local literature and studies inrelevance to the enhancement of the communication skills of the learnersthrough seminar workshop.
Foreign Literature
According to Seiler & Beall [2010], communication is defined as sharingand giving meaning occurring at the same time through symbolic interactions.Masri [2011] said that communication starts when a message or information istransferred from the sender which is the speaker or writer to the receiverthrough an instrument or channel, and followed by the receiver giving feedback through coding and interpreting the information. Additionally, elements of communication include person-giving information, the information and feedback by the receiver and repetition of these processes that creates knowledgedevelopment. It is said to be more effective, if the receiver of the informationcan understand and practice the core skills. Furthermore, communication will bemore meaningful, if the physical and social factors are taken into account duringthe communication process. A positive communication environment provides
good opportunities for students to learn how to communicate and thus havebetter communication skills.Seiler, W. J., & Beall, M. L. [2010]. Communication: Making connections [6th.ed]. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Masri
,
[2011]. Media and Communication in English. MalaysiaCommunicating
with others or expressing our ideas is part of human nature.Thus, language is seen as a tool for communication, and as such, speaking skillsmean a lot for the learners of any language. Ahmad and Dababneh [2010] foundthat a positive communication environment provides opportunities to students tolearn how to communicate, and thus, have better communication skills. Studentsneed to be given opportunities to communicate in order to be better prepared forthe job market after their studies. Communication is more effective if thereceiver can understand and practice the skills. It is said that communication willbe more meaningful if the physical, spiritual and social factors are taken intoaccount during the communication process. Moreover, according to
I
hmeideh, etal.
[
- students need to put in effort to develop their communication skills tobe able to succeed in their chosen profession.Ihmeideh
et. al.
[2010]. Attitude toward communication skills among students' teachers' in Jordanian Public Universities. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 35, 1-11.
Scottish [2013]
summarized that “Communication skills underpin almost allpersonal, social, learning, and working activity. They are essential in clarifyingyour thoughts, in interacting and conversing effectively with others, and inconveying information, feelings, and opinions. In addition, Morreale, Osboni & Pearson [2010] also assert “as individuals mature and become working adults,communication competence continues to be essential. Communication skills arerequired in most occupations. Employers identify communication as one of thebasic competencies every graduate should have, asserting that the ability tocommunicate is valuable for obtaining employment and maintaining successfulacademic performance. The communication skills essential in the workplaceinclude basic oral and writing skills, and the ability to communicate in work groups and teams with persons of diverse background, and when engaged inproblem solving and conflict management.Scottish [2013]. Core skills framework: An introductioncommunication.//www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/CommunicationCoreSkillsFrameworkV1Morreale, Osboni, and Pearson [2010] “Why communication is important: A rationale for the centrality of the study of communication,” Journal of the Association for Communication Administration, vol. 29, pp. 1-25
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